Resumen En el presente trabajo intentaremos rastrear el conjunto de herramientas categoriales que contribuyeron a la definición temprana de la disciplina de la crítica de las obras de arte. En este punto, el concepto clave que nos interesa recomponer es el de mímesis y representación, espacio teórico fundamental en el tratamiento de la problemática del arte en la antigüedad y en la filosofía medieval. En principio abordaremos el problema desde tres espacios de producción de sentido: la teoría del conocimiento, la teoría del lenguaje y la teoría ético-política. En una segunda instancia intentaremos abordar en conjunto el diálogo que se establece entre estos tres espacios de saber para volver visible el tipo de influencia que la filosofía ha ejercido en la crítica y la teoría literaria.

Abstract In the present work we will try to trace the set of categorical tools that contributed to the early definition of the discipline of art criticism. At this point, the key concept that we are interested in recomposing is that of mimesis and representation, a fundamental theoretical space in the treatment of the problems of art in antiquity and in medieval philosophy. In principle, we will approach the problem from three spaces of the production of meaning: the theory of knowledge, the theory of language and the ethical-political theory. In a second instance we will try to jointly address the dialogue that is established between these three spaces of knowledge to make visible the type of influence that philosophy has exerted on criticism and literary theory.

Abstract: Introduction: Cleft lip and palate (CLP) are congenital abnormalities that affect anatomically and functionally the face and mouth, involving lip (CL), palate (CP), or both (CL/CP). Objective: to characterize the treatment of children with CLP in public institutions in Argentina. Patients and Method: Cross sectional study in a random sample of 100 children from the Flap Network. We included children with isolated CL, CP, and CL/CP, of both sexes, with birth weight of 2500 grams or more and ges tational age over 36 weeks. The following data were recorded date of birth, hospital of birth, birth weight, gestational age, sex, specific diagnosis of the cleft, and initial surgery data. A telephone survey was conducted with the children’s parents. To characterize the treatment, three indicators were cons tructed: interdisciplinary, opportunity, and integrality. These indicators were composed of different variables, and according to the sum of the score attributed to each one, the treatment was categorized as high, medium or low based on the treatment guidelines used by the Sumar Program. Results: 30% of the patients started early treatment, 58% underwent timely surgery, and 29% of the children were in follow-up with basic specialties. The mother’s high educational level was associated with higher probability of having interdisciplinary (OR2.9; 95%CI 1.3-6.8), comprehensive (OR3.7; 95%CI 1.6 8.7), and timely treatment (OR2.9; 95%CI 1.3-6.7). Conclusions: There are barriers to accessing care, such as long distances or shift management. Less social vulnerability of families was associated with greater likelihood of receiving treatment close to standards.

Resumen: Introducción: Las fisuras labio palatinas (FLAP) son anomalías congénitas que afectan anatómica y funcionalmente la cara y boca, comprometiendo labio (FL), paladar (FP), o ambos (FL/FP). Objetivo: caracterizar el tratamiento de niños con FLAP en instituciones públicas en Argentina. Pacientes y Método: Estudio transversal en muestra aleatoria de 100 niños de la Red Flap. Se incluyeron niños con FL, FP y FL/FP aisladas, de ambos sexos, con peso nacimiento de 2500 gramos o más y edad gestacional mayor a 36 semanas. Se reportó fecha de nacimiento, hospital de nacimiento, peso nacimiento, edad gestacional, sexo, diagnóstico específico de la fisura, y datos de la cirugía inicial. Se realizó una encuesta telefónica a los progenitores de los niños. Para caracterizar el tratamiento se construyeron tres indicadores: interdisciplina, oportunidad e integralidad, que se compusieron de diferentes variables y según la suma del puntaje atribuido a cada una, se categorizó en: alto, medio o bajo según las pautas de tratamiento que usa el Programa Sumar. Resultados: Iniciaron tratamiento precoz el 30%. El 58% se operó oportunamente e hicieron seguimiento con las especialidades básicas el 29% de los niños. El alto nivel educativo materno se asoció con mayor probabilidad de tener tratamiento interdisciplinario (OR2,9; IC95% 1,3-6,8), integral (OR3,7; IC95% 1,6-8,7) y oportuno (OR2,9; IC95% 1,3-6,7). Conclusiones: Existen barreras para acceder a la atención, como las grandes distancias o la gestión de los turnos. La menor vulnerabilidad social de las familias se asoció con mayor probabilidad de recibir un tratamien to cercano a los estándares.

Abstract: In the present work the objective is not only to approach in an epistemological key to the specific question asked by literary theory (which necessarily becomes the construction of an object of study) but rather the question, mediated by the idea of truth, that philosophy (specifically, that of Plato) has done to literature. We believe that in Plato's texts there is a fundamental intuition that implicitly has set in motion multiple theoretical devices that tried to account for literature. The intuition, without delay, is the following: poetry is not mathematical. Our interest then is to recognize the peripheries of the dialogue inaugurated by Plato between the concept of truth (always mutable) and the idea of literature, as well as their reciprocal determinations, and their pregnancy (always ignored/unheeded) in the discourses that have addressed literature in a theoretical key.

Resumen: El objetivo del presente trabajo es acercarnos no ya en clave epistemológica a la pregunta específica que se realiza respecto de la teoría literaria (que deviene obligatoriamente en la construcción de un objeto de estudio), sino por el contrario, a la pregunta mediada por la idea de verdad que la filosofía (en específico, la de Platón) le ha hecho a la literatura. Creemos que en los textos de Platón existe una intuición fundamental que de manera implícita ha puesto en marcha múltiples aparatos teóricos que intentaron dar cuenta de la literatura. La intuición, sin dilaciones, es la siguiente: la poesía no es matemática. Nuestro interés entonces es reconocer las periferias del diálogo inaugurado por Platón entre el concepto de verdad (siempre mutable) y la idea de literatura, como así también sus recíprocas determinaciones, y su pregnancia (siempre desoída) en los discursos que han abordado a la literatura en clave teórica.

Abstract In the present work the object of study and the methodology of Russian formalism will be analyzed from an Althusserian perspective. In the first instance, we will try to address the problem of “scientific abstraction”, as well as the successive approaches by the formal school to the definition, relatively stable throughout its years of activity, of the object and the method of study. In second instance we will try to address two fundamental principles of Russian formalism (the effective existence of literary texts, and the presupposition of a literariness), not only taking into account their epistemological implications, but also the impact that these two principles had in the literary theory of the early twentieth century.

Resumen En el presente trabajo se analizará desde una perspectiva althusseriana el objeto de estudio y la metodología del formalismo ruso. En primera instancia se intentará abordar el problema de la “abstracción científica”, como así también los sucesivos acercamientos por parte de la escuela formal a la definición, relativamente estable a lo largo de sus años de actividad, del objeto y el método de estudio. En segunda instancia se intentarán abordar dos principios fundamentales del formalismo ruso (el de la existencia efectiva de los textos literarios y el de la presuposición de una literaturiedad), atendiendo no solo a sus implicancias epistemológicas, sino también al impacto que estos dos principios tuvieron en la teoría literaria de principios de siglo xx.

Resumen En el presente trabajo se analizará desde una perspectiva althusseriana el objeto de estudio y la metodología del formalismo ruso. En primera instancia se intentará abordar el problema de la “abstracción científica”, como así también los sucesivos acercamientos por parte de la escuela formal a la definición, relativamente estable a lo largo de sus años de actividad, del objeto y el método de estudio. En segunda instancia se intentarán abordar dos principios fundamentales del formalismo ruso (el de la existencia efectiva de los textos literarios, y el de la presuposición de una literaturiedad), atendiendo no solo a sus implicancias epistemológicas, sino también al impacto que estos dos principios tuvieron en la teoría literaria de principios de siglo XX.

Abstract In the present work the object of study and the methodology of Russian formalism will be analyzed from an Althusserian perspective. In the first instance we will try to address the problem of "scientific abstraction", as well as the successive approaches by the formal school to the definition, relatively stable throughout its years of activity, of the object and the method of study. In second instance we will try to address two fundamental principles of Russian formalism (the effective existence of literary texts, and the presupposition of a literariness), not only taking into account their epistemological implications, but also the impact that these two principles had in the literary theory of the early twentieth century.

Abstract: In the present work we will try to make a critical approach to the treatment, by the russian formalism, of the category of history. To the extent that russian formalism resists, because of its heterogeneous nature, to be reduced to a lax set of principles, we will try to observe the way in which the category of the history was worked (with their respective revisions and mutations) throughout the years of formal school activity. In this framework, we will highlight the epistemological implications of each of these positions, without losing sight of the set of philosophical and scientific discourses in vogue in the Soviet Union of the 1920s.

Resumen: En el presente trabajo se intentará realizar un acercamiento crítico al tratamiento, por parte del formalismo, de la categoría de la historia. En la medida en el que el formalismo ruso se resiste, por su carácter heterogéneo, a ser reducido a un conjunto laxo de principios, intentaremos observar el modo en el que la categoría de la historia fue trabajada (con sus respectivas revisiones y mutaciones) a lo largo de los años de actividad de la escuela formal. En este marco, destacaremos las implicancias epistemológicas de cada una de estas posiciones, sin perder de vista el conjunto de discursos filosóficos y científicos en boga en la Unión Soviética de los años ‘20.

In this longitudinal study 5,710 people were included. The inclusion criteria were two positive serological results for Trypanosoma cruzi infection, 15 and 50 years old and no other demostrable diesease at the time of study. In the five year follow up 1,117 patients were lost. The follow up involved yearly evaluation of serology, clinical examination, X-ray of torax, and ECG, for 4,593 patients and 263 were contacted at home because they did not assist for their clinical consultant. Time average of follow up was 5.3 years. Eighty nine (1.5%) of the 4,593 patients died during the follow-up period, 63 (71%) by cardiac insufiency (CI) and 26 (29%) by severe ventricular arrithmias. Diagnosis of cardiomegaly was present in all the patients with diagnosis of CI and in 15 (5%) of the patients with diagnosis of arrithmias.The ECG alterations of these pacients show 61 right bundle brunch block (RBBB), associated or not with left anterior hemiblock (LAHB), 47 pathological Q wave and 70 primary repolarization alterations; 61 had polyfocal ventricular arrithmia. The death rate was similar in the sexes and was more frequent between 40 and 50 years of age. Information on 1,380 recuperated patients shows that 15 died with no previous symptoms and without medical assistance and were interpretate as sudden death. The latest ECG in three follow-up of these pacients indicates (before death) that only one had normal study and 14 presented 12 RBBB; 9 LAHB; 7 isolated ventricular arrithmia; 10 repolariz alterations; 2 patological Q wave, 10 patients of them with RBBB and repolariz alterations. In all the cases we had people between 35 and 43 years old, 9 men and 6 women. This study shows that in Chagas disease is possible to differenciate two risk groups. A low risk death group that have normal ECG and clinical evaluation during the follow up, and a high risk group associate ECG with RBBB and primary alterations of repolarization and/or inactivation zones with not anual clinical evaluation.

The prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in Triatoma infestans, Triatoma guasayana, and Triatoma sordida was evaluated in Amamá and other neighboring rural villages in northwestern Argentina for five years after massive spraying with deltamethrin in 1992 and selective sprays thereafter. Local residents and expert staff collected triatomines in domiciliary and peridomestic sites. During 1993-1997, the prevalence of T. cruzi was 2.4% in 664 T. infestans, 0.7% in 268 T. guasayana, and 0.2% in 832 T. sordida. T. cruzi infection was more frequently detected in adult bugs and in triatomines collected at domiciliary sites. The infected T. guasayana and T. sordida were nymphs and adults, respectively, captured at peridomestic sites. The prevalence of T. cruzi infection in T. infestans decreased from 7.7% to 1.5% during the surveillance period, although that change was not statistically significant. Comparison of T. infestans infection rates before the control program and during surveillance showed a highly significant decrease from 49% to 4.6% in bedrooms, as well as a fall from 6% to 1.8% in peridomestic sites. Because of its infection with T. cruzi and frequent invasion of domiciliary areas and attacks on humans and dogs, T. guasayana appeared implicated as a putative secondary vector of T. cruzi in domestic and peridomestic sites during the surveillance period. T. sordida was the most abundant species, but it was strongly associated with chickens and showed little tendency to invade bedrooms.

Durante los cinco años posteriores a una fumigación masiva con deltametrina realizada en 1992 y seguida de fumigaciones selectivas, se investigó la prevalencia de la infección por Trypanosoma cruzi en Triatoma infestans, Triatoma guasayana y Triatoma sordida en Amamá y otras poblaciones rurales vecinas del noroeste de Argentina. Los triatómidos fueron recogidos en los domicilios y en el área peridoméstica por los propios residentes y por personal experto. Durante el quinquenio 1993-1997, la prevalencia de T. cruzi fue de 2,4% en 664 T. infestans, de 0,7% en 268 T. guasayana y de 0,2% en 832 T. sordida. La infección por T. cruzi se detectó con mayor frecuencia en las chinches adultas y en los triatómidos recogidos en los domicilios. T. guasayana y T. sordida fueron, respectivamente, ninfas y adultos recogidos en el área peridoméstica. Durante el período de vigilancia, la prevalencia de la infección por T. cruzi en T. infestans disminuyó de 7,7% en 1993 a 1,5% en 1997, aunque este cambio no fue estadísticamente significativo. La comparación de las tasas de infección de T. infestans antes del programa de control (1992) y durante el período de vigilancia (1993-1997) reveló una disminución altamente significativa, de 49% a 4,6%, en los dormitorios y también en las áreas peridomésticas (de 6% a 1,8%). Debido a su infección por T. cruzi y a su frecuente invasión de las áreas domésticas con ataques a los humanos y a los perros, T. guasayana parecía estar implicado como vector secundario de T. cruzi en las áreas domésticas y peridomésticas durante el período de vigilancia. T. sordida fue la especie más abundante, pero estaba estrechamente asociada a los pollos y mostró escasa tendencia a invadir los dormitorios.

The purpose of this study was to identify the origin of Triatoma infestans reinfestation and study its dynamics following spraying with deltamethrin inside and around 94 houses in three rural communities in northwestern Argentina. The effectiveness of the spraying was evaluated immediately after the houses were sprayed and two months later. In addition, five residual peridomiciliary foci were found and sprayed, as well as three preexisting ones that had not been sprayed. To monitor reinfestation, biosensors were placed in the houses and each family was also asked to capture triatomines and keep them in plastic bags; in addition, triatomines were searched for in and around houses, using an aerosol that dislodged them from their hiding places. Selective sprayings were carried out only where a colony of T. infestans was found. During the 30 months of follow-up, the percentage of houses in which any T. infestans were captured varied between 3% and 9%. In six houses, T. infestans were captured during more than one evaluation. The number of peridomiciliary areas found to be infested (19) was double the number of infested houses (9). Colonies of T. infestans were found only in the peridomiciliary areas, where the number of T. infestans captured was six times higher than in the houses. Chickens were the host most frequently associated with peridomiciliary foci. This area was the origin and principal source of reinfestation. To reduce the speed of reinfestation and the frequency with which sprayings are needed, the following environmental and chemical control methods must be combined in the peridomiciliary area: reduce the number of hiding places of triatomines; restrict the raising of birds to structures that cannot be colonized by triatomines; apply an insecticide that is less likely to be degraded by exposure to the elements, or perform a second spraying 6 to 12 months after the first; and employ a device for early detection of the presence of T. infestans around houses.

El objetivo del estudio fue identificar el origen y estudiar la dinámica de la reinfestación por Triatoma infestans ocurrida después de rociar con deltametrina el domicilio y peridomicilio de 94 casas de tres comunidades rurales el noroeste argentino. La efectividad del rociamiento se evaluó inmediatamente después y al segundo mes de rociar las viviendas. Además, se detectaron y rociaron 5 focos residuales peridomiciliarios y 3 preexistentes que no habían sido rociados. Para monitorizar la reinfestación, se colocaron biosensores en los domicilios, se solicitó a cada familia que capturase triatominos y los guardara en bolsas de plástico, y se buscaron triatominos en domicilios y peridomicilios usando un aerosol para desalojar a los insectos de sus refugios. Solo se realizaron rociamientos selectivos donde se encontró alguna colonia de T. infestans. Durante 30 meses de seguimiento, el porcentaje de casas donde se capturó algún T. infestans osciló entre 3% y 9%. En 6 casas se capturaron T. infestans en más de una evaluación. El número de peridomicilios infestados (19) fue el doble que el de domicilios (9). Solo se detectaron colonias de T. infestans en peridomicilios. La cifra de T. infestans capturados en peridomicilios fue seis veces más alta que la de los domicilios. Las gallinas fueron el hospedador más frecuentemente asociado con los focos peridomiciliarios. El peridomicilio constituyó el origen y la principal fuente de reinfestación. Para reducir la velocidad de reinfestación y la frecuencia de rociamientos es preciso combinar medidas de manejo ambiental y control químico en los peridomicilios: reducir los refugios para triatominos; restringir la cría de aves a estructuras no colonizables por triatominos; aplicar un insecticida menos degradable por agentes climáticos o realizar un segundo rociamiento de 6 a 12 meses después del primero, y emplear un dispositivo para detectar tempranamente la presencia de T. infestans en peridomicilios.

Treze comunidades de 7 províncias argentinas foram escolhidas para avaliação de sorologia como indicador da transmissão da Doença de Chagas. Das comunidades mencionadas, seis não tinham história prévia de tratamento com inseticidas e sete tinham recebido tratamento esporádico ou continuado. Vinte por cento dos moradores das casas de cada localidade foram estudados por sorologia. As amostras foram obtidas por punção da ponta do dedo e 50 microlitros de sangue foram misturadas com 150 microlitros de uma solução conservadora de glicerina a 50% em meio de cultivo, para serem estudados por hemaglutinação indireta, e imunofluorescência indireta. Nas áreas não tratadas a prevalência da infecção em crianças de 0-4 anos foi de 17,5% chegando a mais de 22% para as de 5-9 anos e a 33,3% no grupo 10-14 anos. A prevalência nas áreas tratadas e sob vigilância foi de 2.6% em crianças de 0-4 anos, 5,4% anos de 5-9 anos e de 6,2% em jovens de 10-14 sendo as diferenças entre os dois tipos de áreas estatisticamente significativas (< 0,005). Este estudo propõe a sorologia como um indicador válido para a avaliação da transmissão da Doença de Chagas em áreas rurais.

Thirteen communities from 7 Argentinian provinces were selected for the evaluation of serology as an indicator of transmission of Chagas disease. Of the communities appraised, 6 did not have a history of previous treatment with insecticides and 7 had received sporadic or continuous insecticide treatment. The inhabitants of 20% of the houses of each locality were studied by serology. The samples were obtained byfinger pricking and 50 fil of blood were mixed with 150μl of 50% glycerine solution in tissue culture media to be assayed by Indirect Hemagglutination and Indirect Immunofluorescence tests. In untreated areas, the prevalence of infection in infants 0-4 years old was 17.5%, reaching to over 22% for the 5-9 year old group, and to 33.3% in 10-14 year old individuals. The prevalence in treated and surveyed areas was 2.6% in 0-4 year old children, 5.4% in 5-9 year old and 6,2% in 10-14 year old youngsters. The differences between both areas were statistically significant (p < 0.005). This study favors serology as a valid indicator for the evaluation of transmission of Chagas disease in rural areas.