Resumo Introdução: O processamento auditivo central refere-se à eficiência e eficácia com que o sisPotenciais evocados tema nervoso central usa informações auditivas e pode estar alterado em distúrbios neurológicos e lesões cerebrais, como acidentes vasculares cerebrais. No entanto, apesar das evidências de Distúrbios possíveis alterações na população pediátrica, as habilidades funcionais e as limitações pósperceptivos -acidente vascular cerebral ainda não estão bem documentadas na literatura. Objetivo: Analisar os achados das avaliações eletrofisiológicas e comportamentais do procesDoenças auditivas samento auditivo central de crianças e adolescentes diagnosticados com acidente vascular cerebral em um ambulatório de referência, bem como investigar possíveis associações com Criança as variáveis: tipo e localização do acidente vascular cerebral e faixa etária. Método: Estudo transversal comparativo. A amostra, por conveniência, incluiu indivíduos de 7 a 18 anos, divididos em dois grupos: grupo de estudo (GE), composto por indivíduos com diagnóstico de acidente vascular cerebral, e grupo controle (GC), composto por indivíduos com desenvolvimento típico. A avaliação consistiu nos seguintes procedimentos: anamnese, avaliação audiológica básica, avaliação comportamental do distúrbio de processamento auditivo (teste dichotic digit, dichotic consonant-vowel, synthetic sentence identification/pediatric speech intelligibility, gaps in noise, pitch pattern sequence, masking level difference) e avaliação eletrofisiológica (P300 e mismatch negativity -). Resultados: Dezenove crianças e adolescentes foram incluídos no GE. O GC foi composto por 19 crianças e adolescentes com desenvolvimento típico. Na comparação entre os grupos, observa-se pior desempenho para o GE em todos os testes avaliados, comportamentais e eletrofisiológicos. Na avaliação comportamental do processamento auditivo central, houve diferença estatística para todos os testes, exceto masking level difference e teste dichotic digit, na fase de separação binaural na orelha esquerda. Na avaliação eletrofisiológica, houve diferença estatística na latência do mismatch negativity e P300. Não foram encontradas associações entre os achados comportamentais e eletrofisiológicos e as variáveis localização do acidente vascular cerebral e faixa etária. Conclusão: Crianças e adolescentes diagnosticados com acidente vascular cerebral apresentam pior desempenho nas avaliações eletrofisiológicas e comportamentais do processamento auditivo central quando comparados a um grupo controle.

Abstract Introduction: Central auditory processing refers to the efficiency and effectiveness with which the central nervous system uses auditory information: it may be altered in neurological disorders and brain injuries, such as strokes. However, despite evidence of probable alterations in the pediatric population, functional abilities and post-stroke limitations are still not well documented in the literature. Objective: To analyze the findings of the electrophysiological and behavioral evaluations of central auditory processing of children and adolescents diagnosed with stroke from a reference outpatient clinic, as well as to investigate possible associations with the variables: type and location of the stroke and age group. Methods: The present study is characterized as comparative cross-sectional. The sample, for convenience, included individuals aged 7–18 years divided into two groups: study group, composed of individuals with a diagnosis of stroke, and control group, composed of individuals with typical development. The evaluation consisted of the following procedures: anamnesis, basic audiological evaluation, behavioral evaluation of the auditory processing disorder (dichotic digit test, dichotic consonant-vowel, synthetic sentence identification/pediatric speech intelligibility, gaps in noise, pitch pattern sequence, masking level difference), and electrophysiological evaluation (P300 and mismatch negativity). Results: Nineteen children and adolescents were included in the study group. The control group was composed of 19 children and adolescents with typical development. In the comparison between the groups, a worse performance is observed for the study group in all the evaluated tests, behavioral and electrophysiological. In the behavioral evaluation of central auditory processing, there was a statistical difference for all tests, except for masking level difference and dichotic digit test, binaural separation step on the left. In the electrophysiological evaluation, there was a statistical difference in the latency of mismatch negativity and P300. No associations were found between the behavioral and electrophysiological findings and the location of the stroke and age group variables. Conclusion: Children and adolescents diagnosed with stroke present a worse performance in the electrophysiological and behavioral evaluations of central auditory processing when compared to a control group.

Abstract Introduction The Mismatch Negativity (MMN) auditory evoked potential evaluation is a promising procedure to assess objectively the ability of auditory discrimination. Objective To characterize the latency and amplitude values of MMN in children with normal auditory thresholds and without auditory complaints. Methods Children between 5 and 11 years old participated in the present study. All participants underwent acoustic immittance measurements and tonal and vocal audiometry. The MMN was recorded with the MASBE ATC Plus system (Contronic, Pelotas, RS, Brazil). The electrodes were fixed in Fz (active electrode), Fpz (ground electrode) and in M2 and M1 (references electrodes). The intensity used was 80 dBHL, the frequent stimulus was 1,000 Hz and the rare stimulus was 2,000 Hz. The stimuli were presented in both ears separately. Results For the female group, the mean latencies and amplitude of MMN were 177.3 ms and 5.01 μV in the right ear (RE) and 182.4ms and 5.39 μV in the left ear (LE). In the male group, themean latencies were 194.4 ms in the RE and 183.6ms in the LE, with an amplitude of 5.11 μV in the RE and 5.83 μV in the LE. There was no statistically significant difference between ears (p = 0.867 - latency and p = 0.178 - amplitude), age (p > 0.20) and the gender of the participants (p > 0.05). Conclusion Using the described protocol, the mean latency value of MMN was 184.0 ms for RE and 182.9 ms for LE, and the amplitude was 5.05 μV and 5.56 μV for the left and right ears, respective.

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar a contribuição do treinamento musical nas habilidades do processamento auditivo em crianças. Estratégia de pesquisa Realizou-se uma busca no mês de agosto de 2018, usando os descritores Music, Child, Childhood, Children, Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Auditory Perception, Auditory Processing, utilizando o operador AND. Critérios de seleção Como questão norteadora, adotou-se a seguinte pergunta: “o que existe na literatura científica sobre a contribuição do treinamento musical nas habilidades de processamento auditivo em crianças?” Após, foram selecionados somente ensaios clínicos controlados na população infantil, estudos publicados em inglês, português e espanhol. Resultados A estratégia de busca resultou na seleção de dez artigos. Os estudos evidenciaram diversas habilidades testadas e diferentes formas de avaliação. Conclusão Com base nos achados, pode-se concluir que o treinamento musical melhora e aprimora as habilidades de processamento auditivo, de forma que quanto maior o tempo de treinamento, mais essas habilidades são reforçadas. Dessa forma, o treinamento musical mostra-se um método eficaz e com potencialidade para ser utilizado em crianças, tanto no período de desenvolvimento da comunicação oral e escrita, para auxiliar a aquisição das habilidades auditivas, como após a aquisição afim de aprimorá-las.

ABSTRACT Purpose To check the contribution of music training to auditory processing skills in children. Research strategy A search was performed in October 2018, using the descriptors Music, Child, Childhood, Children, Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Auditory Perception, Auditory Processing, using the AND operator. Selection criteria The main research question was: “What has been reported in the scientific literature about the contribution of musical training to auditory processing skills in children?” We selected only controlled clinical trials with the child population, studies published in English, Portuguese and Spanish. Results The search strategy resulted in the selection of ten articles. The studies showed several skills tested and different forms of evaluation. Conclusion Based on the findings, it can be concluded that music training improves auditory processing skills, so the longer the training time, the more these skills are reinforced. Thus, music training is an effective method that can be potentially used in children, both in the development of oral and written communication - to aid in the acquisition of auditory skills - and after acquisition, in order to improve such skills.

RESUMO Objetivos Identificar estudos que tenham abordado as avaliações do processamento auditivo central, eletrofisiológicas e/ou comportamentais, em crianças e adolescentes acometidos por acidente vascular cerebral. Estratégia de pesquisa Conduziu-se uma busca no mês de julho de 2017, usando os descritores: stroke , auditory perception, childhood, child, children e evoked potentials auditory nas bases de dados PubMed, Scopus e SciELO. Critérios de seleção Foram selecionados artigos em inglês e português, publicados até julho de 2017, sem limitação de data inicial. Os artigos deveriam apresentar abordagem metodológica que referisse achados da avaliação do processamento auditivo central, em crianças e adolescentes com diagnóstico de acidente vascular cerebral. Resultados Inicialmente, foram encontrados 15 estudos, resultando na seleção de três artigos que atendiam aos critérios de inclusão e que foram considerados relevantes para a amostra deste estudo. Devido ao fato de que nenhum dos estudos incluídos tenha utilizado os potenciais evocados auditivos de longa latência em suas avaliações audiológicas, optou-se por realizar uma segunda busca, com os descritores: stroke AND children AND evoked potentials, auditory, nas mesmas bases de dados. Com estes descritores, obteve-se 36 artigos e, destes, apenas um artigo foi selecionado, de acordo com os critérios de inclusão estabelecidos. Conclusão Foram verificados poucos estudos na literatura, que tenham avaliado o processamento auditivo central em crianças e adolescentes acometidos por acidente vascular cerebral. Não obstante, salienta-se a importância dos estudos encontrados para contribuição nos processos de diagnóstico e de monitoramento terapêutico dessa população.

ABSTRACT Purpose To identify studies that have addressed Central Auditory Processing (CAP), through electrophysiological and/or behavioral tests, in children and adolescents affected by Stroke. Research strategy A search was conducted in July 2017, using the descriptors: “stroke ”, auditory perception”, “childhood ”, “child” and “ evoked potentials, auditory” in PubMed, Scopus and SciELO databases. Selection criteria Articles written in English, Portuguese and Spanish, published until July 2017, without start date limitation. The articles should present a methodological approach that refers to the findings of central auditory processing assessment in children and adolescents diagnosed with stroke. Results First, 15 studies were found, and three of them were selected because they met the inclusion criteria and were considered relevant for the sample of the present study. As none of the included studies used LLAEP in their audiological assessments, a second search was performed with the descriptors: “stroke” AND “ children” AND “evoked potentials, auditory ” in the same databases. A total of 36 papers were found with these descriptors but only one paper was selected, according to the established inclusion criteria. Conclusion Few studies in the literature have assessed central auditory processing in children and adolescents with stroke. Nevertheless, the studies are important for diagnos and therap monitoring in this population.

ABSTRACT Objective To study the association between aspects of mental health and the family context with tobacco experimentation and consumption among Brazilian schoolchildren. Method A cross-sectional study using data from the National Survey of Schoolchildren’s Health in Brazil conducted on 109,104 schoolchildren from the ninth year of elementary school, day scholars in public and private schools in all Brazilian state capitals and the Federal District. Descriptive analysis of variables, bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed with logistic regression estimates, adjusted for socioeconomic variables, obtaining the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Results Among the participants, 52.2% were female. Twenty point nine percent of the students reported having experimented with cigarettes at least once. Adolescents who experienced more often feelings of loneliness (OR: 2.07; 95%CI: 1.98-2.16), difficulty sleeping (OR: 2.37; 95%CI: 2.52-2.48) and lower social interaction (OR: 1.27; 95%CI: 1.26-1.32), were more likely to smoke, regardless of socioeconomic status. The schoolchildren of parents or caregivers (OR: 2.39; 95%CI: 2.29-2.49) who did not know what their children did in their free time (OR: 1.52; 95%CI: 1.46-1.59) were associated with more frequent cigarette smoking. Conclusion An association was seen between aspects of mental health and the family context with the experimentation and consumption of tobacco in adolescents enrolled in the study in Brazil. These associations are independent of school type, sex and skin colour. It is important that programmes for the prevention of tobacco use in adolescence emphasise these findings.

RESUMEN Objetivo Estudiar la asociación entre aspectos de la salud mental y el contexto familiar con la experimentación y el consumo de tabaco en jóvenes escolares brasileños. Método Estudio transversal utilizando datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Escolar de Brasil, que incluyó 109.104 escolares del noveno año de formación fundamental, turno diurno, de escuelas públicas y privadas de los 26 Estados y el Distrito Federal. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables, análisis bivariado y multivariado, con obtención de odds ratio (OR) e intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC95%). Resultados El 20,9% de los escolares experimentaron el tabaco por lo menos una vez en la vida. Los adolescentes que presentaban sentimientos de soledad más frecuentemente (OR: 2,07; IC95%: 1,98-2,16), dificultad para dormir (OR: 2,37; IC95%: 2,52-2,48) y menor interacción social (OR: 1,27; IC95%: 1,261,32) se asociaron más frecuentemente con consumo de tabaco, con independencia del tipo de escuela, el sexo y el color de piel. Los escolares de padres o responsables poco comprensivos (OR: 2,39; IC95%: 2,292,49), o que no saben lo que los hijos hacen en su tiempo libre (OR: 1,52; IC95%: 1,46-1,59), se asociaron con consumo frecuente de cigarrillos. Conclusión Se evidenció una asociación entre la salud mental y el contexto familiar con la experimentación y el uso de tabaco en adolescentes escolarizados brasileños, independientemente del tipo de escuela, sexo y color de piel. Es importante que programas destinados a prevenir y retardar la experimentación y el uso de tabaco en la adolescencia enfaticen en estos hallazgos y se planteen estrategias en ámbitos de salud mental y familiar.

ABSTRACT Objective To study the association between aspects of mental health and the family context with tobacco experimentation and consumption among Brazilian schoolchildren. Method A cross-sectional study using data from the National Survey of Schoolchildren’s Health in Brazil conducted on 109,104 schoolchildren from the ninth year of elementary school, day scholars in public and private schools in all Brazilian state capitals and the Federal District. Descriptive analysis of variables, bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed with logistic regression estimates, adjusted for socioeconomic variables, obtaining the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Results Among the participants, 52.2% were female. Twenty point nine percent of the students reported having experimented with cigarettes at least once. Adolescents who experienced more often feelings of loneliness (OR: 2.07; 95%CI: 1.98-2.16), difficulty sleeping (OR: 2.37; 95%CI: 2.52-2.48) and lower social interaction (OR: 1.27; 95%CI: 1.26-1.32), were more likely to smoke, regardless of socioeconomic status. The schoolchildren of parents or caregivers (OR: 2.39; 95%CI: 2.29-2.49) who did not know what their children did in their free time (OR: 1.52; 95%CI: 1.46-1.59) were associated with more frequent cigarette smoking. Conclusion An association was seen between aspects of mental health and the family context with the experimentation and consumption of tobacco in adolescents enrolled in the study in Brazil. These associations are independent of school type, sex and skin colour. It is important that programmes for the prevention of tobacco use in adolescence emphasise these findings.

RESUMEN Objetivo Estudiar la asociación entre aspectos de la salud mental y el contexto familiar con la experimentación y el consumo de tabaco en jóvenes escolares brasileños. Método Estudio transversal utilizando datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Escolar de Brasil, que incluyó 109.104 escolares del noveno año de formación fundamental, turno diurno, de escuelas públicas y privadas de los 26 Estados y el Distrito Federal. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables, análisis bivariado y multivariado, con obtención de odds ratio (OR) e intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC95%). Resultados El 20,9% de los escolares experimentaron el tabaco por lo menos una vez en la vida. Los adolescentes que presentaban sentimientos de soledad más frecuentemente (OR: 2,07; IC95%: 1,98-2,16), dificultad para dormir (OR: 2,37; IC95%: 2,52-2,48) y menor interacción social (OR: 1,27; IC95%: 1,261,32) se asociaron más frecuentemente con consumo de tabaco, con independencia del tipo de escuela, el sexo y el color de piel. Los escolares de padres o responsables poco comprensivos (OR: 2,39; IC95%: 2,292,49), o que no saben lo que los hijos hacen en su tiempo libre (OR: 1,52; IC95%: 1,46-1,59), se asociaron con consumo frecuente de cigarrillos. Conclusión Se evidenció una asociación entre la salud mental y el contexto familiar con la experimentación y el uso de tabaco en adolescentes escolarizados brasileños, independientemente del tipo de escuela, sexo y color de piel. Es importante que programas destinados a prevenir y retardar la experimentación y el uso de tabaco en la adolescencia enfaticen en estos hallazgos y se planteen estrategias en ámbitos de salud mental y familiar.

Abstract Introduction The tone-evoked auditory brainstem responses (tone-ABR) enable the differential diagnosis in the evaluation of children until 12 months of age, including those with external and/or middle ear malformations. The use of auditory stimuli with frequency specificity by air and bone conduction allows characterization of hearing profile. Objective The objective of our study was to compare the results obtained in tone-ABR by air and bone conduction in children until 12 months, with agenesis of the external auditory canal. Method The study was cross-sectional, observational, individual, and contemporary. We conducted the research with tone-ABR by air and bone conduction in the frequencies of 500 Hz and 2000 Hz in 32 children, 23 boys, from one to 12 months old, with agenesis of the external auditory canal. Results The tone-ABR thresholds were significantly elevated for air conduction in the frequencies of 500 Hz and 2000 Hz, while the thresholds of bone conduction had normal values in both ears. We found no statistically significant difference between genders and ears for most of the comparisons. Conclusion The thresholds obtained by bone conduction did not alter the thresholds in children with conductive hearing loss. However, the conductive hearing loss alter all thresholds by air conduction. The tone-ABR by bone conduction is an important tool for assessing cochlear integrity in children with agenesis of the external auditory canal under 12 months.

RESUMO Introdução Mismatch Negativity (MMN) é um potencial eletrofisiológico que mede a habilidade do cérebro em discriminar sons, independente da capacidade atencional e comportamental. Por ser uma medida objetiva e de fácil utilização, torna-se promissora no estudo da investigação do processamento auditivo em crianças. Objetivo Verificar a aplicabilidade do Mismatch Negativity na população infantil. Estratégia de pesquisa Conduziu-se uma busca nos meses de agosto e setembro de 2016, usando os descritores Evoked Potentials, Auditory AND Children, Event-related Potential AND Children e Electrophysiology AND Children, nas bases de dados Portal BVS (MEDLINE, IBECS e LILACS) e SciELO. Critérios de seleção Foram selecionados artigos em português, inglês e espanhol, publicados até setembro de 2016, sem limitação de data inicial, cuja abordagem do Mismatch Negativity fosse com a população infantil. Resultados A estratégia de busca resultou na seleção de 23 artigos, classificados como artigos originais. Os estudos evidenciaram diversas aplicabilidades do MMN em crianças, incluindo transtorno do espectro autista, transtornos do processamento auditivo, fissura labiopalatina, prematuridade e distúrbio específico de linguagem, sendo a maioria em dislexia. Conclusão Apesar da grande variabilidade envolvida nas medidas de realização do MMN, existe uma ampla aplicabilidade clínica desse potencial eletrofisiológico na população infantil.

ABSTRACT Introduction Mismatch Negativity (MMN) is an electrophysiological potential that evaluates the brain’s capacity to discriminate sounds, regardless of attentional and behavioral capacity. Because it is an objective and user-friendly measure, it becomes promising in the study of auditory processing research in children. Purpose To verify the applicability of Mismatch Negativity (MMN) in children. Research strategy A search was conducted in August and September 2016 using the descriptors Evoked Potentials, Auditory AND Children, Event-related Potential AND Children and Electrophysiology AND Children in bibliographic collection of the electronic databases Portal BVS (Medline, IBECS and LILACS) and SciELO. Selection criteria The selection of articles was carried out in Portuguese, English and Spanish published up to September 2016 without initial date limitation and whose approach to Mismatch Negativity was with the child population. Results The search strategy resulted in the selection of 23 articles classified as original articles. The studies evidenced several applications of MMN in children, including autism spectrum disorder, auditory processing disorders, cleft lip and palate, prematurity, and language-specific disorder, being the majority of them in dyslexia. Conclusion Despite the great variability involved in the measures of MMN, there is a wide clinical applicability of this electrophysiological potential in the infant population.

RESUMO Objetivo: investigar a localização e verificar a influência de fatores e hábitos na percepção do zumbido em pacientes com tal sintoma. Métodos: fizeram parte da amostra 740 indivíduos com queixa de zumbido, atendidos em ambulatório especializado de hospital universitário. Todos relataram a localização do zumbido em resposta a questionário, contendo também informações sobre fatores e hábitos causadores de melhora ou piora na percepção do zumbido. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente. Resultados: o predomínio da localização foi em ambas as orelhas. A maior parte dos fatores investigados não modifica a percepção do zumbido para os pesquisados. Dentre os fatores que puderam ser relacionados à piora da percepção estão, principalmente, o silêncio e o período da noite, seguidos pela ansiedade. Por outro lado, ruído foi o fator mais referido como causador de diminuição da percepção do zumbido. Não foi verificada influência de idade e gênero. Conclusão: mais da metade dos sujeitos apresentaram queixa de zumbido bilateral e a maior parte das situações pesquisadas não provocam mudança na percepção do zumbido na população estudada. Destaca-se, contudo, que a presença de ruído ambiental auxilia na diminuição da sensação de incômodo ao zumbido, enquanto o silêncio, período da noite e a ansiedade contribuem para acentuá-la.

ABSTRACT Purpose: to investigate the location and to verify the influence of factors and personal habits in the tinnitus perception in patients with the symptom. Methods: 740 individuals with tinnitus, from an outpatient clinic of a university hospital were investigated. All of them reported the location in response to a questionnaire, also containing information about some factors and daily habits that causes improvement or worsening of tinnitus. The data were statistically analyzed. Results: the predominant location was in both ears. Most of the investigated factors does not change the perception of tinnitus for researched subjects. The silence, the nighttime and the anxiety were the factors that might be related to worsening of tinnitus perception. Moreover, the noise was referred as a factor that causes decrease of tinnitus perception. There was no influence of age and gender. Conclusion: more than half of the subjects had bilateral tinnitus and that most situations surveyed do not cause change in the tinnitus perception to the studied people. It is noteworthy, however, that the presence of ambient noise helps to reduce the feeling of tinnitus annoyance, as well as the silence, the period of night and the anxiety contribute to accentuate it.

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar os efeitos provocados pela expansão rápida de maxila na audição. Estratégia de pesquisa Conduziu-se uma busca no mês de janeiro de 2016, usando as palavras-chave “hearing loss”, “hearing”, “rapid maxillary expansion” e “palatal expansion technique” nas bases de dados MEDLINE, SciELO e Bibliografia Brasileira de Odontologia (BBO). Critérios de seleção Foram selecionados artigos em inglês, português e espanhol, publicados até janeiro de 2016, sem limitação de data inicial, cuja abordagem metodológica referisse os efeitos da expansão rápida de maxila na audição. Resultados A estratégia de busca resultou na seleção de oito artigos, classificados como ensaios clínicos. Os estudos constataram que a expansão rápida de maxila realizada em crianças e/ou adolescentes melhora os limiares de audibilidade e as medidas de imitância acústica. Conclusão A expansão rápida da maxila provocou melhora na audição, apesar da diversidade e das limitações metodológicas dos estudos analisados.

ABSTRACT Purpose Verifying the effects of rapid maxillary expansion on hearing. Research strategy The search was conducted in the bibliographic collection of the electronic databases MEDLINE, SciELO and Bibliografia Brasileira de Odontologia (BBO) in January 2016. The keywords used for the research were: “hearing loss”, “hearing”, “rapid maxillary expansion” and “palatal expansion technique”. Selection criteria Articles in Portuguese, English and Spanish were selected, published up to January 2016, without initial date limitation. Studies related to the rapid maxillary expansion on hearing topic were included in this systematic review. Results The research strategy resulted in the selection of eight articles, which were classified as clinical trials. The studies explains that the rapid maxillary expansion performed on children and/or teenagers improves hearing thresholds and acoustic impedance measurements. Conclusion The rapid maxillary expansion caused hearing improvement, despite the methodological limitations and diversity of the analyzed studies.