Resumen El género Cuterebra (Diptera: Oestridae) incluye especies de parásitos dérmicos que infectan a roedores y lagomorfos silvestres. En México, se han registrado 14 especies de dicho parásito y la mayoría de los datos de esta interacción provienen del sur del país. El presente estudio describe el primer registro de Cuterebra sp. en tres especies de roedores del Matorral Espinoso Tamaulipeco (MET) en el noreste de México. De marzo a octubre de 2020 y de marzo a septiembre de 2021 se capturaron roedores dentro de un fragmento conservado de MET en Linares, Nuevo León. Se identificaron cuatro especies de roedores: Heteromys irroratus, Onychomys leucogaster, Neotoma albigula y Peromyscus leucopus. Exclusivamente en las tres últimas especies se detectaron individuos infectados. Se capturó un macho adulto de O. leucogaster con una larva de Cuterebra sp. en el área genital, mientras que de 12 individuos de N. albigula, solo una hembra adulta presentó una larva en la región pectoral. Se capturaron 86 individuos de P. leucopus de los cuales 15 resultaron infectados (17.44 %): cinco hembras (cuatro adultas y una juvenil) y 10 machos (siete adultos y tres juveniles). En octubre se detectó el mayor número de individuos infectados: cuatro de P. leucopus y uno de O. leucogaster. Aunque suelen ser específicos en su interacción, estos parásitos pueden también afectar a los depredadores naturales de sus hospederos, a los animales domésticos (ganado o animales de compañía) y al humano. Estos nuevos registros brindan información relevante sobre las interacciones parásito-roedor y su distribución en México.

Abstract The Cuterebra genus (Diptera: Oestridae) includes species of dermic parasites infecting wild rodents and lagomorphs. In Mexico, 14 species of this parasite have been recorded and most of the reports of this interaction are from southern Mexico. This study describes the first record of Cuterebra sp. parasitizing three rodent species from Tamaulipan Thorny Scrub (TTS) in northeastern Mexico. From March to October 2020 and March to September 2021, rodents were captured within a preserved TTS fragment in Linares municipality, Nuevo Leon. Four rodent species were recorded: Heteromys irroratus, Onychomys leucogaster, Neotoma albigula and Peromyscus leucopus. Infected individuals were detected exclusively in the last three species. One male of O. leucogaster was captured with one Cuterebra sp. larva in the genital area, while from 12 N. albigula individuals were captured, only one adult female presented a larva in the pectoral region. From 86 captured individuals of P. leucopus, 15 were infected: five females (four adults and one juvenile) and 10 males (seven adults and three juveniles). The highest number of infected individuals was detected in October: four individuals of P. leucopus and one O. leucogaster. Although they are usually specific in their interaction, these parasites can also affect the natural predators of their hosts, domestic animals (cattle or pets) and humans. These new records provide relevant information on parasite-rodent interactions and their incidence and distribution in Mexico.

Resumen Se estudiaron la flora útil y los usos de las plantas del área rural de Linares, Nuevo León. Se realizaron 180 encuestas semiestructuradas en seis ejidos. Se registraron 75 familias, 194 géneros y 253 especies con uso etnobotánico. Las principales categorías de uso fueron: ornamental (105 especies), medicinal (83), alimento (6) y maderable (25), las 34 especies restantes son utilizadas como forraje, cosméticos y creencias. Cactaceae (19), Fabaceae (15), Asteraceae (15), Poaceae (15), Lamiaceae (12), Solanaceae (6), Asparagaceae (6) y Rutaceae (4) registraron el mayor número de taxa. Del total de especies identificadas, 120 son nativas y 133 exóticas. Respecto al uso medicinal, Allium sativum, Aloe vera, Echinocereus poselgeri, Equisetum laevigatum, Croton suaveolens, Mentha spicata, Litsea glaucescens y Ruta graveolens resultaron las más utilizadas. Las principales especies maderables fueron: Prosopis glandulosa, Vachellia farnesiana, Ebenopsis ebano, Havardia pallens, Quercus canbyi, Carya illinoinensis, Pinus cembroides, P. montezumae y P. teocote. Para el Factor de Consenso del Informante (FCI) las medicinales se utilizan, principalmente, para curar males de los sistemas respiratorio, circulatorio, reproductivo y digestivo. Los taxa con los valores más altos del Índice de Valor de Uso (IVU) fueron Dysphania ambrosioides, Allium cepa y A. sativum, todas con valor=1. Respecto al Índice de Fidelidad (IF, %), los mayores porcentajes correspondieron a Artemisia ludoviciana, Cymbopogon citratus y Hedeoma drummondii. La región rural de Linares posee una rica flora útil que se utiliza principalmente como ornamental, medicinal, alimenticia, forrajera y maderable.

Abstract The useful flora and uses of plants in the rural area of Linares, Nuevo León were analyzed. A total of 180 semi-structured surveys were conducted in six ejidos. 75 families, 194 genera and 253 species with ethnobotanical use were recorded. The main categories of use were: ornamental (105 species), medicinal (83), food (6) and timber (25); the remaining 34 species are used as fodder, cosmetics and beliefs. Cactaceae (19), Fabaceae (15), Asteraceae (15), Poaceae (15), Lamiaceae (12), Solanaceae (6), Asparagaceae (6), and Rutaceae (4) recorded the highest number of taxa. Of the total number of identified species, 120 are native, and 133 are exotic. As for the medicinal use, Allium sativum, Aloe vera, Echinocereus poselgeri, Equisetum laevigatum, Croton suaveolens, Mentha spicata, Litsea glaucescens and Ruta graveolens were the most widely used. The main timber species were Prosopis glandulosa, Vachellia farnesiana, Ebenopsis ebano, Havardia pallens, Quercus canbyi, Carya illinoinensis, Pinus cembroides, P. montezumae, and P. teocote. For the Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), medicinal plants are mainly used to cure ailments of the respiratory, circulatory, reproductive, and digestive systems. The taxa with the highest Use Value Index (UVI), equal to 1 in every case, were Dysphania ambrosioides, Allium cepa, and A. sativum. In regard to the Fidelity Index (FI, %), the highest percentages corresponded to Artemisia ludoviciana, Cymbopogon citratus, and Hedeoma drummondii. The Linares rural region has a rich useful flora, which is mainly used as ornamental, medicinal, food, forage and timber.

Abstract Background Sepsis is an uncontrolled inflammatory response against a systemic infection that results in elevated mortality, mainly induced by bacterial products known as endotoxins, producing endotoxemia. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is frequently observed in septic patients and is associated with organ failure and death. Sepsis activates endothelial cells (ECs), promoting a prothrombotic phenotype contributing to DIC. Ion channel mediated calcium permeability participates in coagulation. The transient reception potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) non-selective divalent cation channel that also contains an α-kinase domain, which is permeable to divalent cations including Ca2+, regulates endotoxin-stimulated calcium permeability in ECs and is associated with increased mortality in septic patients. However, whether endothelial TRPM7 mediates endotoxemia-induced coagulation is not known. Therefore, our aim was to examine if TRPM7 mediates coagulation during endotoxemia. Results The results showed that TRPM7 regulated endotoxin-induced platelet and neutrophil adhesion to ECs, dependent on the TRPM7 ion channel activity and by the α-kinase function. Endotoxic animals showed that TRPM7 mediated neutrophil rolling on blood vessels and intravascular coagulation. TRPM7 mediated the increased expression of the adhesion proteins, von Willebrand factor (vWF), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and P-selectin, which were also mediated by the TRPM7 α-kinase function. Notably, endotoxin-induced expression of vWF, ICAM-1 and P-selectin were required for endotoxin-induced platelet and neutrophil adhesion to ECs. Endotoxemic rats showed increased endothelial TRPM7 expression associated with a procoagulant phenotype, liver and kidney dysfunction, increased death events and an increased relative risk of death. Interestingly, circulating ECs (CECs) from septic shock patients (SSPs) showed increased TRPM7 expression associated with increased DIC scores and decreased survival times. Additionally, SSPs with a high expression of TRPM7 in CECs showed increased mortality and relative risk of death. Notably, CECs from SSPs showed significant results from the AUROC analyses for predicting mortality in SSPs that were better than the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) and the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that sepsis-induced DIC is mediated by TRPM7 in ECs. TRPM7 ion channel activity and α-kinase function are required by DIC-mediated sepsis-induced organ dysfunction and its expression are associated with increased mortality during sepsis. TRPM7 appears as a new prognostic biomarker to predict mortality associated to DIC in SSPs, and as a novel target for drug development against DIC during infectious inflammatory diseases.

Abstract: The present study examines the relation between teaching strategies, assessment methods, and learning outcomes as reflected on student performance. Longitudinal data were obtained from the international business program at the Universidad de la Costa (Colombia). Using a mixed-method approach, document analyses and professors’ interviews are performed to consolidate a quanti-qualitative systematization. Results show that teaching strategies and assessment methods are coherent, but present high methodological variability and adaptation to the classes’ study mode. Although professors report preferences for specific methods, these are not used excessively, giving priority to alternatives more appropriate to the set of competences to be developed. In conclusion, differences in performances between formative and summative assessments are found, and differences in the range of their applications are also observed.

Resumen: El presente estudio analiza de manera exploratoria la relación entre estrategias de enseñanza y evaluación, así como los resultados de aprendizaje reflejados en el desempeño de estudiantes a partir de datos longitudinales del programa de negocios internacionales de la Universidad de la Costa (Colombia). Tomando por base una metodología mixta, se realizaron análisis documentales asociados a entrevistas docentes para la consolidación de sistematizaciones cuanti-cualitativas. Los resultados evidencian que las estrategias de enseñanza y evaluación presentan coherencia entre sí y presentan alta variabilidad metodológica, así como adaptaciones de acuerdo con la modalidad de clase. Aunque preferidos por los docentes, los métodos no son saturados en su uso, siendo priorizadas las alternativas más pertinentes a las competencias a desarrollar. En conclusión, se destaca el desempeño discrepante entre las evaluaciones formativas y sumativas, y se observan diferencias en su amplitud de aplicación.

Resumen Objetivo: El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el efecto de la suplementación con extracto de Passiflora ligularis (granadilla), sobre algunos marcadores de inflamación crónica de bajo grado asociados al sobrepeso en un modelo de ratones albinos alimentados con dieta alta en grasa. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizaron 36 ratones albinos, distribuidos en un diseño irrestrictamente al azar, en 3 tratamientos y 12 repeticiones. Los tratamientos representaron un grupo con dieta control, un segundo tratamiento con dieta alta en grasa y un grupo que recibió alimento alto en grasa y suplementación con 3g/L de extracto de Passiflora ligularis en el agua de bebida. Pasados 49 días, se evaluaron las variables consumo de alimento, consumo de agua y ganancia de peso, además se evaluaron las concentraciones séricas de los marcadores de inflamación IL-6 y TNF-α. Resultados: La suplementación con extracto de Passiflora ligularis redujo (p < 0,05) la ganancia de peso de los ratones, en comparación con los animales que recibieron la dieta alta en grasa sin suplementación, los niveles séricos de TNF- α en los ratones suplementados no presentaron diferencias con ninguno de los dos grupos control, mientras que las cantidades de IL-6 no fueron afectados por los tratamientos. Conclusión: La concentración de 3g/L en el agua de bebida el extracto de Passiflora ligularis disminuyó la ganancia de peso producida por el aumento de la grasa en la dieta, y redujo la medición del marcador de inflamación sérico TNF-α, indicando un efecto benéfico sobre el riesgo asociado a la inflamación crónica de bajo grado.

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the supplementation with Passiflora ligularis (granadilla) extract on some low-grade chronic inflammation markers associated with overweight in a model of albino mice fed a high-fat diet. Materials and methods: thirty-six albino mice were used, distributed in an unrestrictedly random design in 3 treatments and 12 repetitions. The treatments represented a group with a control diet, a second treatment with a high-fat diet, and a group that received high-fat food and supplementation with 3g/L of Passiflora ligularis extract in the drinking water. After 49 days, the variables food consumption, water consumption, and weight gain were evaluated, in addition to the serum concentration of the inflammation markers IL-6 and TNF-α. Results: Supplementation with Passiflora ligularis extract reduced (p < 0.05) the weight gain of mice compared to animals that received the high-fat diet without supplementation. Serum levels of TNF-α on supplemented mice did not show differences with neither of both control groups while the amounts of IL-6 were not affected by the treatments. Conclusion: The concentration of 3g/L in the drinking water of the of Passiflora ligularis extract decreased the weight gain produced by the increase fat in diet and reduced the measurement of the serum inflammation marker TNF-α indicating a beneficial effect on the risk associated with chronic low-grade inflammation.

Abstract: Coronary artery disease continues to be the leading cause of death in modern society; the most frequent cause is atherosclerosis. There are other causes such as coronary embolism and coronary dissection, among others. This article presents the case of a young patient with acute myocardial infarction in whom a coronary embolism was documented as the cause of infarction.

Resumen: La enfermedad arterial coronaria continúa siendo una causa de mortalidad en nuestro medio; la causa más frecuente es la aterosclerosis. Existen otras causas como embolia coronaria, disección coronaria. En este artículo se describe el caso de un paciente joven, quien presentó un infarto agudo de miocardio y se documentó un embolia conoraria como causa.

RESUMO Relatamos dois casos de hemocromatose símile em antas brasileiras, Tapirus terrestris mantidas em cativeiro no estado do Pará, Brasil. Ambas apresentavam lesões de hepatopatia crônica e acentuada, associadas a acúmulo acentuado de hemossiderina. A coloração de Perls demonstrou acúmulo acentuado de ferro nos macrófagos do espaço porta, células de Kupffer e, em menor extensão, hepatócitos na região periportal. Havia, ainda, fibrose portal marcada evidenciada por tricrômico de Masson. Os mecanismos patológicos da doença em antas ainda não estão bem estabelecidos e tem sido sugerido que a espécie apresenta diferentes mecanismos de absorção e eliminação de ferro, sendo sensíveis à elevação dos níveis dietéticos desse metal. Existem dois relatos anteriores da doença em T. terrestres em zoológicos na Austrália e na Escócia. Este é o primeiro relato da doença em antas no Brasil.

ABSTRACT We report two cases of hemochromatosis-like disease in captive Brazilian tapirs, Tapirus terrestris in Pará state, Brazil. Both animals presented symptoms of chronic hepatopathy associated with marked accumulation of hemosiderin. The coloration of Perls demonstrated pronounced iron accumulation in macrophages in the portal space, Kupffer cells, and, to a lesser extent, in the hepatocytes of the periportal region. Marked portal fibrosis was evidenced by Masson’s trichrome. The pathological mechanisms of this disease in tapirs are not yet well established. It has been suggested that the species may have different mechanisms of iron absorption and elimination, rendering them sensitive to elevation in dietary levels of this metal. Two previous reports of this disease in T. terrestris exist from zoos in Australia and Scotland. This is the first report of this disease in tapirs in Brazil based on histopathological and histochemical findings.

Resumen Nuevos datos de campo, petrografía, geoquímica y geocronología U-Pb en circón permiten redefinir el batolito de Ibagué y proponer nuevas unidades. El batolito de Ibagué, al norte de la Falla de Ibagué, ha sido dividido en la Metatonalita de Anzoátegui (~194,7 km2) y la Tonalita de Ibagué (-278 km2). Al sur de la falla de Ibagué conserva el nombre de batolito de Ibagué con una extensión de ~3200 km2, debido a la escisión de los gabros de Belalcázar y Los Guayabos de edad Carbonífera, los granitos de Ortega y La Plata de edad Pérmica, y la Cuarzomonzodiorita de Páez de edad Jurásico temprano. La Metatonalita de Anzoátegui y la Tonalita de Ibagué se componen de metatonalitas, tonalitas y granodioritas calco-alcalinas metaluminosas, con edades U-Pb para la Metatonalita de Anzoátegui entre 158,2+1,2/-0,4 y 150,17±0,86 Ma y para la Tonalita de Ibagué entre 145,71+0,72/-1,42 Ma y 138,48±0,95 Ma, Jurásico medio a Cretácico inferior. El batolito de Ibagué está constituido por tonalitas, granodioritas y monzogranitos calco-alcalinos a calco-alcalinos de alto K, metaluminosos y peraluminosos, con edades entre 171,5±1,3 y 137,9±1,0 Ma. El batolito de Ibagué, la Metatonalita de Anzoátegui y la Tonalita de Ibagué son granitoides cálcicos de arco, con anomalías negativas de Nb, Ti y P. La posición geotectónica, la composición petrográfica y química, y las edades de cristalización permitieron correlacionar el batolito de Ibagué, La Metatonalita de Anzoátegui y la Tonalita de Ibagué con los batolitos de Segovia y Los Alisales, la Granodiorita de Siapana, el stock de Payandé, y con unidades volcánicas como el Volcánico de La Malena, las Vulcanitas de Segovia y Chaparral. Con esta correlación se separan unidades que estaban asociadas al batolito de Ibagué que afloran en una posición más oriental, definidas como los cinturones de plutones del carbonífero, Pérmico y Jurásico temprano a medio.

Abstract New fieldwork, pétrographie, geochemical, and zircon U-Pb geochronologic data allow us to identify new units and redefine the limits of the Ibagué batholith. The Ibagué batholith, located to the north of the Ibagué Fault, was divided into two geological units: the Anzoátegui Metatonalite (~194.7 km2) and Ibagué Tonalité (~278 km2). To the south of the Ibagué fault, the name Ibagué batholith is maintained, but its original extension changes to ~3200 km2 due to theoccurrence of the Carboniferous Belalcázar and Los Guayabos gabbros, the Permian Ortega and La Plata granites, and the early Jurassic Páez quartz-monzodiorite. The Anzoátegui Metatonalite and Ibagué Tonalite are composed of calc-alkaline and metaluminous metatonalites, tonalites, and granodiorites, yielding U-Pb crystallization ages between 158.2+1.2/-0.4 and 150.17±0.86 Ma, and between 145.71+0.72/-1.42 Ma and 138.48±0.95 Ma, respectively. The Ibagué batholith is constituted by calc-alkaline to high K calc-alkaline, metaluminous and peraluminous, tonalites, granodiorites, and monzogranites, yielding crystallization ages between 171.5±1.3 and 137.9±1.0 Ma. The Ibagué batholith, the Anzoátegui Metatonalite, and the Ibagué Tonalite are calcic granitoids generated in an arc environment, presenting Nb, Ti, and P negative anomalies. The geotectonic position, petrographic and geochemical composition, and crystallization ages allowed us to correlate the Ibagué batholith, the Anzoátegui Metatonalite, and the Ibagué Tonalite with the Segovia and Los Alisales batholiths, the Siapana granodiorite, the Payandé stock, and volcanic units such as the La Malena volcanic rocks, the Segovia and Chaparral vulcanites. This correlation also drives the separation of the Ibagué batolith from other units like the Carboniferous, Permian, and Early to Middle Jurassic plutons cropping out further east.

ABSTRACT Lizards of the genus Pristidactylus distribute in southern South America (Chile and Argentina). In Chile, there are four endemic species (P. alvaroi, P. torquatus, P. valeriae and P. volcanensis) that distribute in the central-south zone of the country. We performed a Bayesian analysis with the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b to assess the phylogenetic position of these four species, which shows that they comprise a high supported clade that is separated from the other species of the genus.

RESUMEN Los lagartos del género Pristidactylus se distribuyen en el sur de América del Sur (Chile y Argentina). En Chile existen cuatro especies endémicas (P. alvaroi, P. torquatus, P. valeriae y P. volcanensis) que se distribuyen en la zona centro-sur del país. Realizamos un análisis bayesiano con el gen mitocondrial citocromo b para evaluar la posición filogenética de estas cuatro especies, el que muestra que ellas comprenden un clado altamente soportado que se separa de las otras especies del género.

Abstract The first distribution record of Psorophora varipes in the state of Quintana Roo is presented from entomological collections made in the localities of La Unión, Cocoyol and José N. Rovirosa belonging to the municipality of Othón P. Blanco. With the addition of this new record to the list of Culicidae of Quintana Roo, a total of 88 species is reached.

Resumen Se presenta el primer registro de distribución de Psorophora varipes en el estado de Quintana Roo a partir de colectas entomológicas realizadas en las localidades de La Unión, Cocoyol y José N. Rovirosa pertenecientes al municipio de Othón P. Blanco. Con la adición de este nuevo registro a la lista de Culicidae de Quintana Roo, se alcanza un total de 88 especies.

Resumo: O objetivo deste artigo foi avaliar os fatores socioeconômicos, familiares e individuais associados ao desenvolvimento infantil no primeiro ano de vida, entre famílias em vulnerabilidade social. Trata-se de uma análise transversal, com dados da linha de base de um ensaio randomizado. O estudo incluiu 3.242 crianças < 12 meses de idade, residentes em 30 municípios de cinco regiões do Brasil. A escolha de estados e municípios foi intencional, tendo como base a implementação do Programa Criança Feliz. A amostra foi selecionada a partir de crianças elegíveis para o Programa Criança Feliz, cujo objetivo é promover a estimulação e o desenvolvimento infantil. O Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) foi utilizado para avaliação do desenvolvimento infantil. Um modelo de análise multinível em três níveis (estado, município e indivíduos), usando teste de Wald para heterogeneidade e tendência linear, estimou a média do ASQ-3 e intervalo de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Análises foram ajustadas para potenciais confundidores. Foram analisadas informações de 3.061 (94,4%) crianças com dados disponíveis para ASQ-3. Escores de desenvolvimento infantil (total e em todos os domínios) foram cerca de 12% menores em crianças nascidas pré-termo e com restrição do crescimento intrauterino (pequenas para idade gestacional). Observou-se menores escores em filhos de mães com baixa escolaridade, com sintomas de depressão, com duas ou mais crianças menores de sete anos residindo no domicílio e que não relataram autopercepção de apoio/ajuda durante a gestação. Conclui-se que características potencialmente modificáveis (escolaridade, depressão materna e prematuridade/restrição do crescimento intrauterino) apresentaram maior impacto na redução do escore de desenvolvimento em todos os domínios avaliados.

Abstract: The study aimed to assess socioeconomic, family, and individual factors associated with infant development (i.e., in the first year of life) among families with social vulnerability. This was a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a randomized trial. The study included 3,242 children < 12 months of age living in 30 municipalities from five regions of Brazil. The choice of states and municipalities was intentional, based on the implementation of the Brazilian Happy Child Program. The sample was selected among eligible children for the Brazilian Happy Child Program, and the objective was the promotion of infant development. The Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) was used to assess infant development. A three-level analytical model (state, municipality, and individuals), using the Wald test for heterogeneity and linear trend, estimated the mean ASQ-3 and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). The analyses were adjusted for potential confounders. Information was analyzed for 3,061 (94.4%) children with available data for ASQ-3. Infant development scores (total and in all the domains) were some 12% lower in preterm children and those with intrauterine growth restriction (small for gestational age). Lower scores were seen in children of mothers with low schooling, depressive symptoms, two or more children under seven years of age living in the household, and who did not report self-perceived support or help during the pregnancy. In conclusion, potentially modifiable characteristics (schooling, maternal depression, and prematurity/intrauterine growth restriction) showed greater impact on reducing the infant development score in all the target domains.

Resumen: El objetivo fue evaluar los factores socioeconómicos, familiares e individuales, asociados al desarrollo infantil en el primer año de vida, entre familias con vulnerabilidad social. Se trata de un análisis transversal, con datos de la base de referencia de un ensayo aleatorio. El estudio incluyó a 3.242 niños < 12 meses de edad, residentes en 30 municipios de cinco regiones de Brasil. La elección de estados y municipios fue intencional, considerando como base la implementación del Programa Niño Feliz. La muestra se seleccionó a partir de niños elegibles para el Programa Niño Feliz, cuyo objetivo es promover la estimulación y el desarrollo infantil. Se utilizó el Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) para la evaluación del desarrollo infantil. Un modelo de análisis multinivel en tres niveles (estado, municipio e individuos), usando el test de Wald para la heterogeneidad y tendencia lineal, estimó la media del ASQ-3 y el intervalo de 95% de confianza (IC95%). Los análisis se ajustaron para potenciales factores de confusión. Se analizó información de 3.061 (94,4%) niños con datos disponibles para ASQ-3. Las puntuaciones de desarrollo infantil (total y en todos los dominios) fueron cerca de un 12% menores en niños nacidos pretérmino y con restricción del crecimiento intrauterino (pequeños para la edad gestacional). Se observaron menores puntuaciones en hijos de madres con baja escolaridad, con síntomas de depresión, con dos o más niños menores de siete años residiendo en el domicilio y que no informaron autopercepción de apoyo/ayuda durante la gestación. Se concluye que las características potencialmente modificables (escolaridad, depresión materna y prematuridad/restricción del crecimiento intrauterino) presentaron un mayor impacto en la reducción de la puntuación de desarrollo en todos los dominios evaluados.

Resumo: O objetivo deste artigo foi avaliar os fatores socioeconômicos, familiares e individuais associados ao desenvolvimento infantil no primeiro ano de vida, entre famílias em vulnerabilidade social. Trata-se de uma análise transversal, com dados da linha de base de um ensaio randomizado. O estudo incluiu 3.242 crianças < 12 meses de idade, residentes em 30 municípios de cinco regiões do Brasil. A escolha de estados e municípios foi intencional, tendo como base a implementação do Programa Criança Feliz. A amostra foi selecionada a partir de crianças elegíveis para o Programa Criança Feliz, cujo objetivo é promover a estimulação e o desenvolvimento infantil. O Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) foi utilizado para avaliação do desenvolvimento infantil. Um modelo de análise multinível em três níveis (estado, município e indivíduos), usando teste de Wald para heterogeneidade e tendência linear, estimou a média do ASQ-3 e intervalo de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Análises foram ajustadas para potenciais confundidores. Foram analisadas informações de 3.061 (94,4%) crianças com dados disponíveis para ASQ-3. Escores de desenvolvimento infantil (total e em todos os domínios) foram cerca de 12% menores em crianças nascidas pré-termo e com restrição do crescimento intrauterino (pequenas para idade gestacional). Observou-se menores escores em filhos de mães com baixa escolaridade, com sintomas de depressão, com duas ou mais crianças menores de sete anos residindo no domicílio e que não relataram autopercepção de apoio/ajuda durante a gestação. Conclui-se que características potencialmente modificáveis (escolaridade, depressão materna e prematuridade/restrição do crescimento intrauterino) apresentaram maior impacto na redução do escore de desenvolvimento em todos os domínios avaliados.

Abstract: The study aimed to assess socioeconomic, family, and individual factors associated with infant development (i.e., in the first year of life) among families with social vulnerability. This was a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a randomized trial. The study included 3,242 children < 12 months of age living in 30 municipalities from five regions of Brazil. The choice of states and municipalities was intentional, based on the implementation of the Brazilian Happy Child Program. The sample was selected among eligible children for the Brazilian Happy Child Program, and the objective was the promotion of infant development. The Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) was used to assess infant development. A three-level analytical model (state, municipality, and individuals), using the Wald test for heterogeneity and linear trend, estimated the mean ASQ-3 and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). The analyses were adjusted for potential confounders. Information was analyzed for 3,061 (94.4%) children with available data for ASQ-3. Infant development scores (total and in all the domains) were some 12% lower in preterm children and those with intrauterine growth restriction (small for gestational age). Lower scores were seen in children of mothers with low schooling, depressive symptoms, two or more children under seven years of age living in the household, and who did not report self-perceived support or help during the pregnancy. In conclusion, potentially modifiable characteristics (schooling, maternal depression, and prematurity/intrauterine growth restriction) showed greater impact on reducing the infant development score in all the target domains.

Resumen: El objetivo fue evaluar los factores socioeconómicos, familiares e individuales, asociados al desarrollo infantil en el primer año de vida, entre familias con vulnerabilidad social. Se trata de un análisis transversal, con datos de la base de referencia de un ensayo aleatorio. El estudio incluyó a 3.242 niños < 12 meses de edad, residentes en 30 municipios de cinco regiones de Brasil. La elección de estados y municipios fue intencional, considerando como base la implementación del Programa Niño Feliz. La muestra se seleccionó a partir de niños elegibles para el Programa Niño Feliz, cuyo objetivo es promover la estimulación y el desarrollo infantil. Se utilizó el Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) para la evaluación del desarrollo infantil. Un modelo de análisis multinivel en tres niveles (estado, municipio e individuos), usando el test de Wald para la heterogeneidad y tendencia lineal, estimó la media del ASQ-3 y el intervalo de 95% de confianza (IC95%). Los análisis se ajustaron para potenciales factores de confusión. Se analizó información de 3.061 (94,4%) niños con datos disponibles para ASQ-3. Las puntuaciones de desarrollo infantil (total y en todos los dominios) fueron cerca de un 12% menores en niños nacidos pretérmino y con restricción del crecimiento intrauterino (pequeños para la edad gestacional). Se observaron menores puntuaciones en hijos de madres con baja escolaridad, con síntomas de depresión, con dos o más niños menores de siete años residiendo en el domicilio y que no informaron autopercepción de apoyo/ayuda durante la gestación. Se concluye que las características potencialmente modificables (escolaridad, depresión materna y prematuridad/restricción del crecimiento intrauterino) presentaron un mayor impacto en la reducción de la puntuación de desarrollo en todos los dominios evaluados.

RESUMO: Relatamos dois surtos de intoxicação por nitrato e nitrito na Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil. O primeiro por Pennisetum purpureum (capim-elefante), e o segundo por P. purpureum e Brachiaria spp. (capim braquiária); ambos ocorreram durante uma estiagem prolongada. No primeiro surto, a irrigação das pastagens com água poluída e esgoto contribuiu para o acúmulo de nitrato. O segundo surto ocorreu em pastagens cultivadas na borda de uma barragem, que há muito tempo ficavam submersas, acumulando grande quantidade de matéria orgânica no solo. Outros prováveis fatores de risco para o acúmulo de nitrato incluíram o uso de fertilizantes químicos e herbicidas e a queima da vegetação. No primeiro surto, quatro bezerros de um total de 42 bovinos morreram, e no segundo surto 49 de 243 bovinos, incluindo adultos, jovens de um ano e um bezerro de 2 dias de idade morreram. Os sinais clínicos incluíram dispneia, cianose, ataxia e quedas, levando à morte. A presença de nitratos foi detectada em ambos os surtos pelo teste de difenilamina. Testes quantitativos foram realizados no segundo surto usando um medidor portátil de nitrato, e altas concentrações de nitrato foram encontradas. Os achados macroscópicos característicos e a ausência de lesões microscópicas e a resposta ao tratamento com azul de metileno foram fundamentais para o diagnóstico de intoxicação por nitratos e nitritos. Concluímos que a intoxicação por nitratos e nitritos em ruminantes na região semiárida do Nordeste do Brasil é frequente devido ao cultivo de gramíneas nas bordas de barragens que estiveram cobertas por água por longos períodos ou em áreas irrigadas por água poluída e/ou esgoto. Além disso, o uso de medidor portátil é uma alternativa eficaz para a quantificação de nitratos em pastagens.

ABSTRACT: We report two outbreaks of nitrate and nitrite poisoning in Paraíba, Northeast Brazil. The first, due to Pennisetum purpureum (elephant grass), and the second, due to P. purpureum and Brachiaria spp. (brachiaria grass), both occurred during a prolonged drought. In the first outbreak, the irrigation of the pastures with wastewater and sewage contributed to nitrate accumulation. The second outbreak occurred in pastures cultivated in the border of a dam, that had been submerged for long time accumulating large amounts of organic matter in the soil. Other probably risk factors for nitrate accumulation included the use of chemical fertilizers and herbicides and burning of the vegetation. In the first outbreak, four calves out of a total of 42 cattle died, and in the second outbreak 49 out of 243 cattle, including adults, yearlings, and a 2-day-old calf died. The clinical signs included dyspnea, cyanosis, ataxia, and falls, leading to death. The presence of nitrates was detected in both outbreaks using the diphenylamine test. Quantitative tests were performed in the second outbreak using a portable nitrate meter, and high nitrate concentrations were found. The characteristic macroscopic findings and absence of microscopic lesions and response to treatment with methylene blue were key to the diagnosis of poisoning by nitrates and nitrites. We conclude that poisoning by nitrates and nitrites in ruminants in the semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil is frequent due to the cultivation of grasses in the border of dams that had been covered by water for long periods or in areas irrigated by wastewater and/or sewage. In addition, the use of a portable measuring device is an effective alternative for the quantification of nitrates in pastures.