Resumo Introdução: Este estudo pretendeu avaliar a influência das angiectasias do intestino delgado na sobrevida, dada a hipótese de que as angiectasias pudessem constituir um fator de risco independente para fragilidade e outcomes adversos. Métodos: Os autores incluíram neste estudo de coorte retrospetivo todos os doentes submetidos a cápsula endoscópica entre 2010 e 2013 por hemorragia digestiva obscura num centro português terciário. O follow-up iniciou-se após a realização da cápsula e terminou aquando da morte ou fim do estudo (Novembro de 2020). A análise da sobrevida foi realizada através de um modelo de regressão de Cox, no sentido de analisar o efeito na sobrevida das angiectasias do intestino delgado e de potenciais fatores confundidores (idade, doenças vasculares e doença renal crónica). Resultados: Neste estudo foram incluídos 176 doentes (50.6% do sexo masculino), com uma idade mediana de 68.5 anos (IQR 24). O tempo de follow-up mediano foi de 7 anos (IQR 4), durante o qual se verificaram 67 (38.1%) óbitos. 73 (41.5%) dos doentes apresentavam pelo menos uma angiectasia no intestino delgado. Na análise de sobrevida, apenas a idade, doença arterial periférica, história prévia de isquemia mesentérica e doença renal crónica foram fatores de risco independentes de mortalidade. A presença de angiectasias no intestino delgado não afetou a sobrevida nesta amostra (HR 1,30; 95% CI 0,75-2,23; p = 0.35). Conclusão: Neste estudo de coorte retrospetivo, algumas comorbilidades e a idade foram fatores de risco independentes de mortalidade. A presença de angiectasias no intestino delgado, per se, não afetou a sobrevida.

Abstract Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of small-bowel angioectasia on survival, given the hypothesis that angioectasia might be an independent risk factor of frailty and poor outcomes. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, all patients undergoing small-bowel capsule endoscopy between 2010 and 2013 for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding from a Portuguese tertiary centre were included. Follow-up started after capsule endoscopy and ended upon death or end of the study (November 2020). Survival analysis was performed using a Cox proportional-hazards model, in order to analyse the effect of small-bowel angioectasia on survival as well as potentially confounding factors (age, vascular diseases and chronic kidney disease). Results: A total of 176 patients were included in this study (50.6% male), with a median age of 68.5 years (IQR 24). The median follow-up was 7 years (IQR 4), during which 67 (38.1%) patients died. Seventy-three (41.5%) patients had at least one small-bowel angioectasia on capsule endoscopy. On multi-variate Cox regression analysis, only age, peripheral arterial disease, history of previous mesenteric ischaemia and chronic kidney disease were independent risk factors of death. The presence of small-bowel angioectasia did not affect survival in this analysis (HR 1.30; 95% CI 0.75-2.23; p = 0.35). Conclusion: In this retrospective cohort study, some comorbidities and age were independent predictors of poor survival. The presence of small-bowel angioectasia per se did not affect survival.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Rituximab (RTX) is a therapeutic option in pediatric difficult-to-treat idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (NS). We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of RTX use in these patients. Method: A retrospective study of all patients with idiopathic NS treated with RTX was conducted in a pediatric nephrology division of a tertiary hospital. Demographic, anthropometric, clinical and analytical data were collected prior to treatment and at 6, 12, and 24 months. Results: Sixteen patients were included (11 males), with a median (25th–75th percentile, P25–P75) age at diagnosis of 2 (2.0–2.8) years. Fifteen were steroid-sensitive and 1 was steroid-resistant and sensitive to cyclosporine. The median age at administration of RTX was 10 (6.3–14.0) years. Throughout a median follow-up time of 2.5 (1.0–3.0) years, 6 (37.5%) patients achieved partial remission and 7 (43.8%) had no relapses and were not taking any immunosuppressants at the 24-month follow-up visit. Regarding complications, 1 patient presented persistent hypogammaglobulinemia. Compared with the 12-month period before RTX, there was a decrease in the median number of relapses at 6 and 12 months [3 (3.0–4.0) vs 0 (0–0.8) and 0.50 (0–1.0), respectively; p = 0.001] and in the daily steroids dose (mg/kg/day) at 6, 12, and 24 months [0.29 (0.15–0.67)vs [0.10 (0.07–0.13); p = 0.001], [0.12 (0.05–0.22); p = 0.005] and [0.07(0.04–0.18); p = 0.021]], respectively. There was also a reduction in the median BMI z score at 24 months [2.11 (0.45–3.70) vs. 2.93 (2.01–3.98); p = 0.049]. Conclusion: Our results confirm the efficacy and safety of RTX use in pediatric idiopathic NS and highlight its’ potential cardiometabolic benefits.

Resumo Introdução: Rituximabe (RTX) é uma opção terapêutica na síndrome nefrótica (SN) idiopática pediátrica de difícil tratamento. Visamos avaliar eficácia e segurança do uso de RTX nestes pacientes. Método: Realizou-se estudo retrospectivo de todos os pacientes com SN idiopática tratados com RTX, em uma unidade de nefrologia pediátrica de um hospital terciário. Dados demográficos, antropométricos, clínicos e analíticos foram coletados antes do tratamento e aos 6, 12 e 24 meses. Resultados: Incluímos 16 pacientes (11 do sexo masculino), com idade mediana (percentil 25–75, P25–P75) de 2 (2,0–2,8) anos ao diagnóstico. Quinze eram sensíveis a esteroides, e 1 resistente a esteroides e sensível à ciclosporina.A idade mediana na administração do RTX foi 10 (6,3–14,0) anos. Durante um tempo mediano de acompanhamento de 2,5(1,0–3,0) anos, 6 (37,5%) pacientes alcançaram remissão parcial e 7 (43,8%) não tiveram recidivas e não estavam tomando imunossupressor no acompanhamento aos 24 meses. Quanto às complicações,1 paciente apresentou hipogamaglobulinemia persistente. Comparado ao período de12 meses anterior ao RTX, houve diminuição no número mediano de recidivas em 6 e 12 meses [3 (3,0–4,0) vs 0 (0–0,8) e 0,50 (0–1,0), respectivamente; p = 0,001] e na dose diária de esteroides (mg/kg/dia) aos 6, 12 e 24 meses [0,29 (0,15–0,67) >vs [0,10 (0,07–0,13); p = 0,001], [0,12 (0,05–0,22); p = 0,005] e [0,07 (0,04–0,18); p = 0,021], respectivamente. Houve também redução na mediana do escore z do IMC aos 24 meses [2,11 (0,45–3,70) vs 2,93 (2,01–3,98);p = 0,049]. Conclusões: Nossos resultados confirmam a eficácia e segurança do uso de RTX em SN idiopática pediátrica, destacando seus potenciais benefícios cardiometabólicos.

Abstract Polyorchidism is a rare condition. Its diagnosis is mostly incidental and its management is still a matter of debate. Herein we report a case of triorchidism and its management. A 6-year-old boy presented with asymptomatic left scrotal swelling. Scrotal ultrasound confirmed hydrocele and described a supernumerary testis on the left side, along with bilateral testicular microlithiasis. Intraoperative examination of the scrotal content confirmed triorchidism: two testicular masses sharing the same epididymis and vas deferens. Preservation of both units was decided and considering the free movement between them and the inherent risk of torsion, a fixation suture was accomplished. The postoperative recovery was uneventful. According to the scarce reports on literature, since testicular drainage into a shared vas deferens was confirmed, no resection was pursued. Considering the increased risk of malignancy, an annual ultrasound follow-up was recommended.

Resumo A poliorquidia é uma condição rara. O seu diagnóstico é sobretudo incidental e a sua orientação clínica é ainda tema de debate. Neste trabalho, os autores reportam um caso de triorquidismo e a sua abordagem clínica. Um rapaz de 6 anos apresentava uma tumefacção escrotal assintomática à esquerda. A ecografia escrotal confirmou a presença de hidrocelo e descreveu um testículo supranumerário à esquerda, bem como microlitíase testicular bilateral. A exploração intra-operatória do conteúdo escrotal confirmou triorquidismo: duas unidades testiculares que partilhavam o mesmo epidídimo e canal deferente. Optou-se pela preservação de ambas as unidades e, considerando o movimento livre entre elas e o risco inerente de torção, foi realizada uma sutura de fixação. O período pós-operatorio não teve intercorrências. De acordo com a escassa literatura disponível, uma vez que se confirmou uma drenagem testicular conjunta para o mesmo canal deferente, não se realizou exérese de nenhum testículo. No entanto, considerando o risco aumentado de malignidade, recomendou-se seguimento anual através de ecografia.

Abstract Objectives Evidence suggests that ketamine’s influence on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) might be involved in its mechanism of rapid antidepressant action. We aimed to evaluate the differential impact of ketamine and esketamine on serum BDNF levels and its association with response patterns in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Methods Participants (n = 53) are from a randomized, double-blind clinical trial comparing the efficacy of single-dose ketamine (0.5mg/kg, n = 27) and esketamine (0.25mg/kg, n = 26) in TRD. Depression severity was assessed before and 24 hours, 72 hours, and 7 days after the intervention, using the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Blood samples were collected before infusion, 24 hours, and 7 days afterwards. Results There were no significant changes in BDNF levels at post-infusion evaluation points, and no difference in BDNF levels comparing ketamine and esketamine. Both drugs exhibited similar therapeutic effect. There was no association between BDNF levels and response to treatment or severity of depressive symptoms. Conclusion There was no significant treatment impact on BDNF serum levels – neither with ketamine nor esketamine – despite therapeutic response. These results suggest that ketamine or esketamine intervention for TRD has no impact on BDNF levels measured at 24 hours and 7 days after the infusion. This clinical trial is registered on the Japan Primary Registries Network: UMIN000032355.

Resumo Enquadramento: A evidência científica revela lacunas de conhecimento dos profissionais de saúde em cuidados paliativos, influenciando a qualidade dos cuidados. Objetivo: Caracterizar o conhecimento em cuidados paliativos dos profissionais de saúde, num hospital central universitário português. Metodologia: Estudo quantitativo, descritivo-correlacional, transversal, tendo como população-alvo os profissionais de saúde de um hospital central universitário. Aplicou-se um questionário para avaliar os conhecimentos sobre cuidados paliativos. Resultados: Dos 401 profissionais da amostra, 16,96% detém experiência e 26,18% formação específica em cuidados paliativos. Em média, identificou-se 80,53% de respostas corretas sobre filosofia dos cuidados paliativos. O conhecimento sobre controlo de sintomas e apoio à família relacionam-se negativamente com o tempo de exercício profissional (p < 0,001). Conclusão: A maioria dos profissionais demonstra conhecimento em cuidados paliativos, todavia é essencial investir na formação, particularmente nos profissionais com maior tempo de exercício profissional.

Abstract Background: Scientific evidence shows gaps in the knowledge of health professionals about palliative care, influencing the quality of care. Objective: To characterise health professionals’ knowledge about palliative care in a Portuguese central university hospital. Methodology: Quantitative, descriptive-correlational, cross-sectional study, with health professionals from a central university hospital as target population. A questionnaire was applied to assess their knowledge about palliative care. Results: Of the 401 professionals in the sample, 16.96% have experience and 26.18% specific training in palliative care. On average, 80.53% of correct answers were given regarding the philosophy of palliative care. The knowledge about symptom control and family support was negatively correlated with the length of professional experience (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Most professionals demonstrate knowledge in palliative care, however it’s essential to invest in training, particularly in professionals with more length of professional practice.

Resumen Marco contextual: La evidencia científica revela lagunas en los conocimientos de los profesionales de la salud en materia de cuidados paliativos, lo que influye en la calidad de la atención. Objetivo: Caracterizar los conocimientos sobre cuidados paliativos de los profesionales de la salud en un hospital central universitario portugués. Metodología: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo-correlacional, transversal, con profesionales de la salud de un hospital central universitario como población objetivo. Se aplicó un cuestionario para evaluar los conocimientos sobre cuidados paliativos. Resultados: De los 401 profesionales de la muestra, el 16,96% tenía experiencia y el 26,18% formación específica en cuidados paliativos. Por término medio, se identificó un 80,53% de respuestas correctas sobre la filosofía de los cuidados paliativos. Los conocimientos sobre el control de los síntomas y el apoyo familiar están relacionados negativamente con la duración del ejercicio profesional (p < 0,001). Conclusión: La mayoría de los profesionales demuestran tener conocimientos en cuidados paliativos, sin embargo, es fundamental invertir en formación, sobre todo para los profesionales con mayor tiempo de ejercicio profesional.

Resumo Contexto: Os pais que acompanham os filhos com doença crónica complexa até à sua morte experienciam uma situação limite e complexa com vulnerabilidades e que é vivida de forma individual e com necessidades específicas. Objetivo: Explorar e mapear a evidência científica disponível sobre a experiência dos pais que acompanharam os filhos com doença crónica complexa até à sua morte, num contexto de cuidados paliativos pediátricos. Metodo de revisão: Foi elaborada uma scoping review, segundo a metodologia proposta pelo Joanna Briggs Institute. A análise dos artigos, extração e síntese dos dados foi feita por dois revisores. Apresentação e interpretação dos resultados: Foram identificados oito estudos, publicados entre 2016 e 2020, nenhum realizado em Portugal. O Espírito de Luta associado a sentimentos de Sofrimento e de Esperança é experienciado pelos pais, sendo quebrado pela morte da criança. É referenciada a necessidade de Apoio no Luto. Conclusão: Oito estudos incluídos apresentam resultados que caracterizam a experiência dos pais. Mais estudos devem ser realizados para compreender a especificidade da experiência destes pais neste contexto.

Abstract Background: Parents accompanying their children with complex chronic diseasesuntil death experience an extreme and complex situation, which renders them vulnerable. It is a situation experienced individually and with specific needs. Objective: To explore and map the available scientific evidence on parents’ experiences accompanying their children with complex chronic diseases until death in pediatric palliative care settings. Review method: A scoping review was prepared according to the methodology of the Joanna Briggs Institute. Two researchers conducted the articles’ analysis and extraction and the data synthesis. Presentation and interpretation of the results: Eight studies were identified. They were published between 2016 and 2020, and none was conducted in Portugal. The studies allowed observing that parents’ “Fighting Spirit,” associated with their “Suffering” and “Hope,” is only broken by their children’s death and that parents report the need for “Support in Grief.” Conclusion: The eight studies present results describing parents’ experiences. Further studies are recommended to understand the specificity of these parents’ experiences in this context.

Resumen Contexto: Los padres que acompañan a sus hijos con una enfermedad crónica compleja hasta su muerte viven una situación limitante y compleja con vulnerabilidades, y que se vive de forma individual y con necesidades específicas. Objetivo: Explorar y mapear la evidencia científica disponible sobre la experiencia de los padres que acompañaron a sus hijos con enfermedades crónicas complejas hasta su muerte en un entorno de cuidados paliativos pediátricos. Método de revisión: Se elaboró una revisión de alcance (scoping review), según la metodología propuesta por el Joanna Briggs Institute. El análisis de los artículos, la extracción y la síntesis de los datos lo llevaron a cabo dos revisores. Presentación e interpretación de los resultados: Se identificaron ocho estudios, publicados entre 2016 y 2020, ninguno de ellos realizado en Portugal. Los padres experimentan el Espíritu de Lucha asociado a los sentimientos de Sufrimiento y Esperanza, que se rompe con la muerte del hijo. También se mencionó la necesidad de Apoyo al Duelo. Conclusión: Ocho estudios incluidos presentan resultados que caracterizan la experiencia de los padres. Deberían realizarse más estudios para comprender la especificidad de la experiencia de estos padres en este contexto.

Abstract Introduction: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) affects more than 202 million people worldwide, 1.3% of which with chronic limb-threatening ischaemia (CLTI). PAD is associated with an elevated mortality and morbidity. However, the evolution from claudication or from asymptomatic PAD to CLTI is not completely understood and cardiovascular risk factors are unable to fully explain it. The aim of this opportunistic review is to understand the role of inflammation in the evolution to CLTI and to analyse if inflammation can increase the mortality risk. Methods: A systematic search of the PubMed database was performed with the keywords and medical subject heading (MesH): “inflammation”, “cytokine”, “prognosis”, “death”, “mortality”, “CLTI” and “CLI”. Of 146 papers, 8 articles and 1622 patients were included Results: We verified that inflammation is important for the initiation and progression of PAD. There are several candidate inflammatory triggers, including the cardiovascular risk factors (age, nicotine abuse, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia). However, these traditional risk factors, fail to explain the variable nature of disease progression between individuals and the pro-inflammatory polymorphisms could be a key element. Several studies also proved that patients with CLTI have a marked elevated level of cytokines. The increase inflammatory burden in patients with PAD, particularly with CLTI could explain the increased inflammation and may help to explain why the prevalence of clinically manifested coronary artery disease in PAD is much higher than the prevalence of PAD in coronary artery disease patients. Conclusion: Anti-inflammatory therapy and revascularization can avoid the systemic consequences of inflammation in patient with CLTI and should be timely implemented.

Abstract Introduction: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are known to have increased cardiovascular risk but there are few data on the risk of pediatric kidney transplant recipients. We aimed to assess the impact of pre- and post-transplant overweight on allograft function and to characterize the evolution of several cardiovascular risk variables over time and their impact. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the records of 23 children/adolescents followed at a tertiary center after kidney transplant was conducted. Data on anthropometry and cardiometabolic variables were analyzed before transplant, six and 12 months after the transplant, and at the last follow-up visit. The impact of the variables on allograft function (glomerular filtration rate (GFR)) was estimated by creatinine-based revised Schwartz formula (Cr-eGFR) and was evaluated using nonparametric tests. Results: The 23 patients included in the study had a median age of 6.3 (4.4-10.1) years. Both systolic and diastolic BP z-score values significantly decreased between BMI groups [1.2 (-0.2 - 2.3) vs. 0.3 (-0.4 - 0.6), p=0.027 and 0.8 (-0.4 - 1.3) vs. 0.1 (-0.6 - 0.7), p=0.028, pre-transplant and at the final evaluation, respectively]. During follow-up, GFR values decreased (Cr-GFR: 68.9 (57.7-76.8) vs. 58.6 (48.9-72.9), p=0.033 at 6-months and at the end, respectively). Significant negative correlations between triglycerides and cystatin C-based eGFR (ρ=-0.47, p=0.028) and Cr-Cys-eGFR (ρ=-0.45, p=0.043) at the end of the study were found. Conclusion: Our study showed a high number of overweight children undergoing kidney transplant. A negative correlation between triglycerides and GFR was found, which highlights the importance of managing nutritional status and regular blood lipids evaluation after kidney transplant.

Resumo Introdução: Sabe-se que pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC) têm maior risco cardiovascular, mas há poucos dados sobre risco de receptores de transplante renal pediátrico. Visamos avaliar o impacto do sobrepeso pré/pós-transplante na função do aloenxerto e caracterizar a evolução de diversas variáveis de risco cardiovascular com o tempo e seus impactos. Métodos: Realizou-se análise retrospectiva dos registros de 23 crianças/adolescentes acompanhados em um centro terciário após transplante renal. Foram analisados dados sobre antropometria e variáveis cardiometabólicas antes do transplante, seis e 12 meses após transplante, e na última consulta de acompanhamento. O impacto das variáveis na função do aloenxerto (taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG)) foi estimado pela fórmula de Schwartz revisada e baseada na creatinina (TFGe-Cr), e avaliado usando testes não paramétricos. Resultados: Os 23 pacientes incluídos no estudo tinham idade média de 6,3 (4,4-10,1) anos. Valores do escore Z das pressões arteriaissistólica e diastólica diminuíram significativamente entre grupos de índice de massa corporal [1,2 (-0,2 - 2,3) vs. 0,3 (-0,4 - 0,6), p=0,027 e 0,8 (-0,4 - 1,3) vs. 0,1 (-0,6 - 0,7), p=0,028, pré-transplante e na avaliação final, respectivamente]. Durante acompanhamento, valores da TFG diminuíram [TFG-Cr: 68,9 (57,7-76,8) vs. 58,6 (48,9-72,9), p=0,033 aos 6 meses e ao final, respectivamente]. Encontramos correlações negativas significativas entre triglicerídeos, TFGe baseada na cistatina C (ρ=-0,47, p=0,028) e TFGe-Cr-Cis (ρ=-0,45, p=0,043) ao final do estudo. Conclusão: Nosso estudo mostrou alto número de crianças com sobrepeso submetidas a transplante renal. Verificou-se correlação negativa entre triglicerídeos e TFG, destacando a importância de controlar o estado nutricional e da avaliação regular dos lipídios sanguíneos após transplante renal.

Abstract Given the atypical scenario caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in recent years and the changes it brought to daily routines, particular attention should be paid to the mental health of children and adolescents. During this period, child and adolescent psychiatrists faced challenges in their clinical practice and had to adjust to the new reality. There was a significant increase in consultation referrals due to eating disorders, self-harm behaviors, and anxiety symptoms. This paper describes the experience of the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry of Centro Materno-Infantil do Norte, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, in the outpatient, inpatient, and Emergency Room care of children and adolescents in different age groups during this period. It also highlights the need for special attention to the psycho-affective development of these groups and to the role of family and school. Overall, the pandemic had a number of detrimental effects on children and adolescents, but also on their families. At this time, it is still difficult to ascertain what long-term consequences it will have, particularly in the first years of life. Joint efforts should be employed by health and community systems to create adequate conditions for assessing the mental health of these groups and developing appropriate support and prevention strategies.

Resumo A situação pandémica vivida nos últimos anos e as alterações que esta trouxe às rotinas diárias salientou a necessidade de prestar particular atenção à saúde mental da população em geral e das crianças e adolescentes em particular. Durante este período, os psiquiatras da infância e da adolescência enfrentaram desafios importantes na sua prática clínica e tiveram de se adaptar à nova realidade. A procura desta especialidade médica foi variando ao longo da pandemia, tendo sido notório o incremento de consultas motivadas por perturbações do comportamento alimentar, comportamentos autolesivos e queixas de ansiedade. Este artigo descreve a experiência do Departamento de Psiquiatria da Infância e da Adolescência do Centro Materno-Infantil do Norte, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, no atendimento em contexto de ambulatório, internamento e urgência de doentes pediátricos, em diferentes faixas etárias, durante o período da pandemia. Adicionalmente, salienta a necessidade de prestar especial atenção ao desenvolvimento psicoafectivo destes grupos etários e ao papel da família e da escola neste contexto. Globalmente, a pandemia teve vários efeitos negativos nas crianças e adolescentes, mas também nas suas famílias. Atualmente, é ainda difícil determinar que efeitos terá a longo prazo, especialmente nos primeiros anos de vida. No entanto, é inegável a necessidade de um esforço concertado dos sistemas de saúde e comunitários para o desenvolvimento de condições adequadas para a avaliação da saúde mental destes grupos e respetivas estratégias de apoio e prevenção.

Abstract Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, burnout cases appear to have worsened within physicians. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of burnout, reflecting the COVID-19 pandemic, in family physicians from a region in Portugal. Material and methods: Analytical cross-sectional study with a self-administered online questionnaire, during april and march of 2021. Application of Maslach Burnout Inventory-Health Services Survey. Results: 60 valid responses were obtained, with a mainly feminine (82%) sample, between 36 and 45 years of age (53%). A total of 52% claimed to have thought of changing jobs, institution, or service in the past month. A percentage of 70% presented high emotional exhaustion, 40% high depersonalization, and 45% low personal realization. Suffered from burnout 32%. Emotional exhaustion was higher for those with weekly schedule above 40 hours (p=0.011). Low personal realization (p=0.004) and burnout (p=0.034) were more prevalent in the lower age groups. There were no significant relations between burnout and sex or place of work. Discussion: Burnout estimated prevalence in family physicians is twice that of 2016 in the north of Portugal and eight times that of 2012 nationwide. Given the temporal relationship, there is probably a relation between this rise in prevalence and the COVID-19 pandemic. The higher prevalence of burnout in the younger physicians may be due to less effective coping strategies against work stress. Conclusion: Burnout prevention should be a priority within family physicians, given its high prevalence and impact on mental health, as well as being a form of quinquinary prevention in health.

Resumo Introdução: Durante a pandemia COVID-19, os quadros de burnout parecem ter-se agravado nos médicos. Como tal, pretendeu-se determinar a prevalência de burnout, reflexo da pandemia COVID-19, nos médicos de família de um Agrupamento de Centros de Saúde. Material e métodos: Estudo analítico descritivo transversal, com questionário anónimo de autorresposta, durante abril e maio de 2021. Aplicação do Maslach Burnout Inventory-Health Services Survey. Resultados: Obtiveram-se 60 respostas válidas. Amostra predominantemente feminina (82%), entre os 36 e 45 anos (53%). Trabalhavam numa Unidade de Saúde Familiar 78%, e 22% numa Unidade de Cuidados de Saúde Personalizados. Afirmaram ter pensado mudar de profissão, instituição ou serviço no último mês, 52%. Apresentaram elevada exaustão emocional 70%, 40% elevada despersonalização e 45% baixa realização pessoal. Apresentaram burnout 32%. A exaustão emocional foi maior para carga horária semanal >40 horas (p=0,011). Baixa realização pessoal (p=0,004) e burnout (p=0,034) revelaram-se mais prevalentes nas faixas etárias mais baixas. Não se observaram relações estatisticamente significativas entre burnout e sexo ou local de trabalho. Discussão: A prevalência estimada de burnout nos médicos de família é duas vezes superior à de 2016 na zona norte e oito vezes superior à nacional de 2012. Dada a relação temporal, é provável existir uma relação deste aumento de prevalência com a pandemia COVID-19. A maior prevalência de burnout nos mais jovens poderá evidenciar estratégias de coping com o stress ocupacional menos efetivas. Conclusão: A prevenção do burnout nos médicos de família deve ser uma prioridade, dada a sua elevada prevalência e impacto na saúde mental, bem como forma de prevenção quinquenária em saúde.

Abstract Introduction: Surgical site infections are associated with devastating consequences in vascular surgery patients but the data on Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection among those remains scant and conflicting. Most vascular surgery antibiotic prophylaxis assume that all patients submitted to surgery are tested prior to the intervention or that all patients with risk factors for MRSA are presumed to be colonized. However, the costs associated with testing all patients are not negligible, and most of the vascular surgery patients have risk factors for MRSA colonization. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the burden of MRSA clinical infection and its outcome and to adjust clinical practice accordingly. Methods: A retrospective analysis of clinical data from all patients with MRSA isolations that were submitted to vascular surgery in the year 2019 was conducted. The primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality. Secondary endpoints were timing of infection (pre-existent infection or post-surgical infection), need for ICU and length of hospital stay. Results: Out of 1681 patients admitted for surgery in the year 2019 in the vascular surgery ward, only 21 had clinical infection with positive MRSA isolates. All the patients had risk factors for MRSA colonization. Seventeen were admitted for PAD (Rutherford grade 5 or 6). Eight patients had post-operatory infections, whilst the remaining presented with MRSA infection prior to the intervention. Post-operatory infections ranged from superficial incisional in three patients, deep incisional in one patient, and organ/space/prosthesis infection in four patients (of the last group, two had prosthesis infection). There were five deaths, of which two were unrelated to the infection. Of the three deaths probably infection-related, all were post-operatory surgical site infections, and all were organ/space/prosthesis infections (one with prosthesis infection). There was no patient admitted to the ICU that survived. The mean hospital stay was increased by 26 days (31 days, 95% CI, 19-43). Conclusion: Infection by MRSA was less frequent than expected in our population, which may mean that colonization might be smaller than expected. Pre-operative infection was almost always related to chronic wounds and did not increase the risk of post-operative wound infection or death, contrary to post-operative infection, which seems to significantly increase mortality.

Resumo Introdução: Rituximabe (RTX) é uma opção terapêutica na síndrome nefrótica (SN) idiopática pediátrica de difícil tratamento. Visamos avaliar eficácia e segurança do uso de RTX nestes pacientes. Método: Realizou-se estudo retrospectivo de todos os pacientes com SN idiopática tratados com RTX, em uma unidade de nefrologia pediátrica de um hospital terciário. Dados demográficos, antropométricos, clínicos e analíticos foram coletados antes do tratamento e aos 6, 12 e 24 meses. Resultados: Incluímos 16 pacientes (11 do sexo masculino), com idade mediana (percentil 25–75, P25–P75) de 2 (2,0–2,8) anos ao diagnóstico. Quinze eram sensíveis a esteroides, e 1 resistente a esteroides e sensível à ciclosporina.A idade mediana na administração do RTX foi 10 (6,3–14,0) anos. Durante um tempo mediano de acompanhamento de 2,5(1,0–3,0) anos, 6 (37,5%) pacientes alcançaram remissão parcial e 7 (43,8%) não tiveram recidivas e não estavam tomando imunossupressor no acompanhamento aos 24 meses. Quanto às complicações,1 paciente apresentou hipogamaglobulinemia persistente. Comparado ao período de12 meses anterior ao RTX, houve diminuição no número mediano de recidivas em 6 e 12 meses [3 (3,0–4,0) vs 0 (0–0,8) e 0,50 (0–1,0), respectivamente; p = 0,001] e na dose diária de esteroides (mg/kg/dia) aos 6, 12 e 24 meses [0,29 (0,15–0,67) >vs [0,10 (0,07–0,13); p = 0,001], [0,12 (0,05–0,22); p = 0,005] e [0,07 (0,04–0,18); p = 0,021], respectivamente. Houve também redução na mediana do escore z do IMC aos 24 meses [2,11 (0,45–3,70) vs 2,93 (2,01–3,98);p = 0,049]. Conclusões: Nossos resultados confirmam a eficácia e segurança do uso de RTX em SN idiopática pediátrica, destacando seus potenciais benefícios cardiometabólicos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Rituximab (RTX) is a therapeutic option in pediatric difficult-to-treat idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (NS). We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of RTX use in these patients. Method: A retrospective study of all patients with idiopathic NS treated with RTX was conducted in a pediatric nephrology division of a tertiary hospital. Demographic, anthropometric, clinical and analytical data were collected prior to treatment and at 6, 12, and 24 months. Results: Sixteen patients were included (11 males), with a median (25th–75th percentile, P25–P75) age at diagnosis of 2 (2.0–2.8) years. Fifteen were steroid-sensitive and 1 was steroid-resistant and sensitive to cyclosporine. The median age at administration of RTX was 10 (6.3–14.0) years. Throughout a median follow-up time of 2.5 (1.0–3.0) years, 6 (37.5%) patients achieved partial remission and 7 (43.8%) had no relapses and were not taking any immunosuppressants at the 24-month follow-up visit. Regarding complications, 1 patient presented persistent hypogammaglobulinemia. Compared with the 12-month period before RTX, there was a decrease in the median number of relapses at 6 and 12 months [3 (3.0–4.0) vs 0 (0–0.8) and 0.50 (0–1.0), respectively; p = 0.001] and in the daily steroids dose (mg/kg/day) at 6, 12, and 24 months [0.29 (0.15–0.67)vs [0.10 (0.07–0.13); p = 0.001], [0.12 (0.05–0.22); p = 0.005] and [0.07(0.04–0.18); p = 0.021]], respectively. There was also a reduction in the median BMI z score at 24 months [2.11 (0.45–3.70) vs. 2.93 (2.01–3.98); p = 0.049]. Conclusion: Our results confirm the efficacy and safety of RTX use in pediatric idiopathic NS and highlight its’ potential cardiometabolic benefits.