SUMMARY Hypercalcemia is a frequent condition in clinical practice and when the most frequent causes are excluded, etiological diagnosis can be challenging. A rare cause of PTH-independent hypercalcemia is described in the present case report. A male adult with a history of androgenic-anabolic steroids abuse, and injection of mineral oil and oily veterinary compound containing vitamins A, D and E into muscles for local hypertrophy presented with hypercalcemia, nephrocalcinosis, and end-stage renal disease. On physical examination, the presence of calcified subcutaneous nodules and calcification of musculature previously infused with oily substances drew attention. Laboratory tests confirmed hypercalcemia of 12.62 mg/L, low levels of PTH (10 pg/mL), hyperphosphatemia (6.0 mg/dL), 25(OH)D of 23.3 ng/mL, and elevated 1,25(OH)2D (138 pg/mL). Imaging exams showed diffuse calcification of muscle tissue, subcutaneous tissue, and organs such as the heart, lung, and kidneys. The patient was diagnosed with PTH-independent hypercalcemia secondary to foreign body reaction in areas of oil injection. The patient underwent treatment with hydrocortisone for 10 days, single dose zoledronic acid and hemodialysis. He evolved with serum calcium levels of 10.4 mg/dL and phosphorus of 7.1 mg/dL. In addition, sertraline and quetiapine were prescribed to control body dysmorphic disorder. The medical community should become aware of new causes of hypercalcemia as secondary to oil injection since this should become increasingly frequent due to the regularity with which such procedures have been performed.

ABSTRACT Introduction To evaluate the possible effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the oncologic results of patients with prostate cancer regarding clinical staging, presence of adverse pathological outcomes, and perioperative complications. Materials and methods This retrospective study included patients who underwent radical prostatectomy. The time between biopsy and surgery, staging tests, final histopathological evaluation after surgery, lymphadenectomy rate, postoperative complications, and prostatic specific antigen (PSA) levels (initial and 30 days after surgery) were analyzed and compared in a group of patients before and during the pandemic period. Results We included 226 patients: 88 in the pre-pandemic period and 138 during the pandemic period. There was no statistically significant difference in mean age, body mass index, ASA, pathological locally advanced disease, the proportion of patients who underwent lymphadenectomy, and ISUP grade in the biopsy between the groups. Positive surgical margins, prostatic extracapsular extension, and PSA levels at 30 days were also similar between the groups. The mean time between medical consultation and surgery was longer in the pandemic period than in the pre-pandemic (124 vs. 107 days, p<0.001), and the mean time between biopsy and medical consultation (69.5 days vs. 114 days, p<0.001) and between biopsy and surgery (198.5 days vs. 228 days, p=0.013) was shorter during the pandemic. The incidence of severe early and late perioperative complications was similar between the periods. Conclusions There was no delay between diagnosis and treatment at our institution during the COVID-19 pandemic period. No worsening of the prostate cancer features was observed.

Resumo Antecedentes Programas informatizados de treinamento cognitivo podem ter beneficiado a autoavaliação da memória, a qualidade de vida e o humor entre os idosos durante a pandemia de doença do coronavírus 2019 (coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19, em inglês). Objetivo Determinar os impactos subjetivos do treinamento cognitivo computadorizado no humor, na frequência de esquecimento, nas queixas de memória, e na qualidade de vida em idosos utilizando uma plataforma online. Métodos Ao todo, 66 idosos participantes do programa USP 60 +, oferecido à terceira idade pela Universidade de São Paulo, e inscritos voluntariamente no estudo, foram selecionados e randomizados em uma razão de 1:1 em 2 grupos: grupo treinamento (n = 33) e grupo controle (n = 33). Após assinarem o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, os participantes responderam a um protocolo que incluía um questionário sociodemográfico, o Questionário de Queixas de Memória (Memory Complaints Questionnaire, MAC-Q), A Escala de Frequência de Esquecimento de McNair e Kahn, a Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (Geriatric Depression Scale, GDS-15), o Inventário de Ansiedade Geriátrica (Geriatric Anxiety Inventory, GAI), e –o questionário de Controle, Autonomia, Autorrealização e Prazer (Control, Autonomy, Self-Realization, and Pleasure, CASP-19). A plataforma de jogos cognitivos de treinamento visou estimular diversos aspectos cognitivos, incluindo memória, atenção, linguagem, funções executivas (raciocínio, raciocínio lógico) e habilidades visuais e espaciais. Resultados Na comparação pré e pós-teste, os participantes do grupo de treinamento apresentaram redução nas pontuações do MAC-Q, da escala McNair e Kahn e do GAI. Diferenças significativas entre os grupos quanto às pontuações totais da escala MAC-Q no pós-teste também foram evidenciadas pela regressão logística. Conclusão A participação em uma intervenção cognitiva computadorizada promoveu reduções nas queixas de memória, frequência de esquecimento e sintomas de ansiedade, além de melhorar a qualidade de vida autorrelatada.

Abstract Background Computerized cognitive training programs may have benefited the self-assessment of memory, quality of life, and mood among older adults during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Objective To determine the subjective impacts of computerized cognitive training on mood, frequency of forgetfulness, memory complaints, and quality of life in the elderly using an online platform. Methods In total, 66 elderly participants of USP 60 +, a program for the elderly offered by Universidade de São Paulo, who voluntarily enrolled in the study were selected and randomized with an allocation ratio of 1:1 into 2 groups: the training group (n = 33) and the control group (n = 33). After signing the free and informed consent form, they answered a protocol which included a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Memory Complaints Questionnaire (MAC-Q), the McNair and Kahn’s Frequency of Forgetfulness Scale, the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15), the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI), and the Control, Autonomy, Self-Realization, and Pleasure (CASP-19) questionnaire. The training cognitive game platform aimed to stimulate various cognitive aspects, including memory, attention, language, executive functions (reasoning, logical thinking), and visual and spatial skills. Results The participants of the training group showed a reduction in the MAC-Q, MacNair and Kahn, and GAI scores in the pre- and posttest comparison. Significant differences were identified between the groups regarding the total scores of the MAC-Q in the post-test, which was also evidenced by the logistic regression. Conclusion Participation in a computerized cognitive intervention promoted reductions in memory complaints, frequency of forgetfulness, and anxiety symptoms, in addition to improving self-reported quality of life.

RESUMO A palmeira buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L. f.) serve como matéria-prima para a indústria alimentícia, farmacêutica e biotecnológica, porém apresenta baixa taxa de germinação e viabilidade de sementes, que estão diretamente relacionadas com as características morfológicas dos frutos e sementes. A caracterização biométrica fornece informações necessárias para a diferenciação, caracterização de aspectos ecológicos e genéticos de diferentes espécies e de populações de um mesmo grupo, podendo auxiliar na conservação e propagação de espécies. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho realizou a caracterização biométrica de frutos e diásporos de Mauritia flexuosa provenientes de um ambiente de cultivo no Cerrado brasileiro. Foram amostrados aleatoriamente 100 frutos, que foram mensurados em comprimento, largura, espessura, peso individual, comprimento do diásporo, largura do diásporo, espessura do diásporo e peso individual do diásporo. Os frutos foram classificados como vermelhos (Hue 10 R 4/8) e os diásporos amarelo-alaranjados (Hue 7.5 YR 8/8). Os dados de cada característica foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva. Os frutos apresentaram variação de 6,56% de comprimento, 4,38% de largura e 4,26% de espessura, enquanto os diásporos apresentaram variação de 8,17% de comprimento, 9,29% de largura e 9,62% de espessura. As variáveis peso do fruto e peso do diásporo apresentaram maiores variações, 12,12% e 23,86%, respectivamente. Houve correlação positiva entre a largura e espessura (0,90). A pequena variação nas dimensões biométricas indica que a espécie possui pouca variabilidade.

ABSTRACT The buriti palm (Mauritia flexuosa L. f.) serves as a raw material for the food, pharmaceutical and biotechnological industries but it has a low germination rate and seed viability, which are directly related to the morphological characteristics of the fruits and seeds. Biometric characterization provides information necessary for the differentiation, characterization of ecological and genetic aspects of different species and populations of the same group, and can help in the conservation and propagation of species. The current work performed the biometric characterization of fruits and diaspores of Mauritia flexuosa from a cultivation environment in the Brazilian Cerrado. 100 fruits were randomly sampled, which were measured in length, width, thickness, individual weight, diaspore length, diaspore width, diaspore thickness and individual diaspore weight. Fruits were classified as red (Hue 10 R 4/8) and yellow-orange diaspores (Hue 7.5 YR 8/8). Data for each characteristic were submitted to descriptive statistical analysis. The fruits varied by 6.56% in length, 4.38% in width and 4.26% in thickness while the diaspores varied by 8.17% in length, 9.29% in width and 9.62% in thickness. The variables fruit weight and diaspore weight showed the greatest variations, 12.12% and 23.86%, respectively. There was a positive correlation between width and thickness (0.90). The small variation in biometric dimensions indicates that the species has little variability.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate characteristics of the testicular parenchyma and vascular parameters of the pampiniform plexus obtained by ultrasound, semen quality parameters, and sperm freezability in Nellore bulls classified based on residual feed intake (RFI). Twenty-seven bulls (21.82±0.88 months of age) evaluated for feed efficiency were sampled for the study, including 15 with low RFI (−0.592±0.09 kg dry matter/day) and 12 with high RFI (0.792±0.10 kg dry matter/day). In ultrasound and Doppler assessment, the most efficient animals (low RFI) showed higher pulsatility and resistive indexes, as well as a tendency towards greater heterogeneity of the testicular parenchyma (0.625±0.032 vs. 0.508±0.032, 1.012±0.072 vs. 0.802±0.072, and 12.9±0.96 vs. 10.2±0.96, respectively, for low vs. high RFI). However, these animals tended to have lower peak diastolic velocity (5.19±0.50 for low RFI vs. 6.54±0.50 for high RFI). Analysis of fresh semen showed a lower percentage of minor defects in low RFI animals (2.67±1.19%) compared with high RFI animals (8.10±1.19%), without differences in the other parameters in fresh or thawed semen and after thermoresistance testing. Evaluation of flow cytometry parameters showed a higher quality of mitochondrial respiration in semen samples of low RFI animals (22.04±2.50%) compared with high RFI animals (12.29±2.71%). Therefore, although RFI exerts an effect on the Doppler parameters of the pampiniform plexus, it is not sufficient to affect the quality of fresh or thawed semen.

Abstract Hydrocotyle umbellata L., Araliaceae, is a species that is recommended in Ayurvedic medicine for its effects on the central nervous system, such as anxiolytic and memory-stimulant effects. Despite the medicinal potential of this species, its phytopharmaceutical and technological potential to produce standardized extracts has not been investigated. This study analyzes the influence of spray drying parameters on the contents of the chemical markers (total phenolic, total flavonoid, and hibalactone) and the functional properties of H. umbellata extract. The optimization of drying conditions was performed using a central composite design combined with response surface methodology and desirability function approach. The mathematical models fitted to experimental data indicated that all the evaluated drying parameters significantly influenced the chemical contents. The optimal conditions were: inlet temperature of 120 °C, feed flow rate of 4 mL min-1, and colloidal silicon dioxide:maltodextrin ratio of 16%:4%. Under these conditions, the powder samples had spherical particles and desirable physicochemical and functional properties, such as low water activity and moisture content, good product recovery, reconstitution, and flowability. Thus, spray drying might be a promising technique for processing standardized H. umbellata extracts.

This work aims to compare the construction of magnification devices. Details of the construction and use of microscopes based on webcam and smartphone are presented, using software for image processing. It is also presented the construction of microscopes using drops of different liquids as magnifying lens, a compound microscope, and a water-drop projector. Magnified images obtained with each device are presented, and the different microscopes are compared. The results obtained from the use of these alternative instruments confirm that alternative microscopes are instruments of easy reproducibility, enabling the amplification of samples for a more detailed observation of the object of interest.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver um protocolo para a criopreservação do sêmen de Pseudoplatystoma corruscans. Para tal, machos maduros foram induzidos hormonalmente com uma dose única de extrato de hipófise de carpa (5 mg/kg de peso vivo). O sêmen foi coletado e avaliado. Sendo testados para compor os diluentes, dois crioprotetores: dimetil acetamida (DMA) e dimetil sulfóxido (Me2SO), em duas concentrações (8% e 10%), + 5,0% glicose + 10% gema de ovo. O sêmen foi diluído na proporção 1: 4 (sêmen: extensor), embalado em palhetas de 0,5 mL e congelado em container dryshipper em vapores de nitrogênio líquido. Após o descongelamento, foram avaliados os aspectos cinéticos espermáticos, a morfologia espermática e a integridade do DNA dos espermatozoides criopreservados. Os machos de P. corruscans produziram sêmen com motilidade espermática > 80%. Todos os tratamentos proporcionaram após o descongelamento sêmen com motilidade espermática total > 40%, sem diferença significativa (P < 0,05) entre eles, como também entre os demais parâmetros cinéticos espermáticos avaliados. Os tratamentos com DMA proporcionaram uma menor fragmentação do DNA dos gametas. Malformações espermáticas foram identificadas, tanto no sêmen fresco, como no criopreservado, sendo identificado um aumento discreto dessas malformações nos espermatozoides das amostras de sêmen descongeladas de P. corruscans.

Abstract This study aimed to develop a protocol for the cryopreservation of Pseudoplatystoma corruscans semen. For this, mature males were hormonally induced with a single dose of carp pituitary extract (5 mg/kg body weight). Semen was collected and evaluated. Two cryoprotectants were tested to compose the diluents: dimethyl acetamide (DMA) and dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO), in two concentrations (8% and 10%), + 5.0% glucose + 10% egg yolk. The semen was diluted in a 1: 4 ratio (semen: extender), packed in 0.5 mL straws and frozen in a dry shipper container in liquid nitrogen vapors. After thawing, sperm kinetics, sperm morphology and DNA integrity of cryopreserved sperm were evaluated. Pseudoplatystoma corruscans males produced semen with sperm motility > 80%. After thawing, all treatments provided semen with total sperm motility > 40%, with no significant difference (P < 0.05) between them, as well as between the other sperm kinetic parameters evaluated. The treatments with DMA provided a smaller fragmentation of the DNA of the gametes. Sperm malformations were identified in both fresh and cryopreserved semen, with a slight increase in these malformations being identified in sperm from thawed P. corruscans semen samples.

RESUMO Objetivo: Caracterizar a violência sexual contra crianças e investigar os fatores relacionados a sua repetição no Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Métodos: Estudo descritivo e analítico, com dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) 2009–2019. Foram analisadas variáveis sociodemográficas relacionadas à circunstância da violência. Utilizou-se regressão logística multivariada para testar os fatores relacionados à violência de repetição. Resultados: Foram notificados 3.489 casos de violência sexual: 73,3% de meninas, com idade mais prevalente de seis a dez anos, e 51% referiram violência de repetição. A maioria dos casos foi perpetrada por um autor (85,6%) e, quando a violência teve dois ou mais envolvidos na autoria, a proporção de ocorrência foi mais elevada para meninos (17%) do que para meninas (13%). Entre os fatores de risco para a repetição da violência estão o local da ocorrência ser a residência, o autor da violência estar alcoolizado, ser ele o padrasto, o irmão e o pai, e a idade da criança estar entre seis e dez anos. Conclusões: Apresentaram-se o perfil e fatores que auxiliam na identificação da violência sexual por repetição em crianças, como a autoria ser relacionada aos padrastos, pais, irmãos, o autor da agressão estar alcoolizado e a vítima ter entre seis e dez anos.

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to characterize child sexual abuse and investigate the factors related to its repetition in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Methods: This is a descriptive and analytical study, with data from 2009-2019 SINAN. Sociodemographic variables related to the circumstances of violence were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression was used to test factors related to repetitive violence. Results: A total of 3489 cases of child sexual abuse were reported: 73.3% were girls, the most prevalent age ranged from 6 to 10 years, and 51% reported repetitive violence. The majority was perpetrated by one (85.6%) person, and in cases in which two or more perpetrators were involved, the proportion of occurrence was higher for boys (17%) versus girls (13%). Among the risk factors for the repetition of sexual violence are the place of occurrence being the residence, the perpetrator (the stepfather, the brother, and the father) being under the influence of alcohol, and the age of the child between 6 and 10 years. Conclusion: The profile and factors that help in the identification of repetitive child sexual abuse were presented, such as the authorship being related to stepfathers, parents, and siblings, the perpetrator being under the influence of alcohol, and the victim’s age between 6 and 10 years.

RESUMO: A febre aftosa (FA) é uma doença viral, febril, aguda e altamente contagiosa que afeta várias espécies domésticas e silvestres. Sua ocorrência resulta em grandes impactos negativos na cadeia pecuária e na economia de um país ou região. A FA está presente na América do Sul desde o fim do século XIX gerando esforços de órgãos oficiais no combate à enfermidade com vistas à erradicação, o que possibilitará futuramente a retirada da vacina, fato previsto no estado de Goiás para o ano de 2021. Neste sentido, o presente estudo objetivou classificar o risco de ocorrência de FA nos rebanhos do estado de Goiás. Para tanto, avaliou-se e combinou-se vários fatores de risco (FR) ligados à introdução e disseminação da FA obtidos de dados de 126.345 propriedades rurais. Estes FR foram agrupados em módulos formados por caminhos de introdução e disseminação da FA. A combinação dos FR se deu por meio de adição, sendo em seguida ponderados por pesos atribuídos por especialistas. Foram gerados os escores de introdução e disseminação de FA em Goiás, possibilitando a classificação do risco de ocorrência da doença no estado. Identificou-se que a maioria do rebanho e do território goiano se encontra em baixos níveis de risco. Foi identificada complexa composição nos níveis de risco obtidos, indicando ampla variação dos fatores que compuseram os escores de risco, especialmente nos municípios de mais alto escore de ocorrência. Variáveis ligadas à densidade de rebanho e trânsito e movimentação de animais apresentaram importante participação na composição dos escores. Acreditamos que os resultados deste trabalho podem compor uma ferramenta importante na tomada de decisão sobre as ações e estratégias de combate à FA em Goiás, ao passo que posteriores avaliações e adaptações poderão ser realizadas para a validação do modelo proposto.

ABSTRACT: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a viral disease that affects several animal species, including domestic and wildlife ones. The occurrence of an FMD outbreak can potentially cause a large negative impact on countries or regions’ livestock production and economy. Performed over several decades, mass herd vaccination has been the main strategy to control the disease. However, countries are beginning the stage of eradicating FMD, which involves suspending vaccinations. The present study carried out a risk classification for FMD occurrence in Goiás State, Brazil by evaluating and combining multiple risk factors involved in FMD introduction and dissemination. Data from 126,345 rural properties were collected and categorized by municipality. The risk factors were grouped into two modules and then scores for each module were obtained by adding and weighting the risk factors. These combined scores resulted in the final FMD occurrence risk score. Most of the municipalities, as well as the herds were found in the lowest likelihood levels. Variables linked to herd density and animal movement played a key role in the score composition. We believed that this model can be a useful tool in the decision-making process regarding actions and strategies related to FMD eradication.

RESUMO Este artigo analisa a decisão do STF a respeito da união estável entre pessoas do mesmo sexo. O reconhecimento jurídico dessas relações como união estável reabriu a discussão sobre o lugar do tempo na definição das condições que autorizam duas pessoas a se declararem cônjuges. A decisão deslocou para o centro do debate a historicidade (o caráter mutável) do instituto jurídico da família.

ABSTRACT This article analyses the STF decision on same-sex union. The judicial recognition of same-sex relationships as stable union has reopened the discussion about the role of time in the definition of the conditions that authorize two people to declare themselves spouses. This decision brought to the center of public debate the historicity (the changeable feature) of the legal institution of family.

ABSTRACT Objective: This systematic review aims to summarize the findings of studies that investigated the risk, precocity and intensity of psychosis in cannabis users, taking into account the status of legalization and/or decriminalization of cannabis use in different countries. Methodology: Articles published up to May 2018 were included, in English, Portuguese and Spanish, all extracted from the PubMed and SciELO databases, respecting the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: 19 studies from 18 countries were included. The relationship of cannabis use and the onset of psychotic symptoms was sufficiently substantiated. However, there was no data that supported an increase in the risk, precocity or intensity of psychosis in cannabis users from countries with higher levels of legalization/decriminalization of cannabis use to the date of the present study. Conclusion: The use of cannabis is associated with the development of psychosis. So far, there is no data pointing to an increase in the precocity, risk or intensity of psychosis in cannabis users, due to the legalization or decriminalization of the use of cannabis. However, the absence of data to date does not exclude these possibilities, since none of the studies analyzed in this review specifically assessed the effects of legalization/decriminalization policies on those outcomes. Therefore, prospective studies focused on the effects of legalization or decriminalization policies should be conducted in countries such as Canada, Spain, the United States of America (some states), the Netherlands, and Uruguay.

RESUMEN Objetivo: esta revisión sistemática pretende resumir los hallazgos de los estudios que investigaron el riesgo, la precocidad y la intensidad de la psicosis en los consumidores de cannabis, teniendo en cuenta el estado de legalización y/o despenalización del consumo de cannabis en diferentes países. Metodología: fueron incluidos artículos publicados hasta mayo de 2018, en lengua inglesa, portuguesa y española, todos extraídos de las bases de datos PubMed y SciELO, respetando los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Resultados: se incluyeron 19 estudios de 18 países. La relación entre el consumo de cannabis y el inicio de síntomas psicóticos estuvo suficientemente fundamentada. Sin embargo, no hubo datos que respaldaran un aumento en el riesgo, la precocidad o la intensidad de la psicosis en los consumidores de cannabis de países con niveles más altos de legalización/despenalización del uso de cannabis hasta la fecha del presente estudio. Conclusión: el consumo de cannabis está asociado con el desarrollo de psicosis. Hasta el momento, no hay datos que indiquen un aumento en la precocidad, el riesgo o la intensidad de la psicosis en usuarios de cannabis, debido a la legalización o despenalización del uso de cannabis. Sin embargo, la ausencia de datos hasta la fecha no excluye estas posibilidades, ya que ninguno de los estudios analizados en esta revisión evaluó específicamente los efectos de las políticas de legalización/despenalización en esos resultados. Por ello, los estudios prospectivos centrados en los efectos de las políticas de legalización o despenalización deben llevarse a cabo en países como Canadá, España, los Estados Unidos de América (algunos estados), los Países Bajos y Uruguay.

Objectives: Prior research has indicated that no increase in suicides occurred immediately following the declaration of the COVID-19 emergency in Mexico City. Here we examine longer-term overall suicide trends and trends according to basic demographic groups. Methods: We used interrupted time-series analysis to model trends in monthly suicides before COVID-19 (January 1, 2010 to March 31, 2020), comparing the expected number of suicides both overall and according to age and sex with the observed number of suicides for the remainder of 2020 (April 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020). Results: There was an overall increase in suicides during the first 9 months of the pandemic, with a rate ratio of 2.07 (1.86-2.31). The increase began in the early months of the pandemic and remained stable and high after June 2020. Men and women, younger people (< 45) and older people (≥ 45) were affected. The increase was especially high among older women (RR = 3.33; 2.04-5.15). Conclusions: The increase in suicides in Mexico City is worrying and highlights the need to strengthen economic development, mental health, and well-being programs. Suicides among older women should be closely monitored. There is an urgent need to expand primary health care services to include robust suicide prevention and treatment options.

Resumo Objetivo O presente artigo procura consolidar os conhecimentos existentes sobre o aleitamento materno durante a pandemia do SARS-CoV-2. Fonte de dados Foram analisados os artigos de 2020 e 2021 recolhidos dos bancos de dados PubMed, CAPES, Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde, Google Scholar, SciELO e bases de dados UpToDate. Livros e documentos governamentais publicados na última década (2010-2020) também foram consultados. Seleção de estudos Dezesseis obras foram utilizadas no presente estudo. A data de publicação e discussão sobre a transmissão do SARS-CoV-2 através do leite materno foram os critérios de inclusão. Assim, foram excluídos os artigos que continham informações repetidas ou sem relevância para a produção. Coleta de dados Para a preparação do presente estudo, foram realizadas leituras críticas e síntese das principais informações obtidas sobre o tema. A pesquisa ocorreu no período de 27 de março a 2 de abril de 2021. Síntese dos dados O leite materno tem diversos benefícios tanto para a mãe quanto para o lactente. A presença de RNA viral por reação em cadeia de polimerase em tempo real (RT-PCR, na sigla em inglês) no leite de mães positivas foi detectada em alguns casos, e as infecções infantis nestas condições sugerem transmissão oral de origem materna ou de terceiros. A virulência do novo coronavírus no leite humano não está confirmada, enquanto quantidades significativas de anticorpos exclusivos sim. Conclusão A lactação no contexto da COVID-19 mostroumaiores benefícios do que os riscos de transmissão vertical. Por conseguinte, deve ser encorajada sempre que possível.

Abstract Objective The present article seeks to consolidate existing knowledge on breastfeeding during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Data source Articles from 2020 and 2021 collected from the PubMed, CAPES, Virtual Health Library, Google Scholar, SciELO, and UpToDate databases were analyzed. Books and government documents published in the last decade (2010-2020) were also consulted. Study Selection Sixteen works were used in the present study. The date of publication and discussion of SARS-CoV-2 transmission through breastmilk were the inclusion criteria. Thus, articles containing repeated information or with no relevance to add to the production were excluded. Data collection comprised critical reading and synthesis of the main information obtained on the subject, which were performed for the preparation of the present study. The research took place in the period from March 27 to April 2, 2021. Synthesis of the data Breast milk has diverse benefits for both the nursing mother and the infant. The presence of viral RNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) in milk from disease-positive mothers has been detected in a few cases, and infant infections in these conditions suggest oral transmission of maternal or third-party origin. The virulence of the novel coronavirus in human milk is not confirmed, while significant amounts of exclusive antibodies are. Conclusion Lactation in the context of COVID-19 has shown greater benefits than risks of vertical transmission. Therefore, it should be encouraged when possible.

Resumo Objetivo: Mensurar os tempos de trânsito de contraste (TTCs) entre o sítio de injeção em veia antecubital e a veia cava superior, tronco arterial pulmonar e aorta ascendente em exames de tomografia computadorizada de artérias coronárias de pacientes sem história de doenças cardiovasculares ou pulmonares, definindo padrões de normalidade para esses tempos de circulação. Materiais e Métodos: Os TTCs entre o sítio de injeção e a veia cava superior, tronco arterial pulmonar e aorta ascendente foram medidos com base nas imagens de monitoração (bolus tracking). O débito cardíaco foi calculado com base nas imagens de angiotomografia computadorizada pelo método geométrico e correlacionado com os TTCs. Resultados: Foram analisados 43 pacientes. O TTC médio entre o tronco arterial pulmonar e a aorta ascendente foi de 7,2 s, entre a veia cava superior e o tronco arterial pulmonar foi de 3 s e entre a veia antecubital e a aorta ascendente foi de 13 s. Houve tendência a correlação entre o TTC e o débito cardíaco, com valor de p de 0,055. Conclusão: Os valores de normalidade do TTC entre a veia cava superior, tronco arterial pulmonar e aorta ascendente foram estabelecidos, servindo de base para avaliação clínica.

Abstract Objective: To measure the transit times (TTs) of contrast agents among the injection site (antecubital vein), superior vena cava, pulmonary trunk, and ascending aorta, in coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) examinations of outpatients with no history of cardiovascular or lung disease, thus defining reference values for those TTs. Materials and Methods: The contrast TTs from the injection site (antecubital vein) to the superior vena cava, from the superior vena cava to the pulmonary trunk, and from the pulmonary trunk to the ascending aorta were measured by monitoring contrast enhancement in real time (bolus tracking). Cardiac output was measured by the geometric method during the CTA examination and was correlated with the contrast TT. Results: Forty-three individuals were analyzed. The mean contrast TT was 13.1 s overall (from the antecubital vein to the ascending aorta), 3.0 s from the superior vena cava to the pulmonary trunk, and 7.2 s from the pulmonary trunk to the ascending aorta. There was a tendency toward a correlation between contrast TT and cardiac output (p = 0.055). Conclusion: The reference values established here for contrast TTs among the superior vena cava, pulmonary trunk, and ascending aorta will serve as a basis for clinical evaluation.