ABSTRACT Introduction: breast cancer is the cancer with the highest incidence in women in Brazil, representing 29.7% of all cancers. More than two thirds of women with breast cancer show expression for hormone receptors, and in these cases, hormone therapy with tamoxifen is indicated, which may represent a risk factor for the development of endometrial cancer (four-fold greater relative risk). Objective: this study aimed to evaluate the association of tamoxifen and the development of endometrial disturbances and to assess possible other associated risk factors. Patients and method: a total of 364 breast cancer patients were evaluated, 286 who used tamoxifen and 78 who did not use this hormone therapy. Results: patients who used tamoxifen had a mean follow-up time of 51.42 months similar to those without hormone therapy (p=0.081). A total of 21 (7.3%) women who used tamofixen and no cases among women without hormone therapy presented endometrial changes during follow-up (p=0.01). Despite information regarding obesity was available for only 270 women, obesity was also significantly associated with the development of endometrial changes (p=0.008). Conclusion: furthermore, the association between tamofixen and endometrial changes remained significant (p=0.039) after adjusting for obesity.

RESUMO Introdução: o câncer da mama é o câncer de maior incidência no sexo feminino no Brasil, representando 29,7% de todos os cânceres. Mais de dois terços das mulheres com câncer da mama apresentam expressão para receptores hormonais, estando, nestes casos, indicada a terapia hormonal com tamoxifeno, que pode representar fator de risco para o desenvolvimento do câncer do endométrio (risco relativo quatro vezes maior). Objetivo: este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a associação entre o uso de tamoxifeno e o desenvolvimento de distúrbios endometriais bem como eventuais outros fatores associados. Pacientes e método: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo de 364 pacientes com câncer da mama, das quais 286 utilizaram tamoxifeno e 78 não utilizaram esta hormonioterapia. Resultados: pacientes que usaram tamoxifeno tiveram um seguimento médio de 51,42 meses, semelhante àquelas sem terapia hormonal (p=0,081). Um total de 21 (7,3%) mulheres que usaram tamofixeno e nenhuma mulher sem terapia hormonal apresentaram alterações endometriais durante o seguimento (p=0,01). Nas 270 mulheres que tinham informação sobre obesidade, esta se associou significantemente com o desenvolvimento de alterações endometriais (p=0,008). A associação entre tamofixeno e alterações endometriais permaneceu significante (p=0,039) após ajustar para interação com obesidade. Conclusão: o uso de tamoxifeno no tratamento do câncer da mama esteve associado ao maior risco para desenvolvimento de alterações endometriais especialmente quando associado à obesidade.

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the effects of enfuvirtide on pregnancy in albino rats and their fetuses. Methods Forty pregnant EPM 1 Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups: control (E) (distilled water twice/day), G1 (4mg/kg/day enfuvirtide), G2 (12mg/kg/day enfuvirtide), and G3 (36mg/kg/day enfuvirtide) groups. On the 20th day of gestation, the rats were anesthetized and subjected to cesarean section. Their blood was collected for laboratory analysis, and they were sacrificed. The offspring’s fragments of their kidneys, liver, and placentas and the maternal rats’ fragments of their lungs, kidneys, and liver were separated in the immediate postpartum period for light microscopy analysis. Results No maternal deaths occurred. In the second week at the end of pregnancy, the mean weight of the G3 Group was significantly lower than that of the G2 Group (p=0.029 and p=0.028, respectively). Analyzing blood laboratory parameters, the G1 Group had the lowest mean amylase level, and the G2 Group had the lowest mean hemoglobin level and the highest mean platelet count. In the morphological analysis, there were no changes in organs, such as the kidneys and liver, in both the maternal rats and offspring. Three maternal rats in the G3 Group had pulmonary inflammation in the lungs. Conclusion Enfuvirtide has no significant adverse effects on pregnancy, conceptual products, or functional alterations in maternal rats.

ABSTRACT Background: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in patients with pre-existing liver disease has shown high morbidity and lethality. The consequences of HEV superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are not fully understood. This study aimed to evaluate the association between the presence of anti-HEV antibodies, liver cirrhosis, and insulin resistance. Methods: A total of 618 patients chronically infected with HCV were included from three reference centers for viral hepatitis in São Paulo, Brazil. Presence of anti-HEV IgG was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (WANTAI HEV-IgG ELISA). Results: The seroprevalence of anti-HEV in patients with cirrhosis was significantly higher than in patients without cirrhosis (13.2% vs 8%, OR = 1.74, p = 0.04). Seropositivity for anti-HEV, adjusted for sex, age, and HCV genotype showed an association trend with hepatic cirrhosis (aOR = 1.75, p = 0.059). Presence of HEV antibodies, adjusted for age, body mass index and cirrhosis, was shown to be independently associated with insulin resistance (aOR: 4.39; p = 0.045). Conclusion: Patients with chronic hepatitis C are under risk of hepatitis E virus superinfection in Brazil. The trend toward association between cirrhosis and previous HEV infection suggests that it may accelerate liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. In addition, previous infection by HEV is independently associated with insulin resistance in the studied population, which may be an extra-hepatic manifestation of hepatitis E that persists after resolution of the active infection, and may contribute to fibrosis progression.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A infecção pelo vírus da hepatite C (HCV) é uma das principais causas de hepatite C crônica e provoca implicações graves para pacientes, familiares e sistema de saúde. OBJETIVO: Os objetivos deste estudo foram: analisar a gravidade da fibrose hepática, comorbidades e complicações da hepatite C; examinar a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde (QVRS), a perda de produtividade e o uso de recursos e custos no sistema público por pacientes brasileiros com hepatite C crônica, genótipo tipo 1. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo transversal, multicêntrico em pacientes com hepatite C crônica genótipo-1 para avaliar a carga da doença no sistema público de saúde brasileiro entre novembro de 2014 e março de 2015. Os pacientes foram submetidos a uma elastografia hepática transitória (FibroScan) para avaliar a fibrose e a uma entrevista composta por um questionário desenvolvido para o estudo e cinco questionários padronizados: EQ-5D-3L, HCV-PRO, e WPAI:HepC. RESULTADOS: Foram recrutados 313 pacientes. A amostra foi composta predominantemente por mulheres (50,8%), caucasianos/brancos (55,9%) e indivíduos empregados (39,9%). A média de idade foi 56 (DP=10,4) anos. Em média, os pacientes com HCV esperaram 40,6 (DP=49,6) meses entre o diagnóstico e o primeiro tratamento. Ademais, 42,8% dos pacientes que realizaram o FibroScan tinham cirrose; a comorbidade mais frequente foi doença cardiovascular (62,6%) e a complicação mais comum as varizes esofágicas (54,5%). Os resultados também mostraram que “dor e desconforto” foi a dimensão de QVRS mais afetada (55,0% dos pacientes relataram alguns problemas) e que a média do escore do HCV-PRO foi 69,1 (DP=24,2). Em relação à perda de produtividade, o componente do WPAI:HepC mais afetado foi atividade diária (23,5%) e entre os pacientes empregados, presenteísmo foi mais frequente do que absenteísmo (18,5% vs 6,5%). Os custos diretos médicos totais com essa amostra foi de 12.305,72USD por paciente em um período de dois anos; o tratamento medicamentoso representou 95% desse total. CONCLUSÃO Esse estudo mostrou a maioria dos pacientes possui cirrose, apresenta alta prevalência de doenças cardiometabolicas e varizes esofágicas, QVRS reduzida principalmente em termos de dor/desconforto e dano na produtividade, especialmente presenteísmo. Adicionalmente, nós demonstramos que o HCV impõe uma carga econômica no sistema de saúde brasileiro e que os medicamentos correspondem à maioria dos custos.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Infection by hepatitis C virus is one of the leading causes of chronic hepatitis C and cause severe burden for patients, families and the health care system. OBJECTIVE: The aims of this research were to assess the severity of liver fibrosis, comorbidities and complications of hepatitis C virus; to examine health-related quality of life (HRQoL), productivity loss and resource use and costs in a sample of Brazilian chronic hepatitis C, genotype 1, patients. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional multicenter study performed in genotype-1 chronic hepatitis C patients to assess disease burden in the Brazilian public health care system between November 2014 and March 2015. Patients were submitted to a liver transient elastography (FibroScan) to assess liver fibrosis and answered an interview composed by a questionnaire specifically developed for the study and three standardized questionnaires: EQ-5D-3L, HCV-PRO and WPAI:HepC. RESULTS: There were 313 subjects enrolled, with predominance of women (50.8%), caucasian/white (55.9%) and employed individuals (39.9%). Mean age was 56 (SD=10.4) years old. Moreover, 42.8% of patients who underwent FibroScan were cirrhotic; the most frequent comorbidity was cardiovascular disease (62.6%) and the most frequent complication was esophageal varices (54.5%). The results also showed that “pain and discomfort” was the most affected HRQoL dimension (55.0% of patients reported some problems) and that the mean HCV-PRO overall score was 69.1 (SD=24.2). Regarding productivity loss, the most affected WPAI:HepC component was daily activity (23.5%) and among employed patients, presenteeism was more frequent than absenteeism (18.5% vs 6.5%). The direct medical costs in this chronic hepatitis C sample was 12,305.72USD per patient in the 2 years study period; drug treatment costs represented 95.9% of this total. CONCLUSION: This study showed that most patients are cirrhotic, present high prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases and esophageal varices, reduced HRQoL mainly in terms of pain/discomfort, and work productivity impairment, especially presenteeism. Additionally, we demonstrated that hepatitis C virus imposes an economic burden on Brazilian Health Care System and that most of this cost is due to drug treatment.

ABSTRACT Background and aims: Hepatitis E virus infection in patients with underlying chronic liver disease is associated with liver decompensation and increased lethality. The seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus in patients with chronic hepatitis C in Brazil is unknown. This study aims to estimate the seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus in patients with chronic hepatitis C and to describe associated risk factors. Methods: A total of 618 patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus from three reference centers of São Paulo, Brazil were included. Presence of anti-HEV IgG was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (WANTAI HEV-IgG ELISA). Results: Out of the 618 patients tested, 10.2% turned out positive for anti-HEV IgG (95% CI 8.0–12.8%). Higher seroprevalence was found independently associated with age over 60 years (OR = 2.04; p = 0.02) and previous contact with pigs (OR = 1.99; p = 0.03). Conclusions: Patients with chronic hepatitis C are under risk of hepatitis E virus superinfection in São Paulo. Contact with pigs is a risk factor for the infection, suggesting a possible zoonosis with oral transmission.

ABSTRACT The recent development of interferon-free regimens based on direct-acting antivirals for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection has benefited many but not all patients. Some patients still experience treatment failure, possibly attributed to unknown host and viral factors, such as IFNL3 gene polymorphism. The present study assessed the prevalence of rs12979860-CC, rs12979860-CT, and rs12979860-TT genotypes of the IFNL3 gene, and its relationship with ancestry informative markers in 949 adult Brazilian healthy blood donors. Race was analyzed using ancestry informative markers as a surrogate for ancestry. IFNL3 gene was genotyped using the ABI TaqMan single nucleotide polymorphisms genotyping assays. The overall frequency of rs12979860-CC genotype was 36.9%. The contribution of African ancestry was significantly higher among donors from the northeast region in relation to southeast donors, whereas the influence of European ancestry was significantly higher in southeast donors. Donors with rs12979860-CC and rs12979860-CT genotypes had similar ancestry background. The contribution of African ancestry was higher among rs12979860-TT genotype donors in comparison to both rs12979860-CC and rs12979860-CT genotypes. The prevalence of rs12979860-CC genotype is similar to that found in the US, despite the Brazilian ancestry informative markers admixture. However, in terms of ancestry, rs12979860-CT genotype was much closer to rs12979860-CC individuals than to rs12979860-TT.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a qualidade de vida (QV) de gestantes infectadas pelo HIV, utilizando o questionário HIV/AIDS - Targeted Quality of Life(HAT-QoL).MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo que incluiu 60 gestantes atendidas no Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Patologias Infecciosas na Gestação (NUPAIG) - UNIFESP/EPM e na rede de referência da Secretaria Municipal de São Paulo. Foi realizado no período de fevereiro de 2011 a outubro de 2012. Foram coletadas variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas de 60 gestantes infectadas pelo HIV, que responderam o questionário HAT-QoL, o qual incluiu 34 questões sobre qualidade de vida.RESULTADOS:A média de idade foi 30 anos e o tempo médio de infecção pelo HIV foi de 5,7 anos. Somente 8,3% das pacientes tinham contagem de células CD4 ≤200 células mm³ e 45% apresentavam carga viral indetectável. Os escores médios dos domínios variaram entre 47,5 e 83,7. Os domínios com escores mais baixos foram preocupações financeiras e preocupações com o sigilo. Os domínios com escores mais altos e menor impacto na qualidade de vida foram preocupações com a medicação e confiança no profissional.CONCLUSÃO: Neste estudo inicial, com 60 grávidas, concluímos que o HAT-QOL poderá contribuir para a avaliação da qualidade de vida na população de gestantes infectadas pelo HIV no Brasil.

PURPOSE: It was to assess the quality of life (QOL) of HIV-infected pregnant women using the HIV/AIDS - Targeted Quality of Life (HAT-QoL) questionnaire.METHODS:A descriptive study of 60 pregnant women attended at the Multidisciplinary Nucleus of Infectious Diseases During Pregnancy (NUPAIG) - UNIFESP/EPM and in the referral network of the Municipal Office of São Paulo, conducted from February 2011 to October 2012. Sociodemographic and clinical variables were collected from 60 HIV-infected pregnant women who answered the HAT-QoL questionnaire, which included 34 questions about quality of life.RESULTS:The average age was 30 years and the average period of HIV infection was 5.7 years. Only 8.3% of patients had a CD4 cell score of ≤200 cells/mm³ and 45% showed undetectable viral load. The average domain scores ranged from 47.5 to 83.7. The domains with the lowest scores were financial concerns and concerns about secrecy. The domains with the highest scores and lower impact on quality of life were concerns about medication and confidence in the professional.CONCLUSION: In this initial study with 60 pregnant women, we concluded that the HAT-QOL can contribute to the assessment of quality of life in the population of HIV-infected pregnant women in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: Hyperhidrosis is a common disease, and thoracoscopic sympathectomy improves its symptoms in up to 95% of cases. Unfortunately, after surgery, plantar hyperhidrosis may remain in 50% of patients, and compensatory sweating may be observed in 70%. This clinical scenario remains a challenge. Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of oxybutynin in the treatment of persistent plantar hyperhidrosis and compensatory sweating and its effects on quality of life in women after thoracoscopic sympathectomy. METHOD: We conducted a prospective, randomized study to compare the effects of oxybutynin at 10 mg daily and placebo in women with persistent plantar hyperhidrosis. The assessment was performed using a quality-of-life questionnaire for hyperhidrosis and sweating measurement with a device for quantifying transepidermal water loss. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01328015. RESULTS: Sixteen patients were included in each group (placebo and oxybutynin). There were no significant differences between the groups prior to treatment. After oxybutynin treatment, there was a decrease in symptoms and clinical improvement based on the quality-of-life questionnaire (before treatment, 40.4 vs. after treatment, 17.5; p = 0.001). The placebo group showed modest improvement (p = 0.09). The outcomes of the transepidermal water loss measurements in the placebo group showed no differences (p = 0.95), whereas the oxybutynin group revealed a significant decrease (p = 0.001). The most common side effect was dry mouth (100% in the oxybutynin group vs. 43.8% in the placebo group; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Oxybutynin was effective in the treatment of persistent plantar hyperhidrosis, resulting in a better quality of life in women who had undergone thoracoscopic sympathectomy.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of the well-known predisposing factors and signs and symptoms usually associated with either overreaching or overtraining syndrome in physical fitness centers in São Paulo City, Brazil. METHOD: A questionnaire consisting of 13 question groups pertaining to either predisposing factors (1-7) or signs and symptoms (8-13) was given to 413 subjects. The general training schedule of the volunteers was characterized by workout sessions of 2.18 ± 0.04 h for a total of 11.0 ± 0.3 h/week for 33 ± 2 months independent of the type of exercise performed (walking, running, spinning, bodybuilding and stretching). A mean score was calculated ranging from 1 (completely absent) to 5 (severe) for each question group. A low occurrence was considered to be a question group score lower than 4, which was observed in all 13 question groups. RESULTS: The psychological evaluation by POMS Mood State Questionnaire indicated a normal non-inverted iceberg. The hematological parameters, creatine kinase activity, cortisol, total testosterone and free testosterone concentrations were within the normal ranges for the majority of the volunteers selected for this analysis (n = 60). CONCLUSION: According to the questionnaire score analysis, no predisposing factors or signs and symptoms usually associated with either overreaching or overtraining were detected among the members of physical fitness centers in São Paulo City, Brazil. This observation was corroborated by the absence of any significant hematological or stress hormone level alterations in blood analyses of the majority of the selected volunteers (n = 60).

OBJETIVO: Traduzir para português brasileiro, adaptar culturalmente e avaliar as propriedades psicométricas (validade e confiabilidade) de um questionário de qualidade de vida (HIV/AIDS-Targeted Quality of Life Instrument, HAT-QoL) específico para pacientes infectados pelo HIV. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal realizado no ambulatório de infectologia da Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Coletaram-se características sociodemográficas e clínicas de 106 indivíduos infectados pelo HIV, que responderam os questionários de qualidade de vida HAT-QoL e SF-36. O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson aferiu a validade de construto. Para avaliar a confiabilidade foram calculados o alfa de Cronbach e o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse. RESULTADOS: A proporção de homens na amostra foi de 70,8%. A média de idade foi 39,9 anos. Dos participantes, 40,5% eram homo ou bissexuais. Onze (10,4%) pacientes tinham contagem de células CD4 < 200 células/mm3. Entre os nove domínios do HAT-QoL, sete (função geral, satisfação com a vida, preocupações com a saúde, preocupações com a medicação, aceitação do HIV, confiança no profissional e função sexual) apresentaram efeito teto substancial. O domínio "função sexual" foi o que apresentou efeito teto mais alto (63,2%). O domínio preocupações financeiras apresentou efeito chão substancial (30,2%). Associações estatisticamente significativas foram observadas entre os domínios do HAT-QoL e características sociodemográficas e clínicas e domínios do questionário SF-36. A consistência interna foi satisfatória (alfa de Cronbach = 0,73 a 0,90). A reprodutibilidade inter e intraobservador foi muito alta (0,87 a 0,98 e 0,82 a 0,97, respectivamente). CONCLUSÃO: O HAT-QoL em português brasileiro é um instrumento válido, confiável e que pode contribuir para avaliar o impacto da infecção pelo HIV sobre a qualidade de vida de pacientes brasileiros.

OBJECTIVES: To translate the HIV/AIDS-Targeted Quality of Life Instrument (HAT-QoL) into Brazilian Portuguese, culturally adapt it, and evaluate its psychometric properties (validity and reliability) as a Brazilian version. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out at the laboratory of infectious diseases at Escola Paulista de Medicina (Universidade Federal de São Paulo). Data were collected on clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of 106 HIV-infected individuals who answered the HAT-QoL and the SF-36®. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to measure construct validity. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha and intraclass correlation coefficients. RESULTS: The sample was 70.8% male. The mean age was 39.9 years, with 40.5% of the participants being homosexual or bisexual. Eleven (10.4%) patients had a CD4 cell count < 200 cells/mm3. A substantial ceiling effect was observed in 7 of 9 HAT-QoL domains (overall function, life satisfaction, health worries, medication worries, HIV acceptance, provider trust, and sexual function). Sexual function was the domain with the highest ceiling effect (63.2%). A substantial floor effect (30.2%) was observed for financial worries. Statistically significant associations were observed between the HAT-QoL domains and clinical and sociodemographic characteristics, as well as with SF-36 domains. Internal consistency was satisfactory (Cronbach's alpha = 0.730.90). Inter- and intra-observer reproducibility was very high (0.870.98 and 0.820.97, - respectively). CONCLUSION: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the HAT-QoL is valid, reliable, and may contribute to evaluating the impact of HIV infection on the quality of life of patients in Brazil.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is endemic in most Brazilian Hospitals, and there are few studies which show the efficacy of control measures in such situations. This study evaluated intensive care unit (ICU) patients, in two years divided in control, intervention and post-intervention group. Intervention measures: hands-on educational programs for healthcare workers; early identification of MRSA infected or colonized patients, labeled with a bed-identification tag for contact isolation; nasal carriers, patients, and healthcare professionals treated with topical mupirocin for five days. The hospital infection rates in the control period were compared to the ones in the post-intervention period. Hospital infection rates were found by means of the NNISS methodology The incidence coefficients of MRSA hospital infection (monthly average of 1,000 pts/day) in the control, intervention and post-intervention groups were respectively: 10.2, 5.1 and 2.5/1,000 pts/day (p<0.001) and MRSA-originated bloodstream infections were 3.6, 0.9 and 1.8/1,000 central venous catheter/day (p=0.281). Nasal colonization in both intervention and post-intervention periods was of 30.9% and 22.1% among the hospitalized patients, respectively 54.4% and 46.1% of whom were already MRSA-positive when admitted to the unit. In the intervention period, most of those MRSA infected patients (76.2%) were nasal carrier. Mortality rates were, respectively 26.6%; 27.3% and 21.0% (p<0.001). Nasal carriers, both patients (93.7%) and healthcare professionals (88.2%), were successfully treated with topical mupirocin. Intervention measures for the prevention and control of MRSA infections in ICUs, have been efficient in the reduction of the bloodstream and MRSA-originated hospital infections incidence, and reduced the overall mortality rate significantly.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar o padrão de tratamento, a utilização de recursos e os gastos para cada estágio da HCVB, no ambiente do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) do Brasil, no ano 2005. MÉTODOS: Foi desenvolvido painel Delphi de especialistas para obter informação sobre o padrão de tratamento da HCVB no Brasil. Os dados foram coletados com dez médicos especialistas em hepatologia e doenças infecciosas. A valoração dos recursos foi obtida predominantemente das tabelas de pagamentos do Sistema Único de Saúde e tabelas de preços de medicamentos. As estimativas de custo tiveram a perspectiva do pagador público. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelo programa SPSS 12.0 para Windows. RESULTADOS: Os gastos estimados dos pacientes foram separados em cada estágio da HCVB. O gasto estimado anual por paciente foi: R$ 980,89 para hepatite B crônica, sem cirrose e sem tratamento antiviral; R$ 1.243,17 para cirrose compensada sem tratamento antiviral; R$ 22.022,61 para cirrose descompensada; R$ 4.764,95 para o carcinoma hepatocelular; e R$ 87.372,60 para o transplante hepático. CONCLUSÃO: Os gastos estimados com procedimentos e medicamentos, excluindo antivirais, representaram os principais componentes do gasto da HCVB. Neste modelo, os gastos aumentam dramaticamente nos estágios mais avançados, sugerindo que retardar a progressão da doença poderá reduzir o gasto no longo prazo.

BACKGROUD: Chronic Hepatitis B Virus (CHBV) is a disease that places a large financial burden on healthcare systems and society. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to estimate patient management patterns, and associated medical resource utilization and expenses, for each of the four stages of chronic HBV infection in the public unified healthcare system settings, in 2005. METHODS. An expert panel comprised of ten physicians, leading specialists in hepathology and infectious diseases, was convened to obtain information regarding management of CHBV patients in Brazil. Expense inputs were mainly obtained from government fee schedules and pharmaceutical price tables. Costs were estimated under the perspective of the public health system. Data were analyzed using Windows SPSS version 12.0. RESULTS: Estimated patient expenses were calculated for the four stages of CHBV infection. The estimated annual expenses per patient were: R$ 980.89 (US$ 392) for chronic hepatitis B with no cirrhosis and without antiviral therapy; R$ 1,243.17 (US$ 496) for compensated cirrhosis without antiviral therapy; R$ 22,022.61 (US$ 8809) for decompensated cirrhosis; R$ 4,764.95 (US$ 1,905) for hepatocellular carcinoma; and R$ 87,372.60 (US$ 34,948) for liver transplant. CONCLUSION: Estimated expenses associated with drugs and procedures represented the main components of the expenses of CHBV infection. In this model, expenses increase dramatically as the disease progresses to more advanced stages, suggesting that over the long term delaying progression may reduce costs.

OBJETIVO: Descrever o perfil de utilização de medicamentos por idosos residentes em áreas de diferentes níveis socioeconômicos de um centro urbano do Nordeste do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Inquérito domiciliar entre idosos (60 anos ou mais) da cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará, selecionados por amostragem sistemática em múltiplos estágios e estratificada por nível socioeconômico (melhor = área central; intermediário = área intermediária; pior = área periférica). Estatística descritiva foi apresentada pelas percentagens dos respectivos totais para variáveis categóricas e médias (± desvio-padrão) para variável contínua. Realizou-se análise multivariada para identificação de fatores associados a uso de medicamentos prescritos; não-prescritos e inadequados. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos idosos (80,3% na área central) usava pelo menos um medicamento prescrito. Mais de um terço (37,4%) na área periférica usava pelo menos um não-prescrito, e quase 20% pelo menos um inadequado. O uso de medicamentos prescritos foi associado à idade avançada (razão de chances - RR=1,7; IC 95%: 1,1-2,8); sexo masculino (RR=0,5; IC 95%: 0,3-0,7); visitas a serviços de saúde (RR=2,5; IC 95%: 1,9-3,1); doenças crônicas (RR=4,0; IC 95%: 2,5-6,2); e nível socioeconômico (RR=2,0; IC 95%: 1,5-2,6). O uso de medicamentos não prescritos foi associado a comprometimento funcional (RR=1,5; IC 95%: 1,1-2,2) e nível socioeconômico (RR=0,6; IC 95%: 0,5-0,8). O uso de medicamentos inadequados foi associado principalmente a sexo masculino (RR=0,4; IC 95%: 0,2-0,8); doenças crônicas (RR=2,0; IC 95%: 1,2-3,3), e nível socioeconômico (RR=0,7; IC 95%: 0,5-0,9). CONCLUSÕES: As proporções de idosos usando medicamentos prescritos, não-prescritos e inadequados foram significativas, havendo desigualdades particularmente entre aqueles de diferentes níveis socioeconômicos. Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de programas para otimizar o acesso e racionalizar o uso de medicamentos entre idosos no Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: To identify medication use patterns among elderly people residing in areas with different socioeconomic status in the city of Fortaleza, Brazil. METHODS: A total of 668 elderly (aged 60 years or older) residing in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, selected from a multistage random sampling stratified by socioeconomic status (higher, intermediate, and lower areas), were interviewed in a household survey. Descriptive statistics for dichotomous variables were presented as percent of the respective totals, and those for continuous variables as mean ± SD. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with the use of prescription, non-prescription and inappropriate) drugs. RESULTS: Most (80.3% in the hgiher area) were on at least one non- prescription drug. More than one third (37.4%) were on at least one non- prescription drug and nearly 20% used at least one inappropriate in the lower area. PD use was associated with advanced age (OR=1.7, 95% CI=1.1-2.8); male sex (OR=0.5, 95% CI=0.3-0.7); health service visits (OR=2.5, 95% CI=1.9-3.1); chronic diseases (OR=4.0, 95% CI=2.5-6.2); and higher socioeconomic status (OR=2.0, 95% CI=1.5-2.6).Non- prescription drug use was associated with disability (OR=1.5, 95% CI=1.1-2.2), and higher socioeconomic status (OR=0.6; 95% CI=0.5-0.8). Inappropriate drugs use was mainly associated with male sex (OR=0.4, 95% CI=0.2-0.8); chronic diseases (OR=2.0, 95% CI=1.2-3.3); and higher socioeconomic status (OR=0.7, 95% CI=0.5-0.9). CONCLUSIONS: The proportions of elderly using prescription, non- prescription and inappropriate drugs were remarkable and inequalities were seen particularly among those from different socioeconomic status. These results emphasize the need for strategies to optimize the access and rationalize the use of drugs for elderly people in Brazil.

OBJETIVO: Descrever o perfil de utilização de medicamentos por idosos residentes em áreas de diferentes níveis socioeconômicos de um centro urbano do Nordeste do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Inquérito domiciliar entre idosos (60 anos ou mais) da cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará, selecionados por amostragem sistemática em múltiplos estágios e estratificada por nível socioeconômico (melhor = área central; intermediário = área intermediária; pior = área periférica). Estatística descritiva foi apresentada pelas percentagens dos respectivos totais para variáveis categóricas e médias (± desvio-padrão) para variável contínua. Realizou-se análise multivariada para identificação de fatores associados a uso de medicamentos prescritos; não-prescritos e inadequados. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos idosos (80,3% na área central) usava pelo menos um medicamento prescrito. Mais de um terço (37,4%) na área periférica usava pelo menos um não-prescrito, e quase 20% pelo menos um inadequado. O uso de medicamentos prescritos foi associado à idade avançada (razão de chances - RR=1,7; IC 95%: 1,1-2,8); sexo masculino (RR=0,5; IC 95%: 0,3-0,7); visitas a serviços de saúde (RR=2,5; IC 95%: 1,9-3,1); doenças crônicas (RR=4,0; IC 95%: 2,5-6,2); e nível socioeconômico (RR=2,0; IC 95%: 1,5-2,6). O uso de medicamentos não prescritos foi associado a comprometimento funcional (RR=1,5; IC 95%: 1,1-2,2) e nível socioeconômico (RR=0,6; IC 95%: 0,5-0,8). O uso de medicamentos inadequados foi associado principalmente a sexo masculino (RR=0,4; IC 95%: 0,2-0,8); doenças crônicas (RR=2,0; IC 95%: 1,2-3,3), e nível socioeconômico (RR=0,7; IC 95%: 0,5-0,9). CONCLUSÕES: As proporções de idosos usando medicamentos prescritos, não-prescritos e inadequados foram significativas, havendo desigualdades particularmente entre aqueles de diferentes níveis socioeconômicos. Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de programas para otimizar o acesso e racionalizar o uso de medicamentos entre idosos no Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: To identify medication use patterns among elderly people residing in areas with different socioeconomic status in the city of Fortaleza, Brazil. METHODS: A total of 668 elderly (aged 60 years or older) residing in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, selected from a multistage random sampling stratified by socioeconomic status (higher, intermediate, and lower areas), were interviewed in a household survey. Descriptive statistics for dichotomous variables were presented as percent of the respective totals, and those for continuous variables as mean ± SD. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with the use of prescription, non-prescription and inappropriate) drugs. RESULTS: Most (80.3% in the hgiher area) were on at least one non- prescription drug. More than one third (37.4%) were on at least one non- prescription drug and nearly 20% used at least one inappropriate in the lower area. PD use was associated with advanced age (OR=1.7, 95% CI=1.1-2.8); male sex (OR=0.5, 95% CI=0.3-0.7); health service visits (OR=2.5, 95% CI=1.9-3.1); chronic diseases (OR=4.0, 95% CI=2.5-6.2); and higher socioeconomic status (OR=2.0, 95% CI=1.5-2.6).Non- prescription drug use was associated with disability (OR=1.5, 95% CI=1.1-2.2), and higher socioeconomic status (OR=0.6; 95% CI=0.5-0.8). Inappropriate drugs use was mainly associated with male sex (OR=0.4, 95% CI=0.2-0.8); chronic diseases (OR=2.0, 95% CI=1.2-3.3); and higher socioeconomic status (OR=0.7, 95% CI=0.5-0.9). CONCLUSIONS: The proportions of elderly using prescription, non- prescription and inappropriate drugs were remarkable and inequalities were seen particularly among those from different socioeconomic status. These results emphasize the need for strategies to optimize the access and rationalize the use of drugs for elderly people in Brazil.