Abstract Purpose This paper aims to address which resources provided by an entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) are necessary for deep technology entrepreneurship. Design/methodology/approach The authors used a novel approach known as necessary condition analysis (NCA) to data on EEs and deep-tech startups from 132 countries, collected in a global innovation index and Crunchbase data sets. The NCA makes it possible to identify whether an EEs resource is a necessary condition that enables entrepreneurship. Findings Necessary conditions are related to political and business environment; education, research and development; general infrastructure; credit; trade; diversification and market size; and knowledge absorption capacity. Research limitations/implications The results show that business and political environments are the most necessary conditions to drive deep-tech entrepreneurship. Practical implications Policymakers could prioritize conditions that maximize entrepreneurial output levels rather than focusing on less necessary elements. Social implications Some resources require less performance than others. So, policymakers should consider allocating policy efforts to strengthen resources that maximize output levels. Originality/value Studies on deep-tech entrepreneurship are scarce. This study provides a bottleneck analysis that can guide the formulation of policies to support deep-tech entrepreneurship, as it allows to identify priority areas for resource allocation.

The purpose of this paper is - by reporting an experience of structuring processes and tools related to the strategic management of R&D in the electricity sector - to show the conditions and potential for improved efficiency, efficacy, and effectiveness in the R&D program set by ANEEL. The methodology is action research. This is because the proposed and tested model is the result of reflection and resolution of critical organizational issues, applied in a public company in the electric power sector. Act No. 9,991 of July 24, 2000 provides for the obligation on the part of concessionaires, permittees, and licensees in the electric power sector to invest part of their operating revenue in research and development (R&D). For the effective implementation of these legal obligations, companies prepare their annual R&D programs, comprising projects that aim at developing innovative solutions for their processes and increasing business efficiency. However, the urgency to comply with the contractual provisions, coupled with the small amount of experience most companies have when it comes to carrying out R&D activities and projects, has led to the gradual formation of a mode of R&D implementation and management that does not favor its optimization and alignment with the goals the utility companies and the sector's own technological development . The approach proposed in this paper consists of structuring the processes and tools related to the management of R&D driven by innovation (R&D+i) and aligned with with the business strategy. These processes include the adoption of procedures and tools to manage structured, integrated decision-making flows involved in the innovation process, aiming at full alignment with business goals and objectives.

This paper aims to examine the impacts of new technologies, especially of the digital TV, on the industry of terrestrial TV in selected countries. Taking the evolution of information and communication technologies (ICTs) as a background scenario, the transformations provoked by digitization of TV on the following aspects are analyzed: (i) the market structure of terrestrial TV (or free-to-air TV broadcasting), (ii) the plurality and diversity of TV programming. Based on secondary data and on recent studies on the technological trajectory of terrestrial TV in selected countries, one concludes that digital TV may provide great opportunities for development in such industry, but the magnitude of its benefits is strongly conditioned by socioeconomic factors and by how the service was regulated. Such findings may contribute to Brazilian debate on development opportunities opened by technological change to the television sector.

O artigo discute o engajamento atual e potencial das empresas multinacionais em atividades tecnológicas no Brasil. Argumenta que a maior propensão dessas empresas em realizar atividades de pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D) fora de seus países de origem pode representar uma oportunidade para reforçar o sistema nacional de inovação. A implementação de políticas públicas pertinentes é uma condição importante para o sucesso dessa empreitada.

The article examines the technological efforts carried out _ presently and prospectively _ by multinational enterprises in Brazil. It argues that these enterprises are willing to increase their R&D activities abroad which may represent an opportunity to Brazil to develop its national system of innovation. However, the adoption of appropriate policies is an important condition to succeed in this endeavour.

O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar que a indústria brasileira tem padrões diferenciados de esforços tecnológicos em relação aos países desenvolvidos. Para identificar esses padrões, usaram-se indicadores de intensidade tecnológica (dispêndio em P&D/valor adicionado), de estrutura do dispêndio em P&D e de recursos humanos por setor da indústria. Em razão dessas diferenças, este trabalho propõe uma nova classificação dos setores por intensidade tecnológica, diferente da OCDE, aplicada ao caso brasileiro.

The present work aims to demonstrate that the Brazilian industry display a level of technology effort that differ from those found in developed countries. In order to define these levels we have adopted indicators of technology intensity, measured as R&D expenditure by value added, of R&D expenditure structure and of Human Resources by sector of the industry. Due to these differences, the present work proposes a classification of sectors based on technological intensity for the Brazilian case, which differs from the classification defined by OECD.

A preocupação com a questão ambiental tem levado o setor produtivo a desenvolver tecnologias e práticas produtivas menos poluentes e orientadas para a conservação do meio ambiente, gerando crescentes oportunidades de negócios a partir de inovações voltadas para a produção sustentável. Este artigo pretende analisar as implicações que a busca de uma trajetória baseada em tecnologias e produtos sustentáveis traz para o processo de gestão da inovação e para o acúmulo de competências a ele associadas. Para isso, o texto explora o caso da Natura, uma empresa brasileira do setor de cosméticos. Os autores valeram-se da coleta de dados secundários, sobre a empresa e seu setor de atuação, e de dados primários, sobre temas de ordem estratégica e marketing, conseguidos durante entrevistas com profissionais dessa empresa e que atuam na área de pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D). Os resultados mostram que a Natura tem sido capaz de perceber as oportunidades tecnológicas e de mercado, ao desenvolver produtos voltados para nichos de mercado ainda não explorados. Revelam também que está apta para o esforço de implementação, nada trivial, de rotinas inteiramente novas, como também de mobilizar recursos e competências no seu processo de gestão da inovação tecnológica.

Environment issues have induced firms to search and develop cleaner technologies and production practices. This process has created new business opportunities that are related to sustainable production and to the conservation of the environment. This paper aims at understanding the implications of innovation trajectories based on the development of sustainable products and technologies for innovation management practices and the related managerial competencies. The study explores the case of a Brazilian leading cosmetic manufacturer -Natura through secondary data of the company and its industry; and primary data by means of interviews with professionals of the research and development, strategy and marketing areas of Natura. The results show that the company presents a capability of perception of the technological and market opportunities when developing products for market niches not explored, besides the effort for implementating routines entirely new for the company and the mobilization of resources and competencies in its technological innovation management.

Este trabalho apresenta uma análise sobre os esforços tecnológicos empreendidos por filiais de Corporações Transnacionais (TNCs) no Brasil. Vários estudos indicam que TNCs concentram suas principais atividades tecnológicas em seus países (desenvolvidos) de origem. Entretanto, pesquisas empíricas têm mostrado que no Brasil as filiais de TNCs vêm apresentando maior perfomance inovativa e esforço em P&D vis-à-vis as empresas locais. Este estudo pretende examinar os esforços tecnológicos de filiais de TNCs no Brasil e seus principais determinantes, considerando as mudanças recentes nas estratégias de produção e tecnológicas destas empresas no âmbito global. O estudo baseia-se na análise de 450 firmas com controle de capital estrangeiro em operação no Estado de São Paulo, em 1996. A base de dados foi extraída da primeira PAEP - Pesquisa da Atividade Econômica Paulista - que, além de informações econômicas, também contém questões relacionadas à inovação tecnológica, com base na metodologia da OCDE. Utilizando técnicas de análise multivariada foram identificadas estratégias tecnológicas distintas nas filiais de TNCs, que refletem diferentes padrões de esforço tecnológico. Além disso, os resultados sugerem que esta diversidade é influenciada pelos seguintes atributos: tamanho da firma, setor industrial a que ela pertence e nacionalidade do capital controlador, nessa ordem.

This paper presents an analysis of the technological efforts made by Transnational Corporations' (TNCs) affiliates in Brazil. Many studies have indicated that most TNCs concentrate their main technological activities in their home, developed countries. However, empirical investigation has shown TNC affiliates in Brazil have presented a higher profile than local firms in terms of both innovative performance and R&D efforts. This study is an attempt to examine the technological efforts of TNC affiliates in Brazil and their main determinants, considering the recent changes in TNC strategies for global organization of production and technological activities. The study is based on data analysis from 450 firms controlled by foreign capital operating in São Paulo State in 1996. The database was taken from the first PAEP - Pesquisa da Atividade Econômica Paulista -, which comprises not only economic indicators, but also includes an innovation survey based on OECD guidelines. Using multivariate techniques, we have identified distinct strategies of TNCs subsidiaries in regard to technological activities, which reflect different technological effort patterns. In addition, the article reveals that such diversity of technological strategies has been influenced by the size of firms, the industrial sector to which the firm belongs and the nationality of foreign capital, in this order.

This paper presents an analysis of the technological efforts made by Transnational Corporations(1) (TNCs) affiliates in Brazil. Many studies have indicated that most TNCs concentrate their main technological activities in their home, developed countries. However, empirical investigation has shown TNC affiliates in Brazil have presented a higher profile than local firms in terms of both innovative performance and R&D efforts. This study is an attempt to examine the technological efforts of TNC affiliates in Brazil and their main determinants, considering the recent changes in TNC strategies for global organization of production and technological activities. The study is based on data analysis from 450 firms controlled by foreign capital operating in São Paulo State in 1996. The database was taken from the first PAEP - Pesquisa da Atividade Econômica Paulista -, which comprises not only economic indicators, but also includes an innovation survey based on OECD guidelines. Using multivariate techniques, we have identified distinct strategies of TNCs subsidiaries in regard to technological activities, which reflect different technological effort patterns. In addition, the article reveals that such diversity of technological strategies has been influenced by the size of firms, the industrial sector to which the firm belongs and the nationality of foreign capital, in this order.

O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar os limites e as oportunidades para o avanço das atividades de desenvolvimento de produtos entre as subsidiárias de montadoras instaladas no Brasil. Nosso pressuposto é que as estratégias mundiais das montadoras não necessariamente implicam enfraquecimento das capacitações de desenvolvimento de produtos nas subsidiárias brasileiras. Este argumento, parcialmente verdadeiro, encontra sustentação a partir de um trabalho de campo, com entrevistas direcionadas, que revelou a vigência de distintas trajetórias e estratégias de produto orientando a atuação das montadoras no Brasil. Entre as evidências empíricas, nota-se que as oportunidades para a criação de capacitações e de ampliação das atividades de desenvolvimento de produtos são maiores entre as subsidiárias brasileiras que têm seguido políticas de produto locais, as quais favorecem estágios mais adiantados de mudança nos veículos para atender aos mercados emergentes, como foi o caso da General Motors e da Fiat. Em contrapartida, no caso das políticas de produtos globais, prevalece baixa percepção acerca das especificidades regionais, restando poucas oportunidades para uma participação mais ativa da subsidiária brasileira nas atividades de desenvolvimento de produtos, que fica limitada às atividades menos complexas de tropicalização dos veículos. Inclui-se aí o caso da Ford e, em menor medida, da Volkswagen.

This paper is concerned with opportunities for activities of product development carried out by subsidiaries of the four biggest car makers based in Brazil: General Motors, Ford, Volkswagen and Fiat. The point made here is that the global strategies pursued by the car makers may not weaken the product development capability of their Brazilian subsidiaries. Empirical findings we have made up to now support this point. Based on interviews with the Brazilian subsidiaries, two distinct trajectories and product strategies are observed. Both General Motors and Fiat, adopting local product policies associated with partly decentralized global strategies, have increased their product activities and engineering staff in Brazil, strengthening their local capabilities in product development. In another direction, Ford, and to some extend Volkswagen, pursuing more centralized strategies of product development, have downsized the R&D area and engineering staff in their Brazilian subsidiaries.

No artigo procura-se documentar e discutir a relação existente entre atraso tecnológico e uso predatório do trabalho, traçando um paralelo entre o Brasil e os países de industrialização avançada. Na atual fase de aceleração tecnológica, a ampliação do conteúdo inovativo do trabalho é o eixo comum da mudança dos processos de trabalho e constitui importante colaboração à capacidade das firmas de acumularem conhecimento e inovarem. No entanto, no Brasil, uma industrialização marcada pelo baixo grau de capacitação tecnológica contínua associada à predominância de processos de trabalho ainda inspirados em princípios tayloristas, baseados primordialmente no uso de força de trabalho pouco qualificada, mal remunerada e com vínculo de emprego instável. Argumenta-se que esses dois aspectos do atraso brasileiro reforçam-se mutuamente.

The purpose of this article is to discuss die links between technological backwardness and the advanced industrialised countries. In the current acceleration of technical change, the content of work tends to be enlarged, to incorporate an innovative componet. Such re-valuation of the intelligence of work is an important source for firm's innovative capability. However, in Brazil, industrialisation has been characterised by a low degree of development of technological fragility reinforces (and is reinforced by) the dominance of taylorism principles in the organisation of work, and the use of a workforce which is, generally, little skilled, badly paid and subject to high turnover.