ABSTRACT This synopsis presents diagnostic characters and comments on morphological variability, distribution, and conservation of species of Byttnerieae (Malvaceae, Byttnerioideae) from the Atlantic Forest. Byttnerieae is represented by species from two allied genera in this phytogeographic domain: Ayenia L. and Byttneria Loefl. An extensive literature survey along with herbarium collection analyses revealed the occurrence of 20 species in the Atlantic Forest, nine of which are endemic to Brazil. Seven species are restricted to the Southern portion of the Atlantic Forest, i.e., occurring from southern São Paulo state to the state of Santa Catarina, with most records being in Brazil, but some species also occur in Argentina and Paraguay. Beyond the Southern portion of the Atlantic Forest, three species are restricted either to the state of Rio de Janeiro or to Bahia, in Brazil. An identification key focusing on vegetative characters, as well as illustrations and notes on species distribution and conservation, are presented. Nomenclatural comments or updates for some taxa were provided, including: the designation of lectotypes for six names; the amendment of authorship of one name (B. gracilipes); and reassessment of the distribution of A. glabrescens, an endemic species of dry deciduous forests of Bahia whose precise location was unknown.

ABSTRACT This work validates two Waltheria species endemic to campo rupestre with complete descriptions, illustrations, updated geographical distributions and comments on taxonomic affinities. Waltheria biribiriensis and Waltheria terminans are restricted to the Southern Espinhaço Province in eastern South America, occurring on mountain tops where campo rupestre vegetation prevails. Furthermore, Waltheria brachypetala, a species of dry deciduous forests in Brazil that was long considered as conspecific with W. ferruginea due to its shrubby lifeform and similar indumentum, is re-established based on differences of phyllotaxy, blade shape and inflorescence type. The first occurrence records of W. brachypetala in the state of Paraíba are also provided, as well as the first record in the Atlantic Forest domain. Lastly, a lectotype is designated for W. ferruginea.

Resumo Com base em dados publicados sobre a ocorrência de espécies de plantas vasculares no estado de São Paulo, avaliamos a performance das unidades de conservação (UCs) na proteção dessas espécies, considerando especialmente aquelas endêmicas do estado e as ameaçadas de extinção. Das 648 espécies de samambaias e licófitas no estado, 71% ocorrem em UCs, 10 são endêmicas de São Paulo e 30 estão ameaçadas de extinção. Pouco menos da metade das espécies de samambaias e licófitas ameaçadas não foram registradas em UCs, e três são endêmicas do estado. Para as plantas com semente, das 8.521 espécies registradas, 48% ocorrem em UCs, 361 são endêmicas do estado e 676 estão ameaçadas de extinção. Entretanto, 65% das espécies ameaçadas estão desprotegidas, e 51 destas são endêmicas do estado, a maioria nativa da Mata Atlântica. Muitas UCs ainda possuem grande lacuna de conhecimento sobre a flora, de esforço de coleta de material botânico e de registro em herbários, com destaque para as Reservas Particulares do Patrimônio Natural (RPPNs). Nossos dados reforçam a necessidade de ampliação de coletas botânicas em UCs, bem como a criação de novas áreas no estado, a fim de proteger espécies ameaçadas e endêmicas da flora paulista.

Abstract Based on published data about occurrence of vascular plant species of São Paulo state, we analyzed the role of several protected areas (UCs) in the protection of these species, especially considering endemic or threatened ones. Of 648 ferns and lycophytes in the state, 71% occur in protected areas, 10 are endemics to São Paulo and 30 are threatened. Just under half of the threatened species of ferns and lycophytes were not registered in UCs, and three of these are endemic to the state. For seed plants, of 8,521 species recorded, 48% occur in UCs, 361 are endemics to the state and 676 are threatened. However, 65% of the threatened species are unprotected, and 51 of those are endemic to the state, most of them native to Atlantic Forest. Several UCs still have large lack of knowledge about their flora, of collection effort of botanical material and of record in herbaria, with particular emphasis on Private Natural Heritage Reserves (RPPNs). Our data reinforce the need for expansion of botanical collections in UCs, as well as the creation of new areas in the state, in order to protect threatened and endemic species of São Paulo flora.

Resumo O conhecimento sobre a ocorrência de espécies ameaçadas de extinção é fundamental para o planejamento da conservação da biodiversidade. Neste estudo, atualizamos as informações referentes a dois dos 11 critérios utilizados para a elaboração da lista de espécies da flora ameaçada de extinção no estado de São Paulo, referentes à: i) ocorrência desconhecida e ii) ocorrência exclusiva da espécie em unidades de conservação (UC). Fizemos o levantamento da ocorrência das espécies de plantas vasculares nas UCs consultando os registros on-line de material depositado em herbário e revimos a necessidade de alteração na categoria de ameaça ou de exclusão de espécies da lista atual. Registramos 4846 espécies em 59 UCs. Nossos resultados apontam a necessidade de exclusão de 148 espécies da lista, das quais 82 não atendem mais ao critério de ocorrência desconhecida e 66 não obedecem mais o critério de ocorrência exclusiva em UCs. Outras 55 espécies deverão sofrer alteração em sua categoria de ameaça e 39 permanecerão inalteradas. Embora cerca de 60% das espécies da flora paulista já estejam em unidades de conservação, é urgente a necessidade de se estabelecer estratégias para proteger os 40% restantes, criando novas UCs de proteção integral ou ampliando as já existentes.

Abstract Information regarding the occurrence of threatened species is essential when developing plans for the conservation of biodiversity. In this study, we gathered updated information regarding two out of 11 criteria of the plant species red list in São Paulo state, related to: i) unknown occurrence and ii) exclusive occurrence of the species in protected areas (PA). We carried out a survey on the occurrence of vascular plant species in protected areas by consulting online herbarium records and reviewed the necessity to change the category of threat or to exclude the species from the current list. We recorded 4846 species in 59 protected areas. Our results showed that 148 species should be excluded from the list, 82 of which no longer meet the criterion for unknown occurrence and 66 that no longer meet the criterion of exclusive occurrence in PAs. Additionally, the threat category should be altered for 55 species and 39 must remain unchanged. Although around 60% of the plant species found in São Paulo state are already currently in PAs, it is urgent to establish strategies to protect the remaining 40% by creating new protected areas or expanding the existing ones.