The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of Haemophilus influenzaetype b (Hib) nasopharyngeal (NP) colonisation among healthy children where Hib vaccination using a 3p+0 dosing schedule has been routinely administered for 10 years with sustained coverage (> 90%). NP swabs were collected from 2,558 children who had received the Hib vaccine, of whom 1,379 were 12-< 24 months (m) old and 1,179 were 48-< 60 m old. Hi strains were identified by molecular methods. Hi carriage prevalence was 45.1% (1,153/2,558) and the prevalence in the 12-< 24 m and 48-< 60 m age groups were 37.5% (517/1,379) and 53.9% (636/1,179), respectively. Hib was identified in 0.6% (16/2,558) of all children in the study, being 0.8% (11/1,379) and 0.4% (5/1,179) among the 12-< 24 m and 48-< 60 m age groups, respectively. The nonencapsulate Hi colonisation was 43% (n = 1,099) and was significantly more frequent at 48-< 60 m of age (51.6%, n = 608) compared with that at 12-< 24 m of age (35.6%, n = 491). The overall resistance rates to ampicillin and chloramphenicol were 16.5% and 3.7%, respectively; the co-resistance was detected in 2.6%. Our findings showed that the Hib carrier rate in healthy children under five years was very low after 10 years of the introduction of the Hib vaccine.

Comparamos crianças menores de cinco anos com pneumonia pneumocócica bacterêmica (PPB) àquelas com empiema pneumocócico (EP) quanto aos achados clínicos, radiológicos e laboratoriais. Um estudo de coorte aninhado transversal, com 102 crianças com EP e 128 com PPB, foi realizado em 12 centros na Argentina, no Brasil e na República Dominicana. Nas crianças com EP, a média de idade e a duração da doença foram maiores. Taquipneia, dispneia e contagem de leucócitos alta foram mais comuns nas crianças com EP; febre e letargia foram mais comuns naquelas com PPB. Parece possível distinguir crianças com EP de crianças com PPB a partir de achados clínicos e laboratoriais. Como essas duas doenças estão associadas a altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade, o diagnóstico rápido é crucial.

We compared bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia (BPP) and pneumococcal empyema (PE), in terms of clinical, radiological, and laboratory findings, in under-fives. A cross-sectional nested cohort study, involving under-fives (102 with PE and 128 with BPP), was conducted at 12 centers in Argentina, Brazil, and the Dominican Republic. Among those with PE, mean age was higher; disease duration was longer; and tachypnea, dyspnea, and high leukocyte counts were more common. Among those with BPP, fever and lethargy were more common. It seems that children with PE can be distinguished from those with BPP on the basis of clinical and laboratory findings. Because both conditions are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, prompt diagnosis is crucial.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of pneumococcal serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility in patients with meningitis, and to evaluate the implications for vaccine coverage. METHODS: Pneumococcal strains obtained from normally sterile fluids from patients admitted with meningitis were isolated at the Hospital de Clínicas of the Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais State, and sent to the Instituto Adolfo Lutz, city of São Paulo, São Paulo State, for further identification, serotyping, and antimicrobial susceptibility determination. RESULTS: From April 1999 to April 2009, 338 pneumococcal strains were isolated, and 72 obtained from patients with meningitis, were analyzed. Patients' ages varied from one month to 82.2 years (mean of 18.4 ± 22.9 years; median of 5.2 years) and 46 (63.9%) patients were male. Strains were isolated from cerebrospinal fluid [66 occasions (91.7%)] and blood [6 occasions (8.3%)]. The most commonly identified serotypes were 14, 19F, 3, 7F, 6A, 6B, 10A, 18C, 23F, 5, and 34. Of the 20 [27.8%] oxacillin-resistant strains, 17 [23.6%] were resistant to penicillin and nine [12.5%] to ceftriaxone, both resistance patterns being more common in children aged two years or less and during the 2005-2009 period. CONCLUSIONS: Resistance to penicillin and ceftriaxone was detected in 23.6% and 12.5% of the strains, respectively, and predominated in children aged two years or less and during the 2005-2009 period. There were 24 different serotypes of pneumococcus and 79.8% of the serotypes were represented in the 7-valent conjugated vaccine [PVC7].

Objetivo. Determinar la evolución de la resistencia a la eritromicina, el cloranfenicol, el trimetoprim-sulfametozaxol (SXT) y la vancomicina de aislamientos invasores de Streptococcus pneumoniae obtenidos de niños de 10 países de América Latina y del Caribe en seis años de vigilancia. Métodos. Se analizaron 8 993 aislamientos de S. pneumoniae recuperados entre 2000 y 2005 de niños menores de 6 años con infecciones invasoras, procedentes de Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, México, Paraguay, República Dominicana, Uruguay y Venezuela. La sensibilidad a los antibióticos se determinó mediante los métodos establecidos y estandarizados en el proyecto SIREVA. La resistencia a múltiples antibióticos se definió como la resistencia a tres o más familias de antibióticos, de los no betalactámicos analizados en este estudio o de los betalactámicos evaluados en un estudio previo en el que 37,8% de estos aislamientos presentaron sensibilidad disminuida a la penicilina. Resultados. Se encontró algún grado de resistencia al SXT y la eritromicina (56,4% y 15,4% de los aislamientos estudiados, respectivamente) y 4,6% presentó alta resistencia al cloranfenicol. Todos los aislamientos fueron sensibles a la vancomicina. Se observó la mayor frecuencia de resistencia al SXT en los aislamientos de neumonía y a la eritromicina en los casos de sepsis (61,6% y 25,5%, respectivamente; P< 0,01). La mayor frecuencia de resistencia al SXT se observó en Brasil (71,9%) y a la eritromicina en México (38,2%) y Venezuela (32,9%). Los serotipos 14,6B, 19F y 23F fueron los que más frecuentemente se asociaron con la resistencia a los antibióticos estudiados. Conclusiones. Se observó una elevada y creciente frecuencia de aislamientos resistentes al SXT y la eritromicina, y una disminución en la proporción de aislamientos resistentes al cloranfenicol. Estas tendencias mostraron diferencias entre los países estudiados.

Objective. To examine the development of resistance to erythromycin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ), and vancomycin of the invasive isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae obtained from children in 10 Latin American/Caribbean countries during six years of surveillance. Methods. Analysis of 8 993 isolates of S. pneumoniae recovered in 2000-2005 from children with invasive infections, who were less than 6 years of age, and from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, or Venezuela. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined through the methods established and standardized by the SIREVA project. Multidrug resistance was defined as: resistance to three or more antibiotics of the same class; to the non-beta-lactams analyzed by this study; or, to the beta-lactams evaluated by a previous study, in which 37.8% of these isolates showed decreased susceptibility to penicillin. Results. Some degree of resistance was found to TMP- SMZ and erythromycin (56.4% and 15.4% of the isolates studied, respectively), with 4.6% highly resistant to chloramphenicol. All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin. The highest prevalence of TMP-SMZ resistance was observed in the pneumonia isolates; and that of erythromycin, in cases of sepsis (61.6% and 25.5%, respectively; P < 0.01). The highest prevalence of TMP-SMZ resistance was found in Brazil (71.9%), and that of erythromycin, in Mexico (38.2%) and Venezuela (32.9%). The 14, 6B, 19F, and 23F serotypes were most often associated with resistance to the antibiotics in the study. Conclusions. High and increasing rates of isolates resistant to TMP-SMZ and erythromycin were observed, as well as a decreasing percentage of isolates resistant to chloramphenicol. These trends highlight differences among the countries studied.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o perfil de sorotipos e a sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos de cepas de pneumococo obtidas de crianças e as implicações na formulação de vacinas pneumocócicas. MÉTODOS: Cepas de pneumococo isoladas no Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia (MG), a partir de pacientes com doença invasiva, foram enviadas ao Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo (SP), para confirmação da identificação, sorotipagem e determinação da sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos. RESULTADOS: De abril de 1999 a dezembro de 2008, foram avaliadas 142 cepas de pneumococo obtidas de crianças de até 5 anos de idade. Setenta e cinco (52,8%) eram de pacientes do sexo masculino, e a idade variou de 1 a 60 meses (média de 19±15,4 meses e mediana de 15 meses). Os diagnósticos clínicos mais comuns foram pneumonia [92 casos (64,8%)] e meningite [33 casos (23,2%)], e as principais fontes de recuperação foram sangue [61 amostras (43%)], líquido pleural [52 (36,6%)] e liquor [28 (19,7%)]. Os sorotipos mais comuns foram o 14, 5, 6B, 1, 6A, 18C, 19A, 3, 9V, 19F, 23F, 9N e 10A. Foram detectadas 14 (9,9%) cepas penicilina-resistentes, restritas aos sorotipos 14, 6B, 19F, 19A e 23F e predominantes no período de 2004 a 2008 (p = 0,000). Foi detectada sensibilidade diminuída ao cotrimoxazol (79,5%), à eritromicina e à clindamicina (11,3% cada) e à ceftriaxona (5,6%). CONCLUSÕES: A resistência à penicilina foi detectada em 9,9% das cepas e predominou no período de 2004 a 2008. Foram identificados 20 diferentes sorotipos de pneumococo, e a cifra de cobertura pela vacina 7-valente atualmente disponível (PN CRM7) é de 71,9%.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility of strains of pneumococcus in children and to evaluate the implications for vaccine formulation. METHODS: Strains of pneumococcus obtained from children admitted with invasive diseases were isolated at Hospital de Clínicas of Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil, and sent to Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil, for further identification, serotyping, and determination of antimicrobial susceptibility. RESULTS: From April 1999 to December 2008, 142 strains of pneumococcus, obtained from children under 5 years of age, were analyzed. Seventy-five (52.8%) patients were male, and the age ranged from 1 to 60 months (mean age = 19±15.4 months; median = 15 months). The most common diagnoses were pneumonia [92 cases (64.8%)] and meningitis [33 cases (23.2%)]. The strains were mostly isolated from blood [61 samples (43%)], pleural fluid [52 samples (36.6%)], and cerebrospinal fluid [28 samples (19.7%)]. The most common serotypes were 14, 5, 6B, 1, 6A, 18C, 19A, 3, 9V, 19F, 23F, 9N, and 10A. There were 14 [9.9%] penicillin-resistant strains, which was detected only in the following serotypes: 14, 6B, 19F, 19A, and 23F, being predominant from 2004 to 2008 (p = 0.000). There was reduced susceptibility to co-trimoxazole (79.5%), erythromycin and clindamycin (11.3% each), and ceftriaxone (5.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Penicillin resistance was detected in 9.9% of the strains, being predominant from 2004 to 2008. Twenty different pneumococcal serotypes were identified, and 71.9% of the serotypes were represented in the 7-valent conjugate vaccine (PN CRM7) currently available.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar impacto dos novos pontos de corte de sensibilidade à penicilina nas taxas de resistência de cepas de pneumococo obtidas de crianças com pneumonia. MÉTODOS: Cepas de pneumococo isoladas no laboratório de análises clínicas do Hospital de Clínicas de Uberlândia, Uberlândia (MG), a partir de amostras de pacientes internados foram enviadas ao Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo (SP), para confirmação da identificação, sorotipagem e determinação da sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos. RESULTADOS: De abril de 1999 a dezembro de 2008 foram enviadas ao Instituto Adolfo Lutz 330 cepas de pneumococo, sendo 195 (59%) provenientes de pacientes com diagnóstico de pneumonia. Destas, foram analisadas 100 cepas de pacientes com idade ≤ 12 anos; a idade dos pacientes variou de 1 a 12,6 anos, com média de 2,4 e mediana de 1,7 anos; 47 pacientes eram do sexo masculino; as fontes de recuperação foram sangue (42%) e líquido pleural (58%). Foram detectadas 35 cepas oxacilina-resistentes: segundo os critérios do Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) de 2007 [concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) ≤ 0,06 µg/mL para sensibilidade (S), 0,12 a 1 µg/mL para resistência intermediária (RI) e ≥ 2 µg/mL para resistência plena (RP)], 22 cepas apresentaram RI e 11, RP para penicilina. De acordo com os critérios atuais do CLSI de 2008 (≤ 2 µg/mL para S, 4 µg/mL para RI e ≥ 8 µg/mL para RP) apenas uma cepa confirmou RI à penicilina. Detectou-se resistência a cotrimoxazol (80%), tetraciclina (21%), eritromicina (13%), clindamicina (13%) e ceftriaxona (uma cepa, simultaneamente resistente a penicilina). CONCLUSÕES: Com a aplicação dos novos pontos de corte para sensibilidade in vitro, as taxas de resistência a penicilina caíram 97%, de 33 para 1%.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of new penicillin susceptibility breakpoints on resistance rates of pneumococcal strains collected from children with pneumonia. METHODS: Pneumococcal strains collected from patients admitted with pneumonia were isolated at the clinical analysis lab of Hospital de Clínicas de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil, and sent to Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil, for further identification, serotyping and determination of antimicrobial susceptibility. RESULTS: From April 1999 to December 2008, 330 strains of pneumococcus were sent to Instituto Adolfo Lutz; of these, 195 (59%) were collected from patients with pneumonia. One hundred strains collected from patients ≤ 12 years old were analyzed. The patients' age ranged from 1 to 12.6 years old (with mean age of 2.4 and median of 1.7 years). Forty-seven patients were male. The strains were isolated from blood (42%) and pleural fluid (58%). There were 35 oxacillin-resistant strains: according to the criteria defined by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) in 2007 [minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ≤ 0.06 µg/mL for susceptibility (S), 0.12 to 1 µg/mL for intermediate resistance (IR), and ≥ 2 µg/mL for full resistance (FR)], 22 strains had IR and 11 strains had FR. According to the current breakpoints defined by the CLSI in 2008 (≤ 2 µg/mL for S, 4 µg/mL for IR and ≥ 8 µg/mL for FR), only one strain had IR to penicillin. There was resistance to co-trimoxazole (80%), tetracycline (21%), erythromycin (13%), clindamycin (13%), and ceftriaxone (one strain simultaneously resistant to penicillin). CONCLUSIONS: When the new breakpoints for in vitro susceptibility were applied, penicillin resistance rates dropped 97%, from 33 to 1%.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the development of resistance to erythromycin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ), and vancomycin of the invasive isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae obtained from children in 10 Latin American/Caribbean countries during six years of surveillance. METHODS: Analysis of 8 993 isolates of S. pneumoniae recovered in 2000-2005 from children with invasive infections, who were less than 6 years of age, and from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, or Venezuela. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined through the methods established and standardized by the SIREVA project. Multidrug resistance was defined as: resistance to three or more antibiotics of the same class; to the non-beta-lactams analyzed by this study; or, to the beta-lactams evaluated by a previous study, in which 37.8% of these isolates showed decreased susceptibility to penicillin. RESULTS:Some degree of resistance was found to TMP-SMZ and erythromycin (56.4% and 15.4% of the isolates studied, respectively), with 4.6% highly resistant to chloramphenicol. All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin. The highest prevalence of TMP-SMZ resistance was observed in the pneumonia isolates; and that of erythromycin, in cases of sepsis (61.6% and 25.5%, respectively; P < 0.01). The high-est prevalence of TMP-SMZ resistance was found in Brazil (71.9%), and that of erythromycin, in Mexico (38.2%) and Venezuela (32.9%). The 14, 6B, 19F, and 23F serotypes were most often associated with resistance to the antibiotics in the study. CONCLUSIONS: High and increasing rates of isolates resistant to TMP-SMZ and erythromycin were observed, as well as a decreasing percentage of isolates resistant to chloramphenicol. These trends highlight differences among the countries studied.

OBJETIVO:Determinar la evolución de la resistencia a la eritromicina, el cloranfenicol, el trimetoprim-sulfametozaxol (SXT) y la vancomicina de aislamientos invasores de Streptococcus pneumoniae obtenidos de niños de 10 países de América Latina y del Caribe en seis años de vigilancia. MÉTODOS: Se analizaron 8 993 aislamientos de S. pneumoniae recuperados entre 2000 y 2005 de niños menores de 6 años con infecciones invasoras, procedentes de Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, México, Paraguay, República Dominicana, Uruguay y Venezuela. La sensibilidad a los antibióticos se determinó mediante los métodos establecidos y estandarizados en el proyecto SIREVA. La resistencia a múltiples antibióticos se definió como la resistencia a tres o más familias de antibióticos, de los no betalactámicos analizados en este estudio o de los betalactámicos evaluados en un estudio previo en el que 37,8% de estos aislamientos presentaron sensibilidad disminuida a la penicilina. RESULTADOS: Se encontró algún grado de resistencia al SXT y la eritromicina (56,4% y 15,4% de los aislamientos estudiados, respectivamente) y 4,6% presentó alta resistencia al cloranfenicol. Todos los aislamientos fueron sensibles a la vancomicina. Se observó la mayor frecuencia de resistencia al SXT en los aislamientos de neumonía y a la eritromicina en los casos de sepsis (61,6% y 25,5%, respectivamente; P < 0,01). La mayor frecuencia de resistencia al SXT se observó en Brasil (71,9%) y a la eritromicina en México (38,2%) y Venezuela (32,9%). Los serotipos 14, 6B, 19F y 23F fueron los que más frecuentemente se asociaron con la resistencia a los antibióticos estudiados. CONCLUSIONES: Se observó una elevada y creciente frecuencia de aislamientos resistentes al SXT y la eritromicina, y una disminución en la proporción de aislamientos resistentes al cloranfenicol. Estas tendencias mostraron diferencias entre los países estudiados.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as taxas de resistência de Streptococcus pneumoniae, isolados de pacientes com meningite, à penicilina G, ceftriaxona e vancomicina; avaliar possíveis fatores de risco para resistência antimicrobiana; descrever os sorotipos encontrados e sugerir a terapêutica empírica inicial para meningite. Foram isoladas 100 amostras de S. pneumoniae, encontrando-se 15% de resistência à penicilina, 1% à cefalosporina e 0% à vancomicina. Os sorotipos mais encontrados foram 14 (19%), 3 e 23F (10% cada). Analisando-se os resistentes, o sorotipo 14 (44%) também foi o mais freqüente. Os fatores de risco para resistência de S. pneumoniae encontrados foram: idade menor que um ano (p=0,01) e o uso prévio de antibiótico (p=0,046). As taxas de resistência encontradas, moderada a penicilina, baixa para cefalosporina e nula para vancomicina, sugerem como terapêutica empírica inicial para tratamento da meningite bacteriana aguda de origem comunitária, a cefalosporina de terceira geração isoladamente.

The main objectives of this study are to evaluate the resistance rates of Streptococcus pneumonia to penicillin G, ceftriaxone and vancomycin in patients with meningitis; to analyze possible risk factors to the antimicrobian resistance; to describe the serotypes detected and to suggest an initial empirical treatment for meningitis. The sensitiveness and serotypes of all isolated S. pneumoniae of patients with acute bacterial meningitis received by the Paraná State Central Laboratory from April 2001 to august 2002 have been evaluated. One hundred S. pneumoniae have been isolated, of which 15% were resistant to penicillin, 1% to cephalosporin and 0% to vancomycin. The serotypes most found were 14 (19%), 3 and 23F (10% each). When only the resistant serotypes were analyzed, the most prevalent was the 14 with 44%. The risk factors found in relation to the S. pneumoniae resistance were: age under one year old (p=0.01) and previous use of antibiotic (p=0.046). The resistance rates found, which were moderate to penicillin, low to cephalosporin and neutral to vancomycin, suggest the isolated use of a 3rd generation cephalosporin as an initial empirical therapy for the treatment of acute bacterial meningitis with a communitarian background.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the phenotypical characteristics and the susceptibility to antibiotics of the circulating strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis circulating in Latin America and the Caribbean from 2000-2005. Potential coverage by conjugate vaccines was evaluated. METHODS: Conventional methods were used to study the distribution of the serotypes or serogroups of 17 303 strains of S. pneumoniae, 2 782 strains of H. influenzae, and 6 955 strains of N. meningitidis isolated from cases of pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis, bacteriemias, and other invasive processes. The antimicrobial susceptibilities of the study strains were evaluated. The isolates came from 453 sentinel surveillance sites in 19 countries in Latin America and four in the Caribbean, as part of the SIREVA II (Network Surveillance System for the Bacterial Agents Responsible for Pneumonia and Meningitis) project. RESULTS: S. pneumoniae serotype 14 was the most frequently isolated (21.1%), especially in children under 6 years of age (29.1%). The potential coverages by hepta-, nona-, deca-, and trideca-valent antipneumonia conjugate vaccines were 59.0%, 73.4%, 76.5%, and 85.9%, respectively. Of the isolates, 63.3% were sensitive to penicillin. H. influenzae serotype b was present in 72.2% of the isolations from children under 2 years of age, whereas 8.6% produced serotypes a, c, d, e, and f, and 19.2% could not be serotyped. The rate of H. influenzae beta-lactamase-producing strains isolated from children under 2 years of age was 16.3%. The most frequent N. meningitidis serogroups were B (69.0%) and C (25.7%); 65.8% and 99.2% of the strains were susceptible to penicillin and rifampicin, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These results highlight the importance of comprehensive epidemiological surveillance of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and N. meningitidis in Latin America and the Caribbean. The great heterogeneity found in the distribution of S. pneumoniae serotypes among the countries studied could reduce immunization coverage. Conducting a specific analysis of each country to adjust the introduction of new conjugate vaccines and determine the best immunization plan is recommended.

OBJETIVOS: Analizar las características fenotípicas y la susceptibilidad a antibióticos de las cepas circulantes de Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae y Neisseria meningitidis en América Latina y el Caribe entre 2000 y 2005. Se evaluó la cobertura potencial de las vacunas conjugadas. MÉTODOS: Se estudió por métodos convencionales la distribución de los serotipos o serogrupos de 17 303 cepas de S. pneumoniae, 2 782 cepas de H. influenzae y 6 955 cepas de N. meningitidis aisladas de casos de neumonía, meningitis, sepsis, bacteriemias y otros procesos invasivos. Se evaluó la susceptibilidad a los antibióticos de las cepas estudiadas. Los aislamientos procedían de 453 centros centinelas de 19 países de América Latina y 4 del Caribe, como parte del proyecto SIREVA II. RESULTADOS: El serotipo 14 de S. pneumoniae fue el más frecuentemente aislado (21,1%), especialmente en niños menores de 6 años (29,1%). Las coberturas potenciales de las vacunas conjugadas antineumocócicas hepta, nona, deca y tridecavalentes fueron de 59,0%, 73,4%, 76,5% y 85,9%, respectivamente. De los aislamientos, 63,3% eran sensibles a la penicilina. El serotipo b de H. influenzae estuvo presente en 72,2% de los aislamientos en niños menores de 2 años, mientras 8,6% correspondieron a los serotipos a, c, d, e y f; 19,2% resultaron no serotipables. La proporción de cepas de H. influenzae productoras de betalactamasa en aislamientos en niños menores de 2 años fue de 16,3%. Los serogrupos de N. meningitidis más frecuentes fueron el B (69,0%) y el C (25,7%); 65,8% y 99,2% de las cepas fueron sensibles a la penicilina y a la rifampicina, respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: Estos resultados resaltan la importancia de la vigilancia epidemiológica integral de S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae y N. meningitidis en América Latina y el Caribe. La gran heterogeneidad en la distribución de los serotipos de S. pneumoniae en los países estudiados podría reducir la cobertura de las vacunas aplicadas. Se recomienda realizar un análisis específico por país para ajustar la introducción de nuevas vacunas conjugadas y decidir el esquema de vacunación más adecuado.

No Brasil, enterococos resistente à vancomicina (VRE) têm sido descritos como patógenos hospitalares, desde 1998. Durante um monitoramento de VRE em um hospital, foram detectadas duas cepas de Enterococcus faecalis com genótipo vanA, e sensibilidade à teicoplanina. Este é o primeiro relato do isolamento de enterococo fenótipo VanB e genótipo vanA de amostra clínica no Brasil.

In Brazil, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have been reported as nosocomial pathogens since 1998. Recently, in a VRE surveillance in a hospital, we detected two Enterococcus faecalis isolates with vanA genotype and susceptible to teicoplanin. This is the first report of VanB phenotype-vanA genotype enterococci isolated from humans in Brazil.

A expressão das proteínas reguladas pelo ferro (IRPs), in vitro, tem sido obtida pela adição de quelantes de ferro ao meio de cultura, após o crescimento bacteriano, na presença de fonte de ferro orgânico. Neste estudo foram investigados aspectos da máxima expressão das IRPs de meningococo durante o crescimento normal, em condições de cultura definidas, utilizando-se o meio de Catlin e os caldos Mueller-Hinton e Tryptic Soja (TSB). Foram avaliadas as melhores condições para se obter vesículas de membrana externa (OMVs) contendo IRPs para uso em vacina de meningococo B. A expressão das IRPs variou entre as diferentes cepas com relação as diferentes concentrações de Etilenediamine Di-orto-Hidroxifenil-ácido acético (EDDA), de acordo com o meio de cultura e também entre os diferentes lotes de TSB. Para cada cepa, um específico padrão de ERPs foi expresso e altas concentrações de EDDA, adição de glicose ou o uso de diferentes meios de cultura não resultou em expressão diferencial das IRPs. Não foi possível cultivar meningococo em condições normais de crescimento utilizando-se Desferral. Foi investigado condições de crescimento para se obter bom rendimento de OMVs com expressão de IRPs em meio de Catlin deficiente em ferro, contendo EDDA e hemina. Cultura de 32 h a 30ºC, após incubação por 16 h a 37ºC, manteve bom crescimento, porém, lise da bactéria foi observada após 46 h a 30ºC. Aproximadamente 4 vezes mais OMVs foram recuperadas do sobrenadante de cultura após 24 h a 30ºC do que das células após 16 h a 37ºC. As IRPs foram bem expressas nas OMVs obtidas do sobrenadante de cultura após 24 h a 30ºC como também nas OMVs obtidas das células crescidas por 16 h a 37ºC.

The expression of iron regulated proteins (IRPs) in vitro has been obtained in the past by adding iron chelators to the culture after bacterial growth, in the presence of an organic iron source. We have investigated aspects concerning full expression of the meningococcal IRPs during normal growth, in defined conditions using Catlin medium, Mueller Hinton and Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB). The expression of IRPs varied between different strains with respect to Ethylenediamine Di-ortho-Hidroxy-phenyl-acetic acid (EDDA) concentrations, and according to culture medium, and also between different lots of TSB. For each strain, a specific set of IRPs were expressed and higher EDDA concentrations, or addition of glucose, or use of different culture media did not resulted in a differential expression of IRPs. We were not able to grow N. meningitidis under normal growth conditions using Desferal. We looked for a good yield of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) expressing IRPs in iron-deficient Catlin medium containing EDDA and Hemin. Culture for 32 h at 30ºC after growing for 16 h at 37ºC supported good bacterial growth. Bacterial lysis was noted after additional 24 h at 30ºC. Approximately 4 times more OMVs was recoverable from a culture supernatant after 24 h at 30ºC than from the cells after 16 h at 37ºC. The IRP were as well expressed in OMVs from culture supernatant obtained after 24 h at 30ºC as from the cells after 16 h at 37ºC.