Resumo Introdução O conhecimento dos fatores relacionados à perda dentária contribui para o planejamento das ações preventivas realizadas pelas Equipes de Saúde Bucal (ESBs). Objetivo Avaliar o indicador de proporção de exodontia nos municípios do estado de São Paulo e a sua relação com os indicadores socioeconômicos e cobertura das ESBs. Método Estudo ecológico com dados secundários dos 645 municípios do estado de São Paulo do ano de 2012. A variável dependente foi o percentual de exodontia mensurado pelo indicador de proporção de exodontia em relação aos procedimentos individuais realizados pelas ESBs, disponibilizado pelo Sistema de Informação da Atenção Básica. Foram considerados como variáveis independentes a cobertura populacional estimada pelas ESBs, o Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) dos municípios per capita, o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) e o Índice Paulista de Responsabilidade Social (IPRS). Foram aplicados modelos lineares generalizados, avaliados pelo p-valor do teste de Wald, AICC e grau de liberdade. Resultados Apresentaram maior proporção de extrações dentárias as cidades do estado de São Paulo com menor cobertura de ESBs (p < 0,0001), com menor valor de IDH (p < 0,0001) e com maior valor de IPRS (p = 0,0018). Conclusão A baixa cobertura de ESBs e as desigualdades socioeconômicas contribuem para aumentar as extrações dentárias no estado de São Paulo.

Abstract Background Knowledge about factors associated with tooth loss contributes to the planning of preventive actions carried out by Oral Health Teams (OHT). Objective To evaluate the proportion of dental extraction indicator in the cities of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, and its relationship with socioeconomic indicators and coverage of the OHT. Method Ecological study using secondary data from 654 municipalities in the state of São Paulo conducted in 2012. The dependent variable was the percentage of dental extraction measured by the proportion of this indicator in relation to individual procedures performed by the OHT provided by the Primary Health Care (PHC) Information System. The population coverage by the OHT, the per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the Human Development Index (HDI), and the São Paulo Social Responsibility Index (IPRS) of the municipalities were evaluated as independent variables. Generalized linear models, formulated by the Wald test p-value, Corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc), and degree of freedom, were applied. Results Higher proportions of dental extraction were found in the municipalities with lower coverage by OHT (p<0.0001), lower HDI value (p<0.0001), and higher IPRS value (p=0. 0018). Conclusion Low coverage by OHT and socioeconomic inequalities contribute to increased proportion of dental extractions in the state of São Paulo.

Abstract To investigate how the hydrofluoric acid (HF) concentrations applied to a lithium disilicate glass-ceramic (EMX) affects the surface morphology and microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of ceramics to dentin, using light-cured resin cements with or without UDMA. Sixty-three EMX square ceramic blocks were etched for 20 seconds using different HF concentrations (1%, 5% and 10%) and luted to dentin using two types of resin cement combinations: BisGMA/TEGDMA and BisGMA/TEGDMA/UDMA (n = 10). Each bonded EMX-dentin block was sectioned to obtain 1 mm2 sticks for μTBS evaluation. Half of the sticks were tested after 24 hours and the other half was assessed after 6 months of water storage. Data were statistically assessed using split-plot three-way ANOVA and multiple comparisons were performed using the Tukey's post hoc test (α = 0.05). One EMX sample from each HF concentration was analyzed using field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) to characterize the etching pattern. According to the FE-SEM images, increasing the concentration of HF from 1 to 5 and then to 10% led to increased removal of glassy matrix and greater exposure of lithium disilicate crystals. The 10% HF concentration yielded higher μTBS when compared to 1% for BisGMA/TEGDMA formulation (p < 0.05); whereas HF 1% and 5% showed similar μTBS values when compared to 10% HF for BisGMA/TEGDMA/UDMA resin matrix (p > 0.05) at both storage times. Water aging decreased the μTBS values (p < 0.05), except when 10% HF was associated with BisGMA/TEGDMA resin cement. Resin cement formulation and hydrofluoric acid concentrations can interfere with the immediate and long-term glass-ceramic bond strength to dentin.

AIM: This study evaluated saliva effects on enamel morphology surface after microabrasion technique. METHODS: Enamel blocks (16 mm2) obtained from bovine incisors were divided into 9 groups as follows: one control group (no treatment), four groups with microabrasion treatment using 35% phosphoric acid and pumice (H3PO4+Pum) and other four groups treated with 6.6% hydrochloric acid and silica (HCl+Sil). One group of each treatment was submitted to 4 frames of saliva exposure: without exposure, 1-h exposure, 24-h exposure, and 7-days exposure on in situ regimen. Nineteen volunteers (n=19), considered as statistical blocks, used an intraoral appliance containing the specimens, for 7 days. Enamel roughness (Ra) was tested before and after treatment, and after saliva exposure. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to evaluate qualitatively the enamel morphology. RESULTS: All groups exhibited increased Ra after microabrasion. With regards to saliva exposure, the treatment with HCl+Sil presented more susceptibility to the saliva action, but no period of time was efficient in re-establishing this characteristic compared with the control group. CLSM analysis showed reduction of the micro-abrasive damages during the experimental times. CONCLUSIONS: Seven days of saliva exposure were not sufficient for the treated enamel to reach its normal characteristics compared with the control group.

This in vitro study evaluated the effectiveness of whitening dentifrices for the removal of extrinsic tooth stains. Twenty dental blocks (4 x 4 mm), including enamel and dentine, removed from freshly extracted bovine incisors, were randomly divided into 4 groups: G1 - distilled water, G2 - Colgate, G3 - Crest Extra Whitening and G4 - Rapid White. In all specimens, the dentin was covered with colorless nail polish, and the enamel was left exposed. Next, the specimens were immersed in a solution of black tea, which was changed every 24 h, for a period of 6 days. After this period, a photo-reflectance reading was taken (Time 1) with a spectrometer. The stained specimens were then submitted to linear brushing movements (5,000 cycles) using brushes (Oral B-Soft) coupled to an automatic toothbrushing machine, under a static axial load of 200 g and with a speed of 4 movements/second, at 37°C, with the dentifrice or water being injected every 60 s. When toothbrushing ended, a second photo-reflectance reading was taken (Time 2). The results were submitted to two-criteria analysis of variance (ANOVA) and to the Tukey test ( = 0.05). When the two times for a same group were compared, Time 2 presented the highest reflectance values with statistical difference only for G3 and G4. Among the dentifrices tested, only the Rapid White group differed from the control group, presenting the highest reflectance values. Only the whitening dentifrice Rapid White was effective for the removal of extrinsic stains.

A cor do compósito e a polimerização realizada com a ponta do aparelho de fotoativação distante da superfície do compósito são fatores que podem afetar a efetividade de polimerização. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo in vitro foi avaliar a influência desses fatores na microdureza superficial de um compósito híbrido (Z250 - 3M ESPE). Quarenta e cinco espécimes de compósito foram aleatoriamente preparados de acordo com os nove grupos experimentais (n = 5): três distâncias de fotoativação (2 mm, 4 mm e 8 mm) e três cores de compósito (A1, A3,5 e C2). Todas as amostras foram fotoativadas com aparelho de fotoativação ajustado com intensidade contínua de 550 mW/cm². Após 24 horas, dez medidas de dureza Knoop foram obtidas nas superfícies de topo e fundo de cada amostra, com carga de 25 gramas por um tempo de 10 segundos. Resultados mostraram que, para a superfície de fundo, os grupos com a fotoativação realizada com distância de 2 e 4 mm apresentaram maiores médias do que os grupos com distância de 8 mm, e os grupos de cor A1 apresentaram maiores médias e com diferenças estatísticas que os grupos de cor C2, e o grupo A3,5 não apresentou diferenças estatísticas quando comparado aos outros grupos. Para a superfície de topo, não houve diferenças estatísticas significantes para os fatores estudados. Para todas as condições experimentais, a superfície de fundo apresentou médias de durezas estatisticamente menores do que as da superfície de topo. Pode-se concluir que os fatores cor do compósito e distância de polimerização são importantes fatores a serem considerados para a obtenção de adequada polimerização.

Resin composite shades and resin composite polymerization performed with a distanced light tip are factors that can affect polymerization effectiveness. Thisin vitro study aimed to evaluate the influence of curing tip distance and resin shade on the microhardness of a hybrid resin composite (Z250 - 3M ESPE). Forty-five resin composite specimens were randomly prepared and divided into nine experimental groups (n = 5): three curing tip distances (2 mm, 4 mm, and 8 mm) and three resin shades (A1, A3.5, and C2). All samples were polymerized with a continuous output at 550 mW/cm². After 24 hours, Knoop microhardness measurements were obtained on the top and bottom surfaces of the sample, with a load of 25 grams for 10 seconds. Five indentations were performed on each surface of each sample. Results showed that bottom surface samples light-cured at 2 mm and 4 mm presented significantly higher hardness values than samples light-cured at 8 mm. The resin shade A1 presented higher hardness values and was statistically different from C2. The resin shade A3.5 did not present statistical differences from A1 and C2. For the top surface, there were no statistical differences among the curing tip distances. For all experimental conditions, the top surface showed higher hardness values than the bottom surface. It was concluded that light curing tip distance and resin shade are important factors to be considered for obtaining adequate polymerization.

O propósito deste estudo in vitro foi avaliar em diferentes tempos a rugosidade superficial do esmalte dental humano clareado com peróxido de carbamida a 35% e submetido a diferentes tratamentos superficiais de limpeza: G1 - não escovado; G2 - escovado com dentifrício fluoretado abrasivo; G3 - escovado com dentifrício não fluoretado abrasivo; G4 - escovado sem dentifrício. Sessenta fragmentos de molares humanos com 4 x 4 mm foram obtidos através do seccionamento com discos diamantados. Os espécimes foram polidos com lixas e pastas abrasivas. Um perfilômetro foi utilizado para determinar os valores da média de dureza Ra ("roughness average") iniciais e a cada intervalo de 7 dias após o início do tratamento clareador. O clareamento foi realizado na superfície dos fragmentos por 1 hora semanalmente, e os tratamentos superficiais, por 3 minutos diariamente. No restante do tempo, os espécimes eram armazenados em receptáculos individuais com saliva artificial. A análise de variância e o teste de Tukey revelaram diferenças estatísticas significantes na rugosidade superficial em função do tempo. G2 e G3 demonstraram um aumento nos valores de rugosidade; G1 e G4 não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas. O clareamento com peróxido de carbamida a 35% não altera a rugosidade superficial do esmalte humano, mas, quando associado ao tratamento superficial com abrasivos, ocorre um aumento significante da rugosidade superficial.

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the surface roughness of human enamel bleached with 35% carbamide peroxide at different times and submitted to different superficial cleaning treatments: G1 - not brushed; G2 - brushed with fluoride abrasive dentifrice; G3 - brushed with a non-fluoride abrasive dentifrice; G4 - brushed without dentifrice. Sixty fragments of human molar teeth with 4 x 4 mm were obtained using a diamond disc. The specimens were polished with sandpaper and abrasive pastes. A perfilometer was used to measure roughness average (Ra) values of the initial surface roughness and at each 7-day-interval after the beginning of treatment. The bleaching was performed on the surface of the fragments for 1 hour a week, and the surface cleaning treatment for 3 minutes daily. The samples were stored in individual receptacles with artificial saliva. Analysis of variance and the Tukey test revealed significant differences in surface roughness values for G2 and G3, which showed an increase in roughness over time; G1 and G4 showed no significant roughness differences. The bleaching with 35% carbamide peroxide did not alter the enamel surface roughness, but when the bleaching treatment was performed combined with brushing with abrasive dentifrices, there was a significant increase in roughness values.

A presença de impurezas vegetais, como folhas verdes e secas, nos carregamentos de cana-de-açúcar entregues nas usinas de açúcar, tem preocupado os técnicos não somente por se tratar de um material sem qualquer valor tecnológico para processamento, como ainda por poder causar aumento na cor do caldo clarificado e conseqüentemente na cor do açúcar produzido, com redução de sua qualidade para o mercado; outro problema é o volume do lodo decantado nos clarificadores, cujo aumento causa maior recirculação e maior volume do caldo filtrado, com maiores perdas de sacarose e maior utilização dos filtros rotativos a vácuo. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a clarificação do caldo de cana-de-açúcar com a adição de folhas verdes e folhas secas, tendo como controle a adição de fibra do colmo. Os ensaios foram delineados tendo como base a adição de quantidades das fontes fibrosas - folha verde, folha seca e fibra do colmo - para formular amostras que correspondessem a acréscimos absolutos de 0,25 , 0,50 e 0,75 ponto percentual sobre o teor de fibra do colmo da cana. Os efeitos sobre a clarificação do caldo, conduzida em clarificador de bancada em laboratório, foram avaliados pela cor do caldo clarificado e o volume de lodo decantado. Na presença de folhas verdes ocorreu uma elevação da cor do caldo clarificado e do volume de lodo decantado. Da folha verde são extraídos água e compostos que são responsáveis por alterações na composição do caldo; devido à presença de componentes não-sacarose o extrato foliar interfere na clarificação do caldo. Da folha seca também foram extraídos compostos solúveis, todavia não detectados através das análises do caldo. A fibra do colmo não afetou a clarificação.

The presence of vegetal impurities in sugarcane delivered to sugarmills as green and dry leaves is a problem not only because they are non-value materials to be processed along with sugarcane stalks, but also because they can rise the color of the clarified juice and, consequently, the color of the sugar produced, with a reduction of its quality for the market. Another problem is the mud volume sedimented in the clarifiers, which also can result in a larger recirculation and greater volume of filtrate juice, with higher losses of sucrose and utilization of the vacuum rotary filters. The objective of this work was to observe the effect of the presence of green and dry leaves on sugarcane juice clarification, related to a control treatment with the addition of fiber extracted from the stalks. The experiments were planned based on the addition of quantities of fibrous sources in order to formulate samples with absolute increase of 0.25 , 0.50 and 0.75 percentual points over the fiber content of the sugarcane stalks (control treatment). The juice clarification was conducted with a laboratory clarifier. The clarified juice color and the mud volume were evaluated. The presence of green leaves caused higher color and mud volume due to the extraction of non-sucrose components of the leaves. Soluble compounds of dry leaves were also extracted, though not detected by juice analysis. The addition of the fiber extracted from the stalks did not induce alterations in the clarification process.

Durante três anos agrícolas foi conduzido um experimento em Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro álico, textura argilosa em Mococa, SP, para estudar o efeito da aplicação de doses de calcário dolomítico (0, 3,5 e 7 t ha-1) e de potássio (0, 150, 300, 450 e 600 kg ha-1 de K2O na forma de KCl) sobre a produtividade da soja. Os dois insumos foram aplicados a lanço e incorporados ao solo. Foram utilizados os cultivares IAC-17 e FT-2, ambos com 110 dias de ciclo, cujas sementes foram inoculadas com Bradyrhizobium fixador do N atmosférico. Na análise conjunta, verificou-se que a máxima eficiência técnica seria obtida com 383 e 441 kg ha-1 de K2O, em associação, respectivamente, com 3,5 e 7 t ha-1 de calcário, e também quando as relações de (Ca + Mg)/K foram, em média, de 14 a 23 no solo. A produtividade do cv. FT-2 sempre foi maior do que a do IAC-17, exceto na ausência da adubação potássica. As produtividades máximas de 2384 e 1786 kg ha-1, foram obtidas para os cultivares FT-2 e IAC-17 com a adubação de 450 e 370 kg ha-1 de K2O, respectivamente. Com os mesmos 370 kg ha-1 de K2O aplicados no cv. IAC-17, seriam obtidos 2354 kg ha-1 com o cv. FT-2, o que é indicativo da maior eficiência deste genótipo na utilização do nutriente potássico aplicado.

An experiment was carried out on analic Dark Red Latosol in Mococa, SP, Brazil, during three years, to study the effects of the application of dolomitic limestone (0, 3.5 and 7 t ha-1) and of potassium (0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 kg ha-1 of K2O in the form of KCl ) broadcasted. Two soybean cultivars, IAC-17 and FT-2, of 110 day cycle were utilized, the latter being more demanding for potassium. The results of three crops showed that in the absence of liming there is no response to potassium. Maximum yields were obtained at the rate of 383 and 441 kg ha-1 of K2O, respectively in the presence of 3.5 and 7.0t ha-1 of dolomitic limestone, where the soil ratio (Ca + Mg)/K were in average between 14 and 23. The cv. FT-2 had always a higher yield than IAC-17, except when no potassium was applied. Cultivars FT-2 and IAC-17 produced maximum grain yields of 2384 and 1786 kg ha-1 with the application of 450 and 370 kg ha-1 of K2O, respectively. At the 370 kg ha-1, FT-2 produced a yield of 2354 kg ha-1 of soybean grains, showing that it is more efficient in utilizing the potassium fertilizer in comparison to cultivar IAC-17.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo verificar o efeito da presença de folhas verdes e folhas secas nos parâmetros tecnológicos do caldo da cana-de-açúcar, tendo como controle a adição de fibra do colmo. Os ensaios foram delineados tendo por base a adição de quantidades das fontes fibrosas - folha verde, folha seca e fibra do colmo - para formular amostras que correspondessem a acréscimos absolutos de 0,25 ; 0,50 e 0,75 pontos porcentuais sobre o teor de fibra da cana do tratamento controle. Os resultados mostraram que a presença de folhas verdes causaram redução no Brix, pol e pureza do caldo, e elevação do teor de açúcares redutores e cinzas do caldo. Estes resultados, estatísticamente significativos a nível de 1% de probabilidade, foram expressos por equações de regressão linear e coeficiente de correlação. A presença de folhas secas bem como a adição de fibra do próprio colmo, não induziram a alterações no caldo.

The objective was to observe the effect of the presence of green leaves and dry leaves on technological parameters of sugarcane juice, related to a control treatment with the addition of fiber extracted from the stalks. The experiment was based on the addition of known quantities of fibrous sources, in order to formulate samples with absolute increases of 0.25; 0.50 and 0.75 percentual points over the fiber content of the sugarcane control tretment. The green leaves caused a reduction of the Brix, pol and juice purity, and an increase on the juice content of reducing sugars and ash. These results, statiscally significant at the level of 1% of probability, were expressed by linear regression equations and correlation coeficients. The presence of dry leaves extracted from their stalks as fiber addition, did not induce alterations in the juice.