Abstract Background: Skin cancer incidence is increasing alarmingly, despite current efforts trying to improve its early detection. Community pharmacists have proven success in implementing screening protocols for a number of diseases because of their skills and easy access. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of skin cancer risk factors and the photoprotection habits with a questionnaire in community pharmacy users. Methods: A research group consisting of pharmacists and dermatologists conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study to assess photoprotection habits and skin cancer risk factors by using a validated questionnaire in 218 community pharmacies in Barcelona from May 23rd to June 13th 2016. All participants received health education on photoprotection and skin cancer prevention. Patients with ≥1 skin cancer risk factor were referred to their physician, as they needed further screening of skin cancer. Results: A total of 5,530 participants were evaluated. Of those, only 20.2% participants had received a total body skin examination for skin cancer screening in the past by a physician and 57.1% reported using a SPF 50+ sunscreen. 53.9% participants presented ≥1 skin cancer risk factor: 11.8% participants reported having skin cancer familial history and 6.2% reported skin cancer personal history; pharmacists found ≥10 melanocytic nevi in 43.8% participants and chronically sun-damaged skin in 21.4%. Lesions suspicious for melanoma were reported in 10.9% of the participants and urgent dermatological evaluation was recommended. Conclusions: Pharmacists can detect people with skin cancer risk factors amongst their users. This intervention can be considered in multidisciplinary strategies of skin cancer screening.

RESUMO Introdução: A elevação da prevalência de doença renal crônica (DRC) traz consigo um impacto potencial sobre o risco de aceleração da demência. A possível associação entre taxa de filtração glomerular (TFGe) e desempenho cognitivo foi pouco estudada. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os níveis de desempenho cognitivo em indivíduos com diferentes graus de função renal. Métodos: Foram analisados 240 pacientes ambulatoriais atendidos em um serviço de nefrologia classificados segundo a TFGe em grupos com DRC avançada (≤ 30ml/min/1,73m2), moderada (30,1ml/min/1,73m2 a ≤ 60ml/min/1,73m2) ou leve (> 60ml/min/1,73m2). Testes de memória por listas de palavras, fluência semântica, o mini exame do estado mental e o teste das trilhas (TT) foram aplicados para avaliar o desempenho cognitivo. No TT, escores mais baixos representam melhor cognição. Na regressão linear, função cognitiva foi considerada como variável dependente, enquanto os grupos baseados na TFGe foram considerados como variáveis explicativas. O grupo com TFGe > 60ml/min foi utilizado como referência e os modelos foram ajustados para fatores de confusão. Resultados: Em nossa população (n = 240), 64 pacientes (26,7%) foram diagnosticados com DRC avançada, 98 (40,8%) com DRC moderada e 78 (32,5%) com DRC leve. Não houve diferença estatística entre eles no MEEM ou no teste de fluência verbal. Contudo, em relação aos indivíduos com DRC leve, os pacientes com DRC avançada apresentaram desempenho cognitivo significativamente pior medido pelo TT A [50,8s ± 31,1s x 66,6s ± 35,7s (p = 0,016)] e TT B [92,7s ± 46,2s x 162,4s ± 35,7s (p < 0,001)]. Escores significativamente mais baixos no TT B (IC95%) 33,0s (4,5-61,6s) foram observados nos pacientes com DRC leve em comparação com o grupo com DRC avançada na análise multivariada ajustada para idade, escolaridade, sexo, diabetes e uso de álcool. Conclusão: DRC avançada esteve independentemente associada a pior desempenho cognitivo medido por um teste de desempenho executivo em comparação à DRC leve.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing, with a potential impact in the risk of acceleration of dementia. The potential association between glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and cognitive performance was scarcely studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate cognitive performance levels across different degrees of kidney function. Methods: We analyzed 240 outpatients in a nephrology service, classified according to eGFR: Advanced (≤ 30ml/min/1.73m2), Moderate (30,1ml/min/1.73m2 to ≤ 60ml/min/1.73m2), and Mild CKD (> 60ml/min/1.73m2). Word list memory, Semantic fluency, Mental State Mini Exam and Trail Making Test (TMT) were applied to evaluate cognitive performance. In the TMT, lower scores are associated with better cognition. In linear regression, cognitive function was considered as dependent variables while groups based on eGFR were considered explanatory variables. The group with eGFR > 60ml/min was the reference and models were adjusted for confounding factors. Results: In our population (n = 240) 64 patients (26.7%) were classified as having advanced, 98(40,8%) moderate, and 78(32,5%) mild. There was no statistical difference among them in MMSE or in the verbal fluency test. However, comparing to mild, patients with advanced CKD presented significantly worse cognitive performance measured by TMTA [50,8s ± 31.1s versus 66,6s ± 35,7s (p = 0.016)] and TMTB [92,7s ± 46,2s versus 162,4s ± 35,7s (p < 0.001)]. Significantly lower TMTB scores (CI95%) 33,0s (4,5-61,6s) were observed in patients with mild compared to advanced CKD in the multivariate analysis adjusting for age, education, sex, diabetes, and alcohol use. Conclusion: Advanced CKD is independently associated with poorer cognitive performance measured by an executive performance test compared to mild CKD.

RESUMO Objetivos: Olho de porco é frequentemente usa do como modelos de pesquisa. Este estudo analisa o efeito de di ferentes métodos de armazenamento na preservação da transparência do cristalino de porco. Métodos: Uma curva de transmissão espectral (de 220 até 780 nm) para o cristalino foi experimentalmente determinada após armazenamento em diferentes condições: solução salina, formol, óleo de mamona e congelamento a -80°C. Transmissão total do espectro visível, que foi usada como um índice de transparência foi calculada a partir dessas curvas. Para fins comparativos, lentes frescas foram avaliadas e usadas como controles. Resultados: O armazenamento do cristalino suíno em solução salina ou óleo de mamona resultou uma perda de transparência de aproximadamente 10% após 24 h e o armazenamento em formol resultou uma perda de quase 30%. O armazenamento por congelamento a -80°C durante 4 semanas manteve a transparência do cristalino; a transmissão espectral medida imediatamente após o descongelamen to à temperatura ambiente coincidiu exatamente com a da lente extraída recentemente. Conclusão: A transparência do cristalino suíno é afetada pelo método de armazenamento. O espectro visível é o mais afetado, evidenciado pelo efeito sobre a transparência e consequentemente a quantidade de luz transmitida. Os resultados mostram que o congelamento a -80°C mantém a transparência do cristalino suíno por pelo menos 4 semanas.

ABSTRACT Purpose: The porcine eye is frequently used as a research model. This paper analyzes the effect of different storage methods on the transparency of pig crystalline lens. Methods: A spectral transmission curve (from 220 to 780 nm) for the crystalline lens was determined experimentally after storage in different conditions: saline solution, formalin, castor oil, and freezing at -80°C. The total transmission in the visible spectrum, which was used as an index of transparency, was calculated from these curves. For comparative purposes, fresh lenses were evaluated and used as controls. Results: Storing the porcine crystalline lens in saline solution or castor oil resulted in a transparency loss of approximately 10% after 24 h and storage in formalin resulted in a loss of nearly 30%. Storage by freezing at -80°C for 4 weeks maintained the transparency of the crystalline lens; the spectral transmission measured immediately after defrosting at room temperature coincided exactly with that of the freshly extracted lens. Conclusions: The transparency of porcine crystalline lens is affected by the storage method. The visible spectrum is the most affected, evidenced by the effect on the transparency and consequently the amount of light transmitted. The results show that freezing at -80°C maintains the transpa rency of the crystalline lens for at least 4 weeks.

Abstract Mining for iron resources in the Gavà area of Catalonia occurred intermittently during the Iberian and Roman epochs, the Middle Ages, and continuing until the industrial era, as evidenced by historical and archaeological documents.. Iron mining in this area could have occurred even earlier, during the Neolithic period. Iron ores were formed in two stages: (1) a regional hydrothermal alteration associated with Hercynian thrusts that produced the ankeritization of limestones within the Paleozoic series, and (2) the karstic replacement of these iron-rich carbonates during the Pliocene and Quaternary by means of supergenic fluids that produced ochres with goethite and hematite. The style of mineralization largely depends on the characteristics of the replaced protolith, and three styles of mineralization can be defined: (1)The supergenic replacement of ankeritized massive Pridolian limestones only produced local replacements that were restricted to structural or stratigraphic discontinuities, therefore, the mineralization has reduced dimensions and occurs as irregular veinlets or pipes; (2) The replacement of interbedded ankeritized limestones and pyrite-bearing shales (Lockovian) produced massive ores in pod-shaped bodies rich in silica impurities derived from the altered shales; and (3) The replacement of carbonates overthrust by pyrite- and phosphate-rich shales favored the formation of massive stratabound deposits, which are the largest and highest grade deposits in the study area, and may be locally enriched in minerals of the alunite supergroup and Ca- and Fe-rich phosphates. Outcrops of all of these styles of mineralization were mined by the Iberian cultures, during the roman period and in the Middle Ages, taking advantage of the relatively high metallurgical quality of the ores.Therefore, the exploitation during these epochs was artisanal by means of trenches or small pits. In contrast, during the industrial era only the massive stratabound deposits were exploited in open pits and underground galleries.

Resumen La minería de los recursos de hierro del área de Gavà (Cataluña) fue activa de forma intermitente durante las épocas Ibérica y Romana, la Edad Media, y hasta la era industrial, lo cual se ha probado mediante datos arqueológicos y documentos históricos. Es posible que, inclusive, la minería de hierro en el área haya existido durante el periodo Neolítico. Las mineralizaciones de hierro se formaron en dos estadios: (1) alteración hidrotermal regional asociada a cabalgamientos Hercínicos que produjo ankeritizaciones de calizas en las series del Paleozoico, y (2) el reemplazamiento kárstico de los carbonatos ricos en hierro durante el Plioceno y el Cuaternario por medio de fluidos supergénicos que produjeron ocres con goethita y hematites. El estilo de mineralización depende en gran medida de las características del protolito reemplazado, lo cual lleva a la definición de tres estilos de mineralización: (1) El reemplazamiento supergénico de calizas masivas ankeritizadas del Pridoliense produjo únicamente reemplazamientos locales restringidos a discontinuidades estructurales o estratigráficas por lo tanto, las mineralizaciones son de dimensiones reducidas en forma de vetillas o masas verticales irregulares; (2) El reemplazamiento de alternancias de calizas ankeritizadas con pizarras que contienen pirita diseminada (Lockoviense) produjo bolsadas de mineralizaciones masivas ricas en sílice derivadas de las pizarras alteradas; (3) El reemplazamiento de carbonatos cabalgados por pizarras ricas en sulfuros y fosfatos favoreció la formación de mineralizaciones estratoligadas masivas, que son las de mayor tamaño y grado en el área de estudio, pudiendo estar localmente enriquecidas en minerales del supergrupo de la alunita y en fosfatos de Ca y Fe. Afloramientos de todos estos estilos de mineralización fueron explotadas tanto en la antigüedad como en la Edad Media, aprovechando la alta calidad metalúrgica de las menas, pese a que los dos primeros estilos de mineralización presentan cuerpos de reducido tamaño. Por ello, en dichas épocas la explotación fue artesanal mediante trincheras o pocillos. En cambio, en la época industrial sólo se beneficiaron los recursos masivos del tercer estilo de mineralización a cielo abierto y a través de galerías.

Abstract The Gavà Neolithic Mining Complex (GNMC) located in Catalonia was devoted to the exploitation of green variscite used in the crafting of ornaments. Archaeological works in more than 100 mines indicated that this mining activity was carried out ~5800 years before present. GNMC constitutes (1) one of the earliest known examples of underground mining in Europe, (2) the earliest example of large-scale mining for ornamental use, and (C) the earliest of the application of complex geological and mining concepts. In the GNMC variscite is found as two distinct styles: (1) replacement of thin fluorapatite beds, which are interbedded with pyritic organic-rich black shales of Silurian age; and (2) veinlets crosscutting these materials. This set of geological materials is unconformably covered locally by Quaternary calcretes. Variscite formed as a result of Quaternary supergene processes, which oxidized the pyrite and produced acidic, oxidized solutions. The resulting fluids mobilized phosphate from apatite and leached Al and organic matter out of Silurian shales, thus leading to the precipitation of the Al-rich phosphates as vein infillings and strata-bound replacements after apatite. The formation of variscite is restricted to the extent of the oxidizing front, and variscite of both mineralization styles changes in color from yellowish green near the surface to deep green in depth. The study area contains two mining fields: Can Tintorer and Can Badosa-Les Ferreres range. The presence of abundant subvertical variscite veins in Can Tintorer allowed a complex development of galleries at different exploitation levels communicated by shafts and ramps, achieving 15 meters depth. The exploitation by Neolithic miners was by overhand and underhand stoping; they also used pillars and refilling of older exploitations to avoid the mine collapsing. These mines were opened in many cases by shafts that were dug directly through hard Quaternary calcretes, favoring the galleries’ stability and revealing that miners understood that mineralization continues underneath the calcrete cover. Geological mapping reveals that exploitations in the Can Badosa-Les Ferreres area are simple, showing a single entrance to simple galleries or ramps attaining less than 5 m in depth and directly excavated on phosphate outcrops. Contrastingly, the mines in the Can Tintorer area have several entrances that consist of vertical shafts through a Quaternary cover, presenting an intricate geometry with many large and communicated galleries at different depths with a system of cameras and pillars. Although the development of both mining areas was essentially contemporaneous, the Can Badosa-Les Ferreres area can only be considered an exploration area. In addition, mining was carried out on minerals adjacent to variscite, not directly on variscite veins themselves, thus indicating that the miners were effectively using a wealth of geological knowledge that was previously acquired in the complex operations in the Can Tintorer mines.

Resumen El Complejo Minero Neolítico de Gavà (CMNG) ubicado en Cataluña tuvo como objeto la explotación de la variscita verde utilizada para la elaboración de adornos y joyería. Los trabajos arqueológicos en más de 100 minas indican que la minera en este complejo se llevó a cabo ~5800 años antes del presente. CMNG constituye (A) uno de los primeros ejemplos conocidos de minería subterránea en Europa, (B) posiblemente el ejemplo más antiguo de minería a gran escala para uso ornamental y (C) el ejemplo más antiguo de aplicación de conceptos geológicos y mineros complejos. En el CMNG, la variscita se encuentra en dos estilos distintos: (1) reemplazamientos de láminas delgadas de fluorapatito intercaladas con pizarras negras ricas en minerales orgánicos de edad silúrica y (2) vetillas que cortan transversalmente estos materiales. El conjunto está cubierto discordantemente y localmente por caliches del Cuaternario. La variscita se formó como resultado de procesos supergénicos cuaternarios que oxidaron la pirita produciendo soluciones ácidas y oxidadas. Los fluidos resultantes movilizaron fosfato de apatito y lixiviaron Al y materia orgánica de las pizarras, lo cual condujo a la precipitación de los fosfatos ricos en Al como rellenos de venas y de reemplazamientos estratoligados de apatito. La formación de variscita se restringió a la extensión del frente de oxidación, y la variscita de ambos estilos de mineralización varia de color verde amarillento, en superficie, hasta verde profundo, en profundidad. El área de estudio contiene dos campos mineros: Can Tintorer y Can Badosa-Les Ferreres. La presencia de abundantes vetas subverticales de variscita en Can Tintorer permitió un complejo desarrollo de galerías en diferentes niveles de explotación comunicadas por pozos y rampas, logrando 15 metros de profundidad. La explotación empleada por los mineros neolíticos fue mediante realce ascendente y descendente; también usaron pilares y rellenos de explotaciones más antiguas para evitar el colapso de la mina. Estas minas fueron abiertas en muchos casos por pozos que fueron cavados directamente en duros caliches cuaternarios, favoreciendo la estabilidad de las galerías y revelando que los mineros comprendían la continuidad de la mineralización por debajo de la cubierta de caliches. El mapeo geológico revela que las explotaciones en el área de Can Badosa-Les Ferreres son simples, mostrando una entrada única a galerías simples o rampas que alcanzan menos de 5 m de profundidad y excavadas directamente en afloramientos de fosfatos. En contraste, las minas en el área de Can Tintorer tienen varias entradas y consisten en pozos verticales a través de una cubierta cuaternaria, presentando una intrincada geometría con muchas galerías grandes y comunicadas a diferentes profundidades con un sistema de cámaras y pilares. Aunque el desarrollo de ambas áreas mineras fue esencialmente contemporáneo, Can Badosa-Les Ferreres puede considerarse como un área de exploración. Además, la minería se llevó a cabo en minerales adyacentes a la variscita, no directamente en las venas de variscita, lo cual indica que los mineros usaron de forma efectiva un caudal de conocimiento geológico que se adquirió previamente a las complejas operaciones en las minas de Can Tintorer.

Introduction: Recently there has been an increase in energy drink consumption in young and adolescents, leading to caffeine abuse. This increased consumption served as motivation for creating an educational workshop in a collective of adolescents. The aim of this work was improving the level of knowledge about energy drinks and to assess the impact on the knowledge of the workshop. Material and Methods: It was performed an intervention study with pre- and post- intervention assessment in a high school in Manresa, Barcelona. A questionnaire about energy drinks was applied before and after performing an educational workshop designed with teaching techniques, according to the preferred Learning Styles. Results: The learning techniques used in the workshop, corresponded to the preferred strategies for aural style (32.3%) and kinesthetic style (23.7%). In the previous assessment: 76.3% of adolescents define Energy Drinks as isotonic drinks, the most recognize their high caffeine content (95%); 61.3% consider that provide energy for the sport, 76.3% that can cause nervousness and 28% believe that they must not be consumed by adolescents. In the post-intervention assessment increased the number of correct answers to all questions in the questionnaire. Conclusions: Most of the adolescents have little or no knowledge about energy drinks and about health consequences of their consumption. This knowledge increased significantly after an educational workshop with participatory and cooperatives techniques which were selected according to the preferred learning strategies of the participants.

Introducción: La popularidad de que gozan las bebidas energéticas entre los adolescentes y jóvenes, ha aumentado en los últimos años. El aumento del consumo entre los estudiantes motivó el diseño de un taller educativo en un grupo de adolescentes, con el objetivo de aumentar el nivel de conocimientos sobre las características de estos refrescos y sobre sus posibles efectos para la salud; así como de evaluar el impacto del taller respecto a estos conocimientos. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de intervención con evaluación pre- y post- intervención en un instituto de Manresa, Barcelona. Se aplicó un cuestionario de conocimientos sobre las Bebidas Energéticas antes y después de realizar un taller educativo, en el que se emplearon técnicas de enseñanza afines a los Estilos de Aprendizaje preferentes de los participantes. Resultados: Las técnicas de enseñanza, correspondieron a las estrategias preferentes para los estilos auditivo (32,3%) y quinestésico (23,7%) predominantes en el colectivo. En la evaluación previa: el 76,3% de los adolescentes definen las Bebidas Energéticas como isotónicas para deportistas, la mayoría reconocen su elevado contenido en cafeína (95%), el 61,3% considera que aportan energía para el deporte, el 76,3% que pueden provocar nerviosismo y el 28% creen que no han de ser consumidas por adolescentes. En la evaluación posintervención aumentó el número de estudiantes que respondió correctamente en todas las preguntas del cuestionario. Conclusiones: Un gran número de adolescentes tiene poco o nulo conocimiento sobre las características de las bebidas energéticas y las consecuencias de su consumo para la salud, que mejora significativamente tras la realización de un taller a través de técnicas de enseñanza participativas y cooperativas afines a las estrategias de aprendizaje preferente de los participantes.

Authenticity at work is characterized as the extent to which individuals feel and act coherently with themselves. The objective in this study was to adapt and obtain initial construct validity evidence of the Individual Authenticity Measure at Work in the Brazilian context. The sample consisted of 477 employees, who answered an initial version of the scale, consisting of 12 items. To correlate the measure with other variables, tools were used to measure positive and negative constructs associated with work and life. The results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses permitted the complete reproduction of the three-factor structure of the original version. The authentic experience was positively correlated with positive and significant aspects of work and life and negatively with negative aspects of work and life, while the opposite happened with self-alienation. It was concluded that the scale demonstrated initial construct validity evidences, which recommends its use for future research situations.

La autenticidad en el trabajo se caracteriza por el grado en que los individuos se sienten y actúan coherentemente con ellos mismos. El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar y obtener evidencia inicial de la validez de constructo de la medida de Autenticidad Individual en el Trabajo en el contexto brasileño. La muestra está formada por 477 empleados, que respondieron a una versión inicial de la escala, que consta de 12 artículos. Para correlacionar la medida con otras variables, se utilizaron instrumentos para medir constructos positivos y negativos asociados con el trabajo y la vida. Los resultados de las análisis factoriales exploratorios y confirmatorios han permitido la reproducción completa de la estructura de tres factores de la versión original. La experiencia auténtica se correlacionó positivamente con los aspectos positivos y significativos de la vida laboral y negativamente con los aspectos negativos del trabajo y la vida, mientras que lo contrario ocurrió con la auto-alienación. Se concluyó que la escala demostró evidencias iniciales de validez de constructo que recomiendan su uso para situaciones futuras de investigación.

Introduction: fast track pathways for diagnosis of cancer intend to decrease delays in diagnosis and treatment of cancer. It is recommended to initiate treatment in a period no longer than 30 days since admission in these circuits. Aims: to know the characteristics and fluency of our Fast Track Diagnostic Pathway (FTDP) for Colorectal Cancer (CRC), with special attention to those patients selected for surgical treatment as a first choice. Material and method: all patients who entered the FTDP for CRC during a period of 2 years (2008-2009) were analyzed as well as the rest of patients also diagnosed with CRC but never seen in the FTDP. Results: of the 316 patients referred to the FTDP only 78 (24.7%) were diagnosed as having some kind of cancer derived from the digestive system. At the end 61 patients (19.3%) were diagnosed with CCR. The time interval from entry into the FTDP to the first hospital visit was 3 days (range 1-8), and the interval until colonoscopy was performed was 11.5 days (range 1-41). 14 (41.1%) of those patients chosen for surgery were operated on in a period lesser than 30 days while 28 patients (82.3%) underwent surgery before day 45 since admission into the circuit. Conclusions: though the functioning of the FTDP is acceptable, any increase in number of patients can generate delays. For this reason it is advisable to have a team to assure a good functioning of the FTDP. A proper follow-up of the whole process will possibly avoid unnecessary delays and it will improve coordination of the different phases of the fast track pathway and treatment. As the diagnostic outcome is poor it is mandatory to implement alternatives programs like screening of asymptomatic population, allowing an early detection of this condition.

Introducción: los circuitos de diagnóstico rápido de cáncer (CDRC) pretenden disminuir las demoras en el diagnóstico y tratamiento del cáncer colorrectal (CCR). Se recomienda el inicio del primer tratamiento en un plazo de 30 días desde la entrada en el circuito de diagnóstico rápido. Objetivos: conocer las características y fluidez de nuestro circuito de diagnóstico rápido del cáncer colorrectal (CDRC). Centrando el interés en los pacientes cuyo primer tratamiento va a ser el quirúrgico. Material y método: se analizan los pacientes que ingresan el circuito de diagnóstico rápido durante un periodo de 2 años (2008-2009) y también los pacientes diagnosticados durante el tiempo del estudio por otras vías. Resultados: acceden al circuito de diagnóstico rápido 316 pacientes, 78 pacientes (24,7%) presentan cáncer digestivo, siendo finalmente diagnosticados de CCR 61 pacientes (19,3%). El intervalo de tiempo desde la entrada al CDRC hasta la primera visita en el hospital fue de 3 días (rango 1-8), y el intervalo hasta la realización de la colonoscopia fue de 11,5 días (rango 1-41). Los pacientes candidatos a cirugía que fueron intervenidos en un intervalo inferior a 30 días fueron 14 (41,1%), 28 pacientes (82,3%) fueron intervenidos antes de los 45 días. Conclusiones: la rapidez del circuito es aceptable pero cualquier aumento de la demanda puede generar retrasos, con lo que un responsable de seguimiento del proceso posiblemente evitará demoras y mejorará la coordinación en las diferentes fases del circuito y tratamiento. El rendimiento diagnóstico es bajo por lo que hay que pensar en la aplicación de alternativas ya existentes, como el cribado poblacional, que permitan el diagnóstico precoz en pacientes que aún no presentan sintomatología.

Objectives: To compare the risk of occupational injury (OI) by nationality in 2003 and 2004. Methods: OI were grouped into those occurring in Spaniards and those occurring in foreigners. For 2003, the first year in which this variable was available and there were a significant number of OI without a nationality code, classification of OI was as follows: (A) consideration of OI without a nationality code as occurring in foreigners, and (B) exclusion of OI without a nationality code from the analysis. Results: According to definition A, the relative risk (Spaniards as reference) of non-fatal OI was 4.39 (95%CI, 4.38-4.42) and 5.0 (4.5-5.6) for fatal OI. According to definition B, the relative risk of non-fatal OI was 0.72 (95%CI, 0.71-0.73) and 1.2 (95%CI, 0.9-1.5) for fatal OI. In 2004, when there were no codification problems, the relative risk was 0.95 (95%CI, 0.94-0.96) for non-fatal OI and 1.2 (95%CI, 0.9-1.4) for fatal OI. Conclusions: These highly contradictory results indicate the need to continue to monitor this occupational health problem, as well as to seek adequate management of data quality.

Objetivos: Comparar el riesgo de lesiones por accidente de trabajo (LAT) según la nacionalidad para 2003 y 2004. Métodos: Las LAT fueron agrupadas en trabajadores españoles y extranjeros. Para 2003, primer año en que se recogía esta variable y con un número importante de LAT con códigos inexistentes, hubo dos categorías de extranjeros: A, considerando las LAT con códigos inexistentes como extranjeros, y B, excluyendo las LAT con códigos inexistentes. Resultados: El riesgo relativo (extranjeros frente a españoles) de LAT no mortales fue de 4,39 (intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 4,38-4,42) y de 5 (IC del 95%, 4,5-5,6) para las LAT mortales, según la definición A, y de 0,72 (IC del 95%, 0,71-0,73) para las no mortales y 1,2 (IC del 95%, 0,9-1,5) para los mortales, según la definición B. En 2004, donde no hubo problemas en la codificación, el riego relativo de LAT mortales fue de 0,95 (IC del 95%, 0,94-0,96) y de 1,2 (IC del 95%, 0,9-1,4) para las no mortales. Conclusiones: Estos resultados, tan contradictorios, obligan a seguir haciendo un seguimiento de este problema de salud laboral, a la vez que solicitar una gestión adecuada de la calidad de los datos.

Objectives: To compare the risk of occupational injury (OI) by nationality in 2003 and 2004. Methods: OI were grouped into those occurring in Spaniards and those occurring in foreigners. For 2003, the first year in which this variable was available and there were a significant number of OI without a nationality code, classification of OI was as follows: (A) consideration of OI without a nationality code as occurring in foreigners, and (B) exclusion of OI without a nationality code from the analysis. Results: According to definition A, the relative risk (Spaniards as reference) of non-fatal OI was 4.39 (95%CI, 4.38-4.42) and 5.0 (4.5-5.6) for fatal OI. According to definition B, the relative risk of non-fatal OI was 0.72 (95%CI, 0.71-0.73) and 1.2 (95%CI, 0.9-1.5) for fatal OI. In 2004, when there were no codification problems, the relative risk was 0.95 (95%CI, 0.94-0.96) for non-fatal OI and 1.2 (95%CI, 0.9-1.4) for fatal OI. Conclusions: These highly contradictory results indicate the need to continue to monitor this occupational health problem, as well as to seek adequate management of data quality.

Objetivos: Comparar el riesgo de lesiones por accidente de trabajo (LAT) según la nacionalidad para 2003 y 2004. Métodos: Las LAT fueron agrupadas en trabajadores españoles y extranjeros. Para 2003, primer año en que se recogía esta variable y con un número importante de LAT con códigos inexistentes, hubo dos categorías de extranjeros: A, considerando las LAT con códigos inexistentes como extranjeros, y B, excluyendo las LAT con códigos inexistentes. Resultados: El riesgo relativo (extranjeros frente a españoles) de LAT no mortales fue de 4,39 (intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 4,38-4,42) y de 5 (IC del 95%, 4,5-5,6) para las LAT mortales, según la definición A, y de 0,72 (IC del 95%, 0,71-0,73) para las no mortales y 1,2 (IC del 95%, 0,9-1,5) para los mortales, según la definición B. En 2004, donde no hubo problemas en la codificación, el riego relativo de LAT mortales fue de 0,95 (IC del 95%, 0,94-0,96) y de 1,2 (IC del 95%, 0,9-1,4) para las no mortales. Conclusiones: Estos resultados, tan contradictorios, obligan a seguir haciendo un seguimiento de este problema de salud laboral, a la vez que solicitar una gestión adecuada de la calidad de los datos.

The goal of this pictorial review is the evaluation of perianal fistulas by means of magnetic resonance imaging. This technique has been shown to demonstrate accurately the anatomy of the perianal region. Our MRI protocol is simple and easy to standardize. We use the classification of St James University Hospital which employs simple anatomic discriminators identifiable on axial and coronal planes. Several examples are shown with emphasis in the importance of this classification

El objetivo de esta revisión pictográfica es la evaluación de las fístulas anorrectales mediante resonancia magnética. Esta técnica ha demostrado ser altamente confiable para estudiar la anatomía de la región perianal. Nuestro protocolo de estudio es simple y fácil de estandarizar. Usamos la clasificación del Hospital de la Universidad de Saint James (Inglaterra) que enfatiza la relación de la fístula con el esfínter externo y su importancia en la continencia anal