RESUMO A hepatite E é uma zoonose emergente que afeta diversas espécies de mamíferos, inclusive o ser humano. É ocasionada por um vírus da espécie Orthohepevirus A que possui diversos genótipos e subgenótipos. No Brasil é descrito o genótipo HEV-3, cujo principal reservatório é o porco doméstico. Testes moleculares e sorológicos demonstram o HEV-3 em diferentes estados, tanto em animais quanto em humanos. No estado de São Paulo, existem diversos estudos sobre a epidemiologia da hepatite E em humanos, mas faltam informações sobre o HEV-3 em suínos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a ocorrência de HEV por meio da técnica de RT-PCR e posterior sequenciamento em um banco de amostras de fezes de suínos colhidas entre 2008 e 2009, na região metropolitana de Campinas. Das 89 amostras analisadas, foi possível detectar o HEV-3 em sete e, pela reconstrução filogenética, foram encontrados os subgenótipos HEV-3b, HEV-3h, e HEV-3j. Uma amostra disponível no GenBank, proveniente de São Paulo, que ainda não havia sido subgenotipada, foi agrupada ao HEV-3i. Os subgenótipos HEV-3j e HEV-3i ainda não tinham sido relatados no país. O estudo demonstra uma grande diversidade genética do HEV no estado de São Paulo e reforça o caráter zoonótico da HEV-3.

The term inflammaging is now widely used to designate the inflammatory process of natural aging. During this process, cytokine balance is altered, presumably due to the loss of homeostasis, thus contributing to a greater predisposition to disease and exacerbation of chronic diseases. The aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between pro-inflammatory markers and age in the natural aging process of healthy individuals. One hundred and ten subjects were divided into 5 groups according to age (22 subjects/group). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) were quantified using the ELISA method. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) was analyzed by turbidimetry according to laboratory procedures. The main findings of this study were: a positive correlation between hsCRP and IL-6 as a function of age (110 subjects); women showed stronger correlations; the 51–60 age group had the highest values for hsCRP and IL-6; women presented higher values for hsCRP in the 51–60 age group and higher values for IL-6 in the 61–70 age group; and men showed higher values in the 51–60 age group for hsCRP and IL-6. In conclusion, the natural aging process increased IL-6 and hsCRP levels, which is consistent with the inflammaging theory; however, women presented stronger correlations compared to men (IL-6 and hsCRP) and the 51–60 age range seems to be a key point for these increases. These findings are important because they indicate that early preventive measures may minimize the increase in these inflammatory markers in natural human aging.

Abstract Objective: To analyze performance and pacing in 200 m butterfly among the semifinalists in 15th FINA World Championship. Methods: Data were obtained from FINA website. Thirty two semifinals performances were divided in four groups: eight male classified (G1M), eight male unclassified (G2M), eight female classified (G1F), and eight female unclassified (G2F). Swimming velocity for each 50 m partial was estimated by the quotient between distance and time. Coefficients of variation of the four 50 m partials were compared among groups (ANOVA). Effects sizes were identified by the Cohen's d. Total time (performance) was correlated with each 50 m partial time (Pearson's r). Results: Coefficients of variation were lower for the groups with best performance in both sexes (G1F and G1M) and in females. The third partial presented the larger correlation with overall performance. Average swimming velocity decreased along the event. Conclusion: The best pacing is to maintain swimming velocity constant within each 50 m over the 200 m and the training should be directed to the conditional improvement of this split (150‐200 m).

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar o desempenho e o pacing de prova dos semifinalistas da prova de 200 m nado borboleta do 15.° Campeonato Mundial de Natação da Federação Internacional de Natação (FINA). Método: Os dados foram obtidos da página eletrônica da FINA. Os 32 tempos da etapa semifinal, masculina e feminina, foram divididos em 4 grupos: 8 homens classificados para a final (G1M), 8 homens não classificados (G2M), 8 mulheres classificadas para a final (G1F) e as 8 mulheres não classificadas (G2F). A velocidade de nado, para cada parcial de 50 m, foi estimada pelo quociente entre 50 m e o respectivo tempo. Foram calculados os coeficientes de variação de tempo das 4 parciais de 50 m e comparados entre os grupos (ANOVA). Tamanho de efeito foi verificado com d de Cohen. Correlacionou‐se o desempenho (tempo total) com o tempo de cada parcial de 50 m (r de Pearson). Resultados: O coeficiente de variação para as parciais de 50 m foi menor nos grupos dos finalistas de ambos os sexos (G1M e G1F) e menor para as mulheres. A terceira parcial de 50 m apresentou maior correlação com o desempenho final em ambos os sexos. A velocidade média caiu ao longo da prova em ambos os grupos. Conclusão: O pacing para o melhor desempenho na prova é evitar variações de tempo ao longo dos 200 m nado borboleta e os treinamentos devem ser direcionados ao aprimoramento condicionante dessa parcial (150‐200 m).

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar el desempeño y pacing durante la prueba de semifinalistas de 200 m mariposa del 15.° Campeonato Mundial de Natación de la Federación Internacional de Natación (FINA). Método: Los datos fueron retirados de la página electrónica de la FINA. Los 32 tiempos de la semifinal masculina y femenina fueron divididos en cuatro grupos: ocho varones clasificados para el final de la prueba analizada (G1M), ocho varones no clasificados (G2M), ocho mujeres clasificadas (G1F) y ocho mujeres no clasificadas (G2F). La velocidad de nado para cada parcial de 50 m fue estimada por el cociente entre 50 m y su respectivo tiempo. Fueron calculados los coeficientes de variación del tiempo de los cuatro parciales de 50 m y comparadas entre los grupos (ANOVA). Se observó el tamaño de efecto con d de Cohen. Se analizó la correlación entre el rendimiento (tiempo total) y el tiempo de cada parcial de 50 m. Resultados: El coeficiente de variación para los parciales de 50 m fue menor en los grupos finalistas de ambos sexos (G1M e G1F) y menor para las mujeres. El tercer parcial de 50 m presentó mayor correlación con el rendimiento final en ambos sexos. La velocidad media disminuyó a lo largo de la prueba en ambos grupos. Conclusión: El ritmo para el mejor rendimiento en la prueba es evitar la variación del tiempo a lo largo de los 200 m mariposa y el entrenamiento debe estar dirigido a la mejora de la condición física es ese parcial (150‐200 m).

A espécie Garcinia brasiliensis Mart. (Clusiaceae), nativa da região Amazônica e cultivada em todo o território brasileiro, vem sendo bastante estudada devido seu potencial farmacológico, porém são escassos estudos que tratam da caracterização farmacobotânica desta espécie. Considerando as propriedades terapêuticas para tornar-se um medicamento fitoterápico, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos estudar a anatomia e histoquímica da folha e do pecíolo e elaborar dados macroscópicos e microscópicos que forneçam características marcantes para sua identificação além de dar subsídios para a análise farmacognóstica no controle de qualidade da droga vegetal. O material vegetal foi fixado e submetido às técnicas usuais de microscopia de luz e a testes histoquímicos. As folhas de G. brasiliensis são opostas, simples, descolores, forma elíptica com nervação peninérvia. As células epidérmicas, em vista frontal, apresentam contorno sinuoso e estômatos paracíticos somente na face abaxial. O mesofilo é dorsiventral, a nervura central apresenta contorno biconvexo e feixe vascular em forma de semi-arco fechado envolto por bainha esclerenquimática. Inclusões inorgânicas de cristais na forma de drusas e orgânicas representadas por compostos fenólicos e grãos de amidos estão dispersos ao longo de toda lâmina foliar e pecíolo. Observa-se com frequência a presença de canais secretores preenchidos por um conteúdo lipídico dispersos pelo parênquima fundamental e próximos aos feixes vasculares. Estes dados fornecem subsídios para o controle de qualidade da matéria-prima utilizada para a produção de fitoterápicos.

The Garcinia brasiliensis Mart. (Clusiaceae) species, native of the Amazon region and cultivated throughout the Brazilian territory, has been widely studied due to its pharmacological potential, but there are few studies dealing with the pharmacobotanic characterization of this species. Considering the therapeutic properties in order to become an herbal medicine, the present paper had the purpose of studying the anatomical and histochemical characterization of the leaf and petiole, as well as producing macroscopic and microscopic data that provide important characteristics for its identification, in addition to providing subsidies for the pharmacognostical analysis in order to offer elements for the quality assurance of the drug. The botanical material was prepared through the usual optical and histochemical microtechniques. The leaves of G. brasiliensis are simple, opposed, colorless, and they show an elliptical shape. As seen from the front, the epidermal cells have a sinuous contour, and paracytic stomata occur on the low surface. The leaves are hipostomatic and dorsiventral with heterogeneous mesophile. The mesophile is dorsiventral, the central midrib shows a biconvex contour and vascular system in a semi-closed arch shape surrounded by a sclerenchymatic sheath. Inorganic inclusions of crystals in the shape of druses, and organic inclusions represented by phenolic compounds and starch grains are found throughout the leaf blade and petiole. It is common to find secretory canals filled with a lipid content dispersed throughout the parenchyma and near the vascular bundles. These data support the quality assurance of the elements used to produce herbal medicines.

The objective of the present study was to compare the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) and carprofen (CP) on postoperative incisional pain using the plantar incision (PI) model in rats. A 1-cm longitudinal incision was made through skin, fascia and muscles of a hind paw of male Wistar rats and the development of mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity was determined over 4 days using the von Frey and Hargreaves methods, respectively. Based on the experimental treatments received on the third postoperative day, the animals were divided into the following groups: PI+CP (CP, 2 mg/kg, po); PI+EAST36 (100-Hz EA applied bilaterally at the Zusanli point (ST36)); PI+EANP (EA applied to a non-acupoint region); PI+IMMO (immobilization only); PI (vehicle). In the von Frey test, the PI+EAST36 group had higher withdrawal force thresholds in response to mechanical stimuli than the PI, PI+IMMO and PI+EANP groups at several times studied. Furthermore, the PI+EAST36 group showed paw withdrawal thresholds in response to mechanical stimuli that were similar to those of the PI+CP group. In the Hargreaves test, all groups had latencies higher than those observed with PI. The PI+EAST36 group was similar to the PI+IMMO, PI+EANP and PI+CP groups. We conclude that 100-Hz EA at the ST36 point, but not at non-acupoints, can reduce mechanical nociception in the rat model of incisional pain, and its effectiveness is comparable to that of carprofen.

O cultivo da soja - Glycine max (Roundup Ready® - RR) tem aumentado, e pouco tem sido relatada a influência do glyphosate sobre o estado nutricional das plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o acúmulo de nutrientes em diferentes estádios fenológicos entre os cultivares BRS 184 (convencional) e BRS 243 RR (transgênico), com mesmo ciclo vegetativo e reprodutivo, sob diferentes sistemas de manejo de plantas daninhas (capina e herbicida). O acúmulo de nutrientes e matéria seca na soja convencional foi superior ao da soja RR tratada com glyphosate, indicando que um nível maior de nutrientes pode ser requerido pelos cultivares RR para atingir a eficiência fisiológica e, provavelmente, uma nova recomendação de adubação para as culturas RR deve ser levada em consideração devido à redução da eficiência nutricional imposta pelo glyphosate.

The cultivation of soybean-Glycine max (Roundup Ready® - RR) has increased and little has been reported on the influence of glyphosate on the nutritional status of the plants. The aim of this work was to compare nutrient accumulation at different phenological stages between the cultivars BRS 184 (conventional) and BRS 243 RR (transgenic), with the same crop cycle, under different weed management systems (hand weed and herbicide). Nutrient accumulation and dry matter in conventional soybean was superior to that in the glyphosate-treated RR soybean, indicating that a higher level of nutrients might be required for the RR cultivars to achieve physiological efficiency and a new fertilizer recommendation for RR crops may be considered, due to the reduced nutritional efficiency imposed by glyphosate.

Data about the impact of bariatric surgery (BS) and subsequent weight loss on bone are limited. The objective of the present study was to determine bone mineral density (BMD), bone remodeling metabolites and hormones that influence bone trophism in premenopausal women submitted to BS 9.8 months, on average, before the study (OGg, N = 16). The data were compared to those obtained for women of normal weight (CG, N = 11) and for obese women (OG, N = 12). Eight patients in each group were monitored for one year, with the determination of BMD, of serum calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, parathyroid hormone, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and osteocalcin, and of urinary calcium and deoxypyridinoline. The biochemical determinations were repeated every three months in the longitudinal study and BMD was measured at the end of the study. Parathyroid hormone levels were similar in the three groups. IGF-I levels (CG = 332 ± 62 vs OG = 230 ± 37 vs OGg = 128 ± 19 ng/mL) were significantly lower in the operated patients compared to the non-operated obese women. Only OGg patients presented a significant fall in BMD of 6.2% at L1-L4, of 10.2% in the femoral neck, and of 5.1% in the forearm. These results suggest that the weight loss induced by BS is associated with a significant loss of bone mass even at sites that are not influenced by weight overload, with hormonal factors such as IGF-I being associated with this process.

Dois experimentos foram conduzidos com o objetivo de avaliar o controle de plantas daninhas em pré-semeadura da soja (Glycine max) e do girassol (Helianthus annuus), por meio de aplicações de herbicidas dessecantes, isolados ou em combinação com boro, bem como a resposta dessas culturas à aplicação desse micronutriente. Nas parcelas de soja, foram aplicados os tratamentos glyphosate (1,44 kg e.a. ha-1), glyphosate potássico (2,48 kg i.a. ha-1), diuron (0,2 kg i.a. ha-1) + paraquat (0,4 kg i.a. ha-1), e paraquat (0,400 kg i.a. ha-1). Nas parcelas de girassol, foram aplicados os tratamentos glyphosate (0,54 kg e.a. ha-1), glyphosate (0,72 kg e.a. ha-1), glyphosate potássico (1,24 kg i.a. ha-1), paraquat (0,4 kg i.a. ha-1), glyphosate (0,72 kg e.a. ha-1) + flumioxazin (0,025 kg i.a. ha-1) e glyphosate (0,72 kg e.a. ha-1) + carfentrazone (0,02 kg i.a. ha-1). Ambos os experimentos continham as testemunhas capinada e sem capina. As subparcelas dos dois experimentos foram constituídas pela ausência ou presença de B, junto à calda de pulverização, na fonte ácido bórico [H3BO3 - 17% B]. A adição de ácido bórico à calda de pulverização não prejudicou o controle das plantas daninhas pelos tratamentos dessecantes, exceto para a mistura formulada de paraquat + diuron. Houve aumento dos teores de boro no solo e nas folhas da cultura da soja e do girassol quando foram associados os tratamentos com herbicidas dessecantes e o ácido bórico. É viável a aplicação de herbicidas dessecantes e ácido bórico, controlando as plantas daninhas em présemeadura e aumentando o teor de B no solo e nas plantas de soja e de girassol.

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate weed control in soybean (Glycine max) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) pre-sowing by desiccant application alone or in combination with boron (B), as well as to evaluate the response of these crops to that micronutrient. The plots consisted of the desiccants glyphosate (1.44 kg a.e. ha-1), glyphosate potassium (2.48 kg a.i. ha-1), diuron (0.2 kg a.i. ha-1) plus paraquat (0.4 kg a.i.ha-1), paraquat (0.4 kg a.i. ha-1) in the soybean experiment. In the sunflower experiment, the plots consisted of glyphosate (0.54 kg a.e. ha-1), glyphosate (0.72 kg a.e. ha-1), glyphosate potassium (1.24 kg a.i. ha-1), paraquat (0.4 kg a.i.ha-1), glyphosate (0.72 kg a.e ha-1) plus flumioxazin (0.025 kg a.i. ha-1), glyphosate (0.72 kg a.e. ha-1) plus carfentrazone (0.02 kg a.i. ha-1). Both the experiments had two checks (handhoeing and weedy control) and the split-plots consisted of absence or presence of boron from boric acid [H3BO3 - 17% B], associated to the water carrier. The combination of herbicides with boron efficiently controlled the weeds, except for paraquat plus diuron. The application of boric acid in association with herbicides increased the content of this micronutrient in the soil and consequently in the soybean and sunflower leaves. The combined application of desiccants and boric acid appears to be suitable for controlling weeds and increases mineral nutrition of soybean and sunflower.

Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (alloBMT) is the only curative therapy for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). This success is explained by the delivery of high doses of antineoplastic agents followed by the rescue of marrow function and the induction of graft-versus-leukemia reaction mediated by allogeneic lymphocytes against host tumor cells. This reaction can also be induced by donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) producing remission in most patients with CML who relapse after alloBMT. The immunological mechanisms involved in DLI therapy are poorly understood. We studied five CML patients in the chronic phase, who received DLI after relapsing from an HLA-identical BMT. Using flow cytometry we evaluated cellular activation and apoptosis, NK cytotoxicity, lymphocytes producing cytokines (IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-gamma), and unstimulated (in vivo) lymphocyte proliferation. In three CML patients who achieved hematological and/or cytogenetic remission after DLI we observed an increase of the percent of activation markers on T and NK cells (CD3/DR, CD3/CD25 and CD56/DR), of lymphocytes producing IL-2 and IFN-gamma, of NK activity, and of in vivo lymphocyte proliferation. These changes were not observed consistently in two of the five patients who did not achieve complete remission with DLI. The percent of apoptotic markers (Fas, FasL and Bcl-2) on lymphocytes and CD34-positive cells did not change after DLI throughout the different study periods. Taken together, these preliminary results suggest that the therapeutic effect of DLI in the chronic phase of CML is mediated by classic cytotoxic and proliferative events involving T and NK cells but not by the Fas pathway of apoptosis.

A variabilidade genética entre seis acessos de carqueja (Baccharis myriocephala) foi avaliada por meio de métodos multivariados, utilizando-se caracteres isozimáticos e descritores botânico-agronômicos. A estabilidade da divergência genética entre os acessos de carqueja foi estimada em cinco épocas de colheita e a caracterização isozimática foi realizada aos nove meses após transplante das mudas. Em cada época de colheita, foram avaliadas as características morfológicas, fitomassa verde, altura e área foliar, utilizando duas plantas de cada acesso. Com relação às características morfológicas, foram formados dois grupos na época 1, quatro grupos na época 2 e três grupos nas épocas 3, 4 e 5. Em relação à análise isozimática, apenas o sistema esterase, entre os testados, apresentou resolução, tendo sido formados dois grupos. Constatou-se, portanto, que a utilização dos descritores botânico-agronômicos aos 145 dias após transplante foi mais eficiente na discriminação dos acessos, com a formação de quatro grupos de acessos. Verificou-se o potencial das isozimas como marcadores genéticos em Baccharis myriocephala, permitindo a utilização destas para caracterização de variedades em complementação a características morfológicas.

The genetic variability among six accesses of "carqueja" (Baccharis myriocephala), was evaluated by multivariate methods using isozymatic characters and morphological descriptors. The genetic divergence stability among the "carqueja" accesses was estimated in five harvesting times and the isozymatic characterization was carried out nine months after transplanting. In each harvesting time, the following morphological characteristics were evaluated: fresh matter mass, height and foliar area making use of two plants per access. As for the morphological characteristics, two groups were formed in time 1, four groups in time 2 and three groups in times 3, 4 and 5. For the isozymatic analysis, only the esterase system, among the tested systems, presented satisfactory resolution and two groups were formed. It was observed that the use of morphological descriptor at 145 days after transplanting showed more efficacy in discriminating by forming four groups of accesses. The isozyme potencial as a genetic marker in Baccharis myriocephala, was also verified, allowing its use in the characterization of varieties to complement morphological characteristics.

O estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de comparar o processo cicatricial do cólon descendente de eqüinos, quando submetido a duas técnicas de sutura, uma em plano aposicional e outra em dois planos com invaginação. Foram utilizados 15 eqüinos sadios e a intervenção cirúrgica foi realizada com os animais em decúbito lateral direito, sob anestesia geral inalatória. O acesso à cavidade abdominal foi feito pelo flanco esquerdo, e após exteriorização do cólon descendente, realizaram-se duas enterotomias de 5cm de extensão cada, distanciadas 20cm uma da outra. Os animais foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em cinco grupos de três animais cada e sacrificados aos 3, 7, 14, 21 e 35 dias pós-operatório. O exame necroscópico revelou presença de aderências nos dois padrões de sutura. Em nove eqüinos foram observadas aderências no padrão de sutura aposicional (60,0% ± 12,6) e em quatro no padrão com invaginação (26,6 % ± 11,4). Não foi verificada interferência com o trânsito intestinal em nenhum paciente. O exame histopatológico revelou regeneração da camada mucosa a partir do sétimo dia de pós-operatório em ambos os tipos de sutura. O fio de poliglactina 910 empregado nas enterorrafias do cólon descendente se mostrou resistente, de fácil manuseio e com boa capacidade para manter os nós aplicados, causando moderada reação inflamatória do tipo granulomatosa.

This trial was carried out in order to compare the healing process of the descending colon in horses, submitted to two distinctive suture techniques - appositional pattern and inverting pattern. Fifteen healthy horses were used and the surgical intervention was accomplished with the animals in right lateral recumbency, under inhalatory anesthesia. The abdominal cavity approach was done by the left flank, and after exteriorization of the descending colon, two enterotomies, 5cm long, and 20cm apart one from each other were done. The horses were randomly distributed into five groups of three animals each. After a humane method of euthanasia, necropsies were performed with complete inspection and documentation of the sutured areas of the descending colon on postoperative days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 35, one group at each time. At necropsy, no alterations were noticed in abdominal cavity and organs although some adhesions were observed. In nine horses adhesions at the appositional pattern suture (60.0% ± 12.6) were found. Four horses presented adhesions at the inverting suture (26.6% ± 11.4). No signs of intestinal flow impairment were found. Regarding the histopathological findings, the majority of the wounds were almost completely healed on day seven after surgery. The suture thread poliglactin 910, used in both suture types, worked well during and after surgery, but it is believed that it was the cause of the observed granulomatous inflammatory reaction.

O efeito do extrato aquoso de três plantas daninhas, Cynodon dactylon (l.)Pers., Cyperus rotundus l. e Sorghum halepense (l.) Pers. sobre a germinação e o crescimento de plântulas de arroz (Oryza salina L. cv. IAC-165) foi estudado, com a finalidade de investigar a sensibilidade do arroz aos efeitos alelopáticos dessas plantas. Foram utilizados, na preparação dos extratos, raizes de Cynodon daclylon, tubérculos de Cyperus rolundus: e riomas de Sorglun halepense, os quais foram homoneizados em solução aquosa, submetidos a filtração e centrifugação. O sobrenadante foi aplicado no substrato de germinação das sementes, verificando-se, aos sete dias após a se meadura, que apenas os extratos de Cy-nodon daetylon e Sorghum halepense afetaram a porcentagem de germinação das sementes de arroz. Entretanto, o crescimento da radícula e da parte aérea das plântulas foi prejudicado pelos três extratos testados, sendo o efeito mais drástico causado pelo extrato de Cyperus, retundus.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the possible allelopathic effects of Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus and Sorghum halepense on seed germination of Oryza sativa cv. IAC-165. Extracts from roots of Cynodon dactylon and Sorghum halepense and from tubers of Cyperus rotundas were used to evaluate the effects on rice seed germination. Aqueous solution of these organs, obtained by homogenization, filtration and centrifugation, were introduced on Petri dishes containing rice seeds. The evaluation of germination and initial growth showed a strong negative allelopathic effect of all three weeds studied.