BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of severe bronchiolitis in children worldwide OBJECTIVES: To describe clinical characteristics and outcomes of children hospitalised with bronchiolitis and to compare those with RSV bronchiolitis with children with other viral causes of bronchiolitis METHODS: A retrospective study of children admitted with virally screened bronchiolitis to Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital (CMJAH) and Nelson Mandela Children's Hospital (NMCH) from 1 February to 31 August 2018 was conducted, where RSV-positive and -negative children were compared. These children were identified by the National Health Laboratory Service as having undergone respiratory viral multiplex molecular assay analysis and hospital charts were retrospectively reviewed RESULTS: A total of 131 children admitted with bronchiolitis from CMJAH and NMCH were compared in this study, 58 from CMJAH and 73 from NMCH. In the sample group, 65 (49.6%) children had RSV in comparison with 66 (50.4%) children without RSV. Children with RSV comprised 55 (42%) children with RSV only and 10 (7.6%) children with RSV in combination with another respiratory virus. Rhinovirus was the second most common virus detected in this cohort of children (n=17, 12.9%) followed by adenovirus (n=12, 9.2%) and coronavirus (n=9, 6.9%). A statistically significant risk factor noted in children requiring hospitalisation for RSV bronchiolitis was age less than six months (p<0.001 Conclusions. Bronchiolitis is a common disease in children. Respiratory syncytial virus is the most common cause of severe bronchiolitis in hospitalised infants less than six months of age.

BACKGROUND: South Africa (SA) has embarked on a process to implement universal health coverage (UHC) funded by National Health Insurance (NHI). The 2019 NHI Bill proposes creation of a health technology assessment (HTA) body to inform decisions about which interventions NHI funds will cover under UHC. In practice, HTA often relies mainly on economic evaluations of cost-effectiveness and budget impact, with less attention to the systematic, specific consideration of important social, organisational and ethical impacts of the health technology in question. In this context, the South African Values and Ethics for Universal Health Coverage (SAVE-UHC) research project recognised an opportunity to help shape the health priority-setting process by providing a way to take account of multiple, ethically relevant considerations that reflect SA values. The SAVE-UHC Research Team developed and tested an SA-specific Ethics Framework for HTA assessment and analysisOBJECTIVES: To develop and test an Ethics Framework for use in the SA context for health priority-settingMETHODS: The Framework was developed iteratively by the authors and a multidisciplinary panel (18 participants) over a period of 18 months, using the principles outlined in the 2015 NHI White Paper as a starting point. The provisional Ethics Framework was then tested with multi-stakeholder simulated appraisal committees (SACs) in three provinces. The membership of each SAC roughly reflected the composition of a potential SA HTA committee. The deliberations and dedicated focus group discussions after each SAC meeting were recorded, analysed and used to refine the Framework, which was presented to the Working Group for review, comment and final approvalRESULTS: This article describes the 12 domains of the Framework. The first four (Burden of the Health Condition, Expected Health Benefits and Harms, Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, and Budget Impact) are commonly used in HTA assessments, and a further eight cover the other ethical domains. These are Equity, Respect and Dignity, Impacts on Personal Financial Situation, Forming and Maintaining Important Personal Relationships, Ease of Suffering, Impact on Safety and Security, Solidarity and Social Cohesion, and Systems Factors and Constraints. In each domain are questions and prompts to enable use of the Framework by both analysts and assessors. Issues that arose, such as weighting of the domains and the availability of SA evidence, were discussed by the SACsCONCLUSIONS: The Ethics Framework is intended for use in priority-setting within an HTA process. The Framework was well accepted by a diverse group of stakeholders. The final version will be a useful tool not only for HTA and other priority-setting processes in SA, but also for future efforts to create HTA methods in SA and elsewhere

BACKGROUND. Antenatal corticosteroid (ANS) use in premature neonates has become a standard of practice. However, there is low ANS coverage in low- to middle-income countries (LMICs). Recent studies have questioned the efficacy of ANSs in such countries. OBJECTIVE. To review the use of ANSs in preterm neonates at Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital (CMJAH), South Africa. METHODS. This was a retrospective observational study of all neonates with a birth weight of 500 - 1 800 g born at CMJAH between 1 January 2013 and 30 June 2016. Neonatal and maternal characteristics of neonates exposed to ANSs were compared with those of neonates who were not exposed. RESULTS. The ANS coverage of the final sample was 930/2 109 (44.1%). The mean (standard deviation (SD)) birth weight was 1 292.4 (323.2) g and the mean gestational age 30.2 (2.9) weeks. Attending antenatal care and maternal hypertension were associated with increased use of ANSs, whereas vaginal delivery was associated with decreased use. In neonates weighing <1 500 g, the use of ANSs was associated with decreased mortality, decreased intraventricular haemorrhage and decreased patent ductus arteriosus. There was no association between ANSs and respiratory distress syndrome, necrotising enterocolitis, sepsis or need for respiratory support in all premature neonates, and no association with improved outcomes in those weighing >1 500 g. CONCLUSION. The benefits of ANSs in terms of neonatal morbidity in this study were not as marked as those published in high-income countries. A randomised controlled trial may be indicated in LMICs.

BACKGROUND. Low-molecular-weight heparin and vitamin K antagonists such as warfarin are the gold standard for prohylaxis and treatment of venous thromboembolic disease (VTED). Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) result in predictable anticoagulation with significantly reduced inter- and intra-patient variability. DOAC absorption is rapid, with a short half-life and relatively few drug interactions. DOACs are effective and safe at fixed doses without activity monitoring. However, specific situations may require assessment of accurate drug activity. Rivaroxaban, a DOAC targeting activated coagulation factor X (FXa), is registered for the prevention and treatment of VTED in South Africa. OBJECTIVES. To establish a prophylactic rivaroxaban activity level range and determine any associations with clinical complications, viz. haemorrhage and/or thrombosis. METHODS. Samples from 115 orthopaedic patients were tested 3 hours after a prophylactic oral dose of 10 mg rivaroxaban with STAGO rivaroxaban anti-FXa reagent on an automated coagulation analyser. Patient demographics and clinical outcomes were documented. RESULTS. The mean rivaroxaban anti-FXa level was 105.7 ng/mL. Two patients developed adverse events on therapy. One patient had minor bleeding (menorrhagia) (drug activity level 288.7 ng/mL) and another a deep-vein thrombosis (drug activity level 34.7 ng/mL). Statistical analysis demonstrated an association between drug activity and advancing age (p=0.008), most apparent among those aged >65 years. CONCLUSIONS. Measuring rivaroxaban activity levels may reduce uncertainty if treatment failure and complications occur. Patients aged >65 years should be closely monitored. A local expected rivaroxaban activity level for patients on rivaroxaban prophylaxis has been established.

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OBJECTIF: Mettre au point un modèle permettant d'identifier les zones à haut risque d'épidémies sporadiques de rougeole, sur la base d'une analyse des facteurs associés à une épidémie nationale en Afrique du Sud, entre 2009 et 2011. MÉTHODES: Les données sur les cas survenus avant et pendant l'épidémie nationale ont été obtenues auprès du programme sud-africain de surveillance de la rougeole, et les données sur la vaccination contre la rougeole et la taille de la population auprès du système d'informations sanitaires des districts. Un modèle hiérarchique bayésien de Poisson a été utilisé pour étudier l'association entre le risque de rougeole chez les nourrissons dans un district et la couverture vaccinale pour la première dose, la densité de population, la prévalence sous-jacente de l'infection par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH) et l'échec attendu de la séroconversion. Les projections du modèle ont été utilisées pour identifier les nouvelles zones à haut risque en 2012. RÉSULTAT: Un schéma spatial clair des zones à haut risque a été observé, avec de nombreuses zones interconnectées (c'est-à-dire voisines). Un risque accru d'épidémie de rougeole a été significativement associé à la constitution préalable d'une population vulnérable ainsi qu'à la densité de population. Le risque était aussi élevé lorsque plus de 20% des nourrissons dans une zone fortement peuplée n'avaient pas reçu une première dose du vaccin. Le modèle a été en mesure d'identifier les zones à haut risque d'épidémie de rougeole en 2012, ainsi que là où des mesures préventives supplémentaires pourraient être prises. CONCLUSION: L'épidémie de rougeole en Afrique du Sud a été associée à la constitution d'une population vulnérable (en raison d'une couverture vaccinale médiocre), à la prévalence élevée de l'infection par le VIH et à une forte densité de population. Le modèle prédictif développé pourrait être appliqué à d'autres contextes sensibles aux épidémies sporadiques de rougeole et à d'autres maladies qui peuvent être prévenues par la vaccination.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a model for identifying areas at high risk for sporadic measles outbreaks based on an analysis of factors associated with a national outbreak in South Africa between 2009 and 2011. METHODS: Data on cases occurring before and during the national outbreak were obtained from the South African measles surveillance programme, and data on measles immunization and population size, from the District Health Information System. A Bayesian hierarchical Poisson model was used to investigate the association between the risk of measles in infants in a district and first-dose vaccination coverage, population density, background prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and expected failure of seroconversion. Model projections were used to identify emerging high-risk areas in 2012. FINDINGS: A clear spatial pattern of high-risk areas was noted, with many interconnected (i.e. neighbouring) areas. An increased risk of measles outbreak was significantly associated with both the preceding build-up of a susceptible population and population density. The risk was also elevated when more than 20% of infants in a populous area had missed a first vaccine dose. The model was able to identify areas at high risk of experiencing a measles outbreak in 2012 and where additional preventive measures could be undertaken. CONCLUSION: The South African measles outbreak was associated with the build-up of a susceptible population (owing to poor vaccine coverage), high prevalence of HIV infection and high population density. The predictive model developed could be applied to other settings susceptible to sporadic outbreaks of measles and other vaccine-preventable diseases.

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OBJETIVO: Desarrollar un modelo para identificar las áreas con riesgo alto de sufrir brotes esporádicos de sarampión en base a un análisis de los factores asociados a un brote nacional en Sudáfrica entre los años 2009 y 2011. MÉTODOS: Los datos de los casos ocurridos antes y durante el brote nacional se obtuvieron del programa de vigilancia del sarampión de Sudáfrica, y la información acerca de la vacunación contra el sarampión y el tamaño de la población, del sistema de información sanitaria por distritos. Se empleó un modelo de Poisson jerárquico bayesiano para investigar la relación entre el riesgo de sarampión en niños de un distrito con la cobertura de la primera dosis de la vacuna, la densidad de población, el historial de prevalencia de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) y el fracaso previsto de la seroconversión. Las proyecciones del modelo se utilizaron para identificar áreas de alto riesgo nuevas en 2012. RESULTADOS: Se observó un patrón espacial claro de las áreas de alto riesgo con muchas zonas conectadas (esto es, colindantes). El riesgo superior de sufrir un brote de sarampión se asoció de modo significativo tanto con el crecimiento previo de un grupo de población vulnerable como con la densidad de población, y también fue elevado cuando más del 20% de los niños en un área populosa no había recibido la primera dosis de la vacuna. El modelo fue capaz de identificar las áreas con riesgo alto de sufrir un brote de sarampión en 2012 y donde podrían emprenderse medidas de prevención adicionales. CONCLUSIÓN: El brote de sarampión en Sudáfrica estuvo asociado con el aumento de un grupo de población vulnerable (debido a una cobertura de vacunación insuficiente), una prevalencia elevada de la infección por VIH y una densidad de población alta. El modelo predictivo desarrollado podría aplicarse a otros lugares susceptibles de sufrir brotes esporádicos de sarampión y otras enfermedades inmunoprevenibles.