ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the changes caused by cooking presoaked aged carioca beans in the autoclave steam, focusing on its bioactive components, antioxidant activity, and nutritional compounds. Additionally, to identify which carioca bean cultivar could preserve the most quantity of bioactive compounds in cooked flour. The cooked flours from Imperador had the highest antioxidant activity (DDPH: 10.58 µmolTrolox·g-1, ABTS: 18.71 µmolTrolox·g-1), anthocyanins (8.08 µg·g-1), and total phenolic content (TPC) (36.69 mg·g-1). The cultivar Gol also retained part of these compounds after cooking. The phenolic and saponin profiles of cooked flours revealed a reduction in phenolic compounds such as catechin, epicatechin, and kaempferol and an increase in soyasaponin-Ba and Bb. The samples Notavel, Dama, and Madreperola, presented the highest amount of soyasaponin-A0. Thus, the cooked flours from Imperador and Gol stood out due to their retention of part of their bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols and group B saponins.

RESUMO: Este estudo avalia as alterações causadas pelo cozimento do feijão carioca, envelhecido e pré-embebido, no vapor da autoclave, com foco em seus componentes bioativos, atividade antioxidante e compostos nutricionais. Além disso, identifica qual cultivar de feijão carioca preserva a maior quantidade de compostos bioativos na farinha de feijão cozida. As farinhas cozidas do Imperador apresentaram a maior atividade antioxidante (DDPH: 10.58 µmolTrolox·g-1, ABTS: 18.71 µmolTrolox·g-1), antocianinas (8.08 µg·g-1) e fenólicos totais (TPC) (36.69 mg·g-1). A cultivar Gol também reteve parte desses compostos após o cozimento. Os perfis fenólicos e saponínicos das farinhas cozidas revelaram redução de compostos fenólicos, como a catequina, epi-catequina e kaempferol e aumento de soyasaponin-Ba e Bb. As amostras Notável, Dama e Madrepérola, apresentaram a maior quantidade de sojasaponina-A0. Assim, as farinhas cozidas do Imperador e Gol se destacaram pela retenção de parte de seus compostos bioativos, como polifenóis e saponinas do grupo B.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of drying treatment on the characteristics physical, chemical, technological properties and bioactive of turmeric flour. The flour was obtained from the drying of rhizomes in a forced air circulation oven at temperatures of 45, 55, 65 and 75 °C. The analyzes performed were: pH, instrumental color, microstructure, granulometry, water and oil absorption indices, water solubility indices, and antioxidant activity. The characteristics of the flours significantly affected were moisture, protein, lipid and ash contents. The antioxidant capacity with the DPPH radical, for flour at the drying temperature of 45 °C, presented the highest value 36.55 Mmol Trolox g-1, and 7686.32 Mmol FeSO4 g-1 the FRAP radical at 65 °C.The phenolic content varied according to the solvent applied to obtain the extract, the mean values of total phenolic compounds for each temperature were: 0.419, 0.332, 0.316, 0.283 mg GAEa 100 g-1for temperatures 45, 55, 65 and 75°C respectively. Water solubility index (WSI) and oil absorption index ranged from 12.45 g g-1 to 11.78 g g-1 and from 2.54 g g-1 to 2.49 g g-1, respectively, for temperatures of 45 °C and 75 °C. The results of the present study indicated that temperature influences the physicochemical and technological properties of turmeric flour.

ABSTRACT Purpose: The present study aimed at testing a new formulation of mesalazine linked to chondroitin sulfate and its components alone in the treatment of actinic proctitis in rats. Methods: Forty-seven female Wistar rats were submitted to pelvic radiation and divided into eight groups: control A, mesalazine A, chondroitin A, and conjugate A, gavage of the according substance two weeks after irradiation and sacrifice three weeks after oral treatment; control C, mesalazine C, chondroitin C, and conjugate C, sacrifice six weeks after oral treatment. The rectum was submitted to histological characterization for each of the findings: inflammatory infiltrate, epithelial degeneration, mucosal necrosis, and fibrosis. Results: The inflammatory infiltrate was more intense in chondroitin A, mesalazine A, and conjugate C. The collagen deposition was less intense in chondroitin A, and mesalazine A, and more intense in control C. Conclusions: Mesalazine and chondroitin alone were efficacious in inducing a delayed inflammatory response, hence reducing the late fibrosis. The conjugate was able to induce an ever more delayed inflammatory response.

Abstract The objective of this study was to characterize the structural and physicochemical properties, the bioactive compounds and the antioxidant activity of freeze-dried açaí pulp (FDAP). The morphology of freeze-dried açaí pulp showed a continuous matrix with a spongey aspect, and the X-ray diffractometry indicated that 96.17% of the molecular structure was in the amorphous state and 3.82% in the crystalline state. Freeze-dried açaí pulp presented an interesting chemical composition of macronutrients, which constituted mainly of lipids (49.14 g/100 g d.b.), proteins (9.19 g/100 g d.b.), total crude fiber (20.29 g/100 g d.b.) and total sugars (2.71 g/100 g d.b.). It also showed great amount of total phenolic compounds (1405.03 mg gallic acid/100 g d.b.) and anthocyanins (127 mg cyanidine-3-glucoside/100 g d.b.), allowing for functional properties allegations. There was significant increase in the water absorption and water solubility indices when the freeze-dried açaí pulp was submitted to a gradual increase in temperature, properties that are adequate for industrial use. Thus, the consumption of freeze-dried açaí pulp should be encouraged and also its use by the food industry in order to develop new food products.

Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate the physical and chemical quality of the brown soybean preserve in function of the ascorbic acid concentration and the maceration time, and also to evaluate the chemical composition, microbiological hazard, and acceptability of the best preserve, in addition verify its technological, nutritional, functional and sensory viability. The hardness of the grain ranged between 8.6 and 23N and was significantly affected by the maceration time. The ascorbic acid concentration influenced antioxidant activity (ranged between 4.3 and 183.8 mg100g-1) and total phenolic compounds (ranged between 176.4 and 466.2 mg100g-1). The best brown soybean preserve was obtained with a maceration time of 23 min and an ascorbic acid concentration of 0.15 g100g-1 . This shows high nutritional value and essential amino acid content, absence of trypsin inhibitor and microbiological risk, and also sensory acceptance. Therefore, the brown soybean preserve is viable, and its consumption is recommended.

Abstract The aim of this research was compare methods for pigments extraction and color determination in different tomato for processing cultivars, and choose the most promising materials for the industry. The tomatoes for processing studied were of the IT761, H9992, H9553, AP533, Advance, N901, BRSena, U2006, HY26, HY37 and HY68 cultivars. The extraction yields of lycopene and β-carotene using acetone and the mixture of ethanol, acetone and hexane (10:10:20) were determined, and the parameters of color were determined by colorimetric and digitals image methods (Cielab and Hunterlab), besides other physicochemical characteristics. The mixture of solvents is more efficient in the extraction of lycopene and β-carotene than acetone on its own. The methods of assessing the color through image presented higher levels of luminosity and chrome a* and b* than the instrumental method, given that the Hunterlab is closer to the colorimeter method, than Cielab. The analysis through digital images indicates that the procedure is promising, and it can be used as a instrument for analysing tomato colors. Considering that the level of TSS is fundamental to industrial performance, the IT761, BRSena, AP543, and H9992 cultivars stand out, moreover these cultivars have higher levels of lycopene and darker red color.

Abstract The effect of the anatomical structure of tomato skin may be significant for quality determination at the harvest point, but the definitions of cells that constitute the skin of fleshy fruits, such as tomato, are still unclear, providing contradictory descriptions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidermal tissue of different genetic materials of tomato processing (IT761, U2006, TC2736, CVR2909 and F3060) and maturation stage, in order to compare and choose genetic materials with morphological characteristics of the epidermis region more appropriate for the bulk transport. Micrographs were used for cell measurements using the Image J software. Cuticle undergoes thickening during fruit growth, and reduction in full maturation. Genetic materials presenting fruits with thicker cuticle at the harvest stage (CVR2909, F3060 and IT761) were more advantageous due to their mechanical resistance. Cuticle deposition ends before full fruit maturation, resulting in a decrease in the amount of cutin per surface unit, consequently decreasing cuticle thickness in the ripe fruit. The characteristics observed in the tomato fruit mesocarp clearly showed the disruption of the cell wall during the fourth maturation stage related to loss of fruit firmness. Among the new genetic materials, F3060 has a greater potential to become cultivated for industrialization due to its morphological characteristics, such as elevated cuticle thickness and high values for width, height, perimeter and area of epidermal cells in full maturation stage, which make it suitable for bulk transport.

RESUMO Pão de queijo (PQ) é um produto sem glúten, produzido a partir de amido de mandioca azedo. Apresenta casca crocante e miolo macio, lembrando uma estrutura extrudada. O amido de milho ceroso (AMC) é conhecido pela sua qualidade tecnológica e não foram encontrados estudos para sua aplicação na produção de PQ. Neste sentido o presente trabalho objetivou investigar o uso de AMC e de AMC fermentado, utilizando polvilho azedo de mandioca como inóculo, e seco ao sol (AMCF) na substituição do amido convencional (0, 25, 75, e 100%) e seus efeitos no desenvolvimento da massa, cor e propriedades de textura. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA e teste de Tukey (p≤0.05%) e os resultados foram comparados com um produto comercial A melhor formulação foi caracterizada quanto sua composição proximal, aceitação sensorial e pela intenção de compra e os dados são apresentados pelas suas médias e desvio-padrão. Os parâmetros que diferiram estatisticamente foram as coordenadas de cor para o vermelho, capacidade de expansão, volume específico. Com 100% de AMCF a melhor formulação foi microbiologicamente segura. A composição proximal apresentou valores menores quando comparados com os valores da Tabela Brasileira de Composição de Alimentos. O produto pode ser considerado com boa aceitação, já que apresentou notas maiores que 7,79 para textura, aparência, sabor e intenção de compra. O AMCF pode ser considerado como um bom substituto para o polvilho azedo de mandioca.

ABSTRACT Brazilian cheese bread (CB) rolls are gluten-free bread made from sour cassava starch. They are soft in the center and have crispy crust, reminding of the extruded structure. Although native waxy maize starch (WMS) has higher technologic quality, it has not been used in CB rolls; therefore, this study aimed to investigate the use of WMS and the backslopping fermentation process plus sun drying in WMS to replace sour cassava starch (0, 25%, 75%, and 100%) and the effects on dough development, color, and textural properties. Data were analyzed using variance and Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05%), and the results were set against a commercial product from cassava starch. The better formulation was characterized by proximal composition, sensorial acceptance, and willingness to buy, and data were presented as means and standard deviation. The different statistic parameters included color to redness coordinate, baking expansion capacity, specific volume, hardness, fracturability, and chewiness. The best formulation had 100% of sundried WMS and was microbiologically safe. The proximal composition had lower values than that obtained from the Brazilian Food Database. The product was considered satisfactory as it had a score of more than 7.79 to texture, appearance, and flavor with higher willingness to buy (92.5%). The backslopping fermentation plus SWMS was considered a potential replacement for sour cassava starch.

RESUMO: Os alimentos sem glúten são uma tendência crescente no mercado doméstico e internacional, contribuindo para a saúde e o bem-estar, principalmente do público celíaco. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver novas opções de alimentos sem glúten, substituindo a farinha de trigo por farinha de arroz, amido de milho e farinha de feijão extrusada, agregando assim valor a subprodutos industriais de baixo custo. Um novo produto alimentar foi desenvolvido e seus componentes analisados quanto às suas características nutricionais e alterações durante o cozimento. Os bolos assados podem ser fontes de proteínas, possuem boa digestibilidade de amido e proteínas e baixos fatores antinutricionais, principalmente taninos. A incorporação da farinha de feijão extrusada na mistura para bolos sem glúten melhorou a digestibilidade das proteínas, a fibra alimentar total e aumentou o teor de cinzas, ferro e zinco.

ABSTRACT: Gluten-free foods are a growing trend in the domestic and international markets, contributing to health and wellness, especially the celiac public. The objective of this study was to create a new option of gluten-free food by replacing wheat flour by rice grit flour, cornstarch, and extruded split bean flour, and to aggregate value to low cost industrial byproducts. A new food product was developed and its components analyzed for their nutritional characteristics and changes during baking. The baked cakes can be a source of protein, had a good starch and protein digestibility, and low antinutritional factors, notably tannins. Incorporation of an extruded bean flour in a gluten-free cake mix improves protein digestibility, total dietary fiber, and raises ash, iron, and zinc contents.

Abstract The aim of this work was to evaluate the microbiological and physicochemical qualities of sour cassava starch and cassava bagasse produced during cassava agroindustry in order to evaluate their potential for use in food. All samples were kindly provided by family farmers producers from the region of Cará, in town of Bela Vista de Goiás, Brazil. All of sour cassava starch samples showed microbial counts within the values established by the current legislation. Drying process of raw cassava bagasse to produce the bran was sufficient to reduce the mold and yeast counts (from 1.9x103 to 3.5x101 CFU g -1) and of total coliform counts (from 2.1x103 to 2.4x102 MPN 100 mL-1), and also eliminated the contamination by coliforms at 45 ° C and Bacillus cereus. Carbohydrate contents of all sour cassava starch samples ranged from 99.64 to 99.75 g 100g-1. These results indicated that the sour cassava starch presented high degree of purity, and extraction process was efficient. Bran sample showed high carbohydrate (96.94 g 100g-1) and dietary fiber (22.58 g 100g-1) contents. High dietary fiber content suggests the use of bran as raw material to increase the availability of fiber in food products, increasing its nutritional quality.

Abstract In order to help the choice and recommendation of cultivars with the greater mechanical resistance of fruits, this research aimed to determine the mechanical resistance and biometric and physicochemical characteristics of tomato cultivars for industrial processing. Eleven processing tomato cultivar fruits cultivar were used (IT761, H9992, H9553, AP533, Advance, N901, BR-Sena, U2006, HY26, HY37 and HY68). Tomatoes firmness was influenced by several factors, including thickness, epidermal cell shape, and internal structures. In general terms, fruits more resistant to compression and puncture presented low longitudinal diameter (55-59 mm), cross-sectional diameter (42-45 mm), scar diameter (5.8-6.6 mm), pericarp thickness (5.9-7.7 mm), fresh weight (56 - 70 g), volume (61-77 cm3) and ash (0.34-0.40 g 100 g-1), and high moisture content (96.2-96.6 g 100 g-1), and pectin content (0.39-0.47 mg 100 g-1). The fruits showing a better mechanical resistance come from AP533, IT761, HY37 and H9992 cultivars, which should be recommended for cultivation in order to reduce losses during harvest, bulk handling and transportation.

RESUMO Objetivou-se ajustar modelos matemáticos aos dados experimentais da secagem do mesocarpo externo do pequi, determinar o coeficiente de difusão efetivo, e obter a energia de ativação e as propriedades termodinâmicas e nutricionais em diferentes condições de secagem. O mesocarpo dos frutos de pequi com teor de água inicial de 5,05 (base seca, decimal), foi submetido à secagem em estufa de ventilação forçada nas temperaturas de 40, 50, 60 e 70 °C até atingir o teor de água final de 0,15 ± 0,01 (base seca, decimal). Os modelos matemáticos foram ajustados por análise de regressão não linear pelo método Gauss-Newton, sendo considerada a magnitude do coeficiente de determinação (R2), do erro médio relativo (P) e do erro médio estimado (SE). Entre os modelos analisados, Midilli apresentou o melhor ajuste aos resultados. O coeficiente de difusão efetivo aumentou com a elevação da temperatura, e a energia de ativação para a difusão líquida na secagem foi de 11,011 kJ mol-1. A entalpia de ativação diminuiu com o aumento da temperatura de secagem, enquanto a entropia e a energia livre de Gibbs de ativação aumentaram com o acréscimo da temperatura de secagem. O produto obtido a partir da secagem possui baixo teor lipídico e elevado teor de carboidratos, enquanto que temperaturas a partir de 70 °C podem causar desnaturação e/ou complexação proteica. A temperatura de 60 °C é mais indicada para obtenção do farináceo do mesocarpo do pequi, devido ao menor tempo de processamento com manutenção da qualidade nutricional.

ABSTRACT The objectives of this study were to fit mathematical models to the experimental data of the drying of the pequi mesocarp, determine the effective diffusion coefficient, and to obtain activation energy and thermodynamic and nutritional properties in different drying conditions. The mesocarp of pequi fruits, with an initial moisture content of 5.05 (decimal, dry basis), was dried in a forced ventilation oven at temperatures of 40, 50, 60 and 70 °C until the final moisture content of 0.15 ± 0.01 (decimal, dry basis). The mathematical models were adjusted by non-linear regression analysis using the Gauss-Newton method, considering the magnitude of the coefficient of determination (R2), the mean relative error (P) and the estimated mean error (SE). Among the models analyzed, the Midilli model presented the best fit. The effective diffusion coefficient increased with increase in temperature, and the activation energy on drying was 11.011 kJ mol-1. The enthalpy decreased with an increase in the drying temperature, while the entropy and Gibbs free energy increased with the drying temperature. The product obtained from drying has low lipid and high carbohydrate concentration, while temperatures above 70 °C could cause denaturation and/or protein complexation. The temperature of 60 °C is most suitable to obtain flour of pequi mesocarp, due to the shorter processing time while maintaining the nutritional quality.

Abstract Food-type soybean, considered a functional and nutritious food, becomes an new alternative food in human nutrition, and its preserve is an option to the consumer market. The present study aims to verify the effect of maceration time of the grains and the acetic acid concentration in brine on the physical and chemical characteristics of a edible soybean preserves, and to evaluate the proximal composition, microbiological risk and sensory acceptance of the selected preserve. The methodology used was the response surface and the central composite rotational design. The presence of acetic acid in the brine was prejudicial to the quality of the edible soybean preserve - BRSMG 790A cultivar. The soybean preserve with the best characteristics was obtained with a maceration time of 100 minutes and without the addition of acetic acid. The product was microbiological safe, showed sensory acceptance and high nutritional value (15.5 g 100 g-1 of protein and 7.0 g 100 g-1 of lipid), free of trypsin inhibitor. The essential amino acids represented 17.2% of those in the dry grain, more than 50% the standard values proposed for the essential amino acids for children and adults. The selected preserve maintained 31.25% of the antioxidant activity of the grains and could be used as a viable technological option.

Abstract The market for ready-to-drink fruit nectars is one of the fastest growing ones, because fruits provide beneficial effects for health maintenance and disease prevention, mainly due to the presence of phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity. Amongst these, jambolan stands out, but is still little explored. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the influence of different proportions of jambolan pulp, sucrose and water on the physicochemical characteristics and sensory acceptance of jambolan nectars, besides determining the content of some bioactive compounds and the antioxidant capacity of the selected nectar, with a view to adding value to the fruit. Six jambolan nectar formulations were established using a Simplex design. The ingredients significantly affected the Chroma (9.33-11.05), Hue angle (359.36-359.48), apparent viscosity (6.9-64.8 cP) and pH (3.84-3.93) of the jambolan nectars. The formulation with 55 g of jambolan pulp, 5 g of sucrose and 40 g of water per 100 g of nectar presented higher levels of anthocyanins when compared to tropical acai juice and camu-camu nectar. It is feasible to produce jambolan nectar with desirable physicochemical and sensory characteristics, rich in bioactive compounds, thus increasing the possibilities of applying this fruit as an ingredient in the food industry.

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of ten processing tomatoes cultivars (H9992, H9553, U2006, N901, E8755, BA5445, F170, HMX, AP533 and CVR) produced in the city of Morrinhos, Goiás State, Brazil, in order to assess the fruit quality and contribute with more subsidies for choosing tomato cultivars for processing by industries. H9992, H9553, N901, BA5445 and HMX genotypes have smaller fruits (length, volume and mass) and higher mechanical resistance of the fruit pulp. H9992, HMX and F170 genotypes also have higher resistance of fruit peel, indicating that these materials are less susceptible to losses during mechanical harvesting and transportation to the industry. Regarding the L* and b* parameters, the less yellow and darker H9992, H9553 and U2006 cultivars are the most recommended for the industry, which seeks genotypes with higher concentrations of lycopene and less carotenes. Processing tomatoes cultivar HMX, H9992, H9553 and U2006 have higher soluble solids, and potential to enable greater industrial efficiency. Therefore, cultivars H9992 and HMX standing out positively in most of the evaluated parameters: have smaller fruits (length, volume and mass), higher mechanical resistance of the fruit pulp, greater resistance of the fruit peel, higher soluble solids content. Therefore, new genetic material that presented better characteristics for industrialization is HMX.