AbstractThe demand for renewably sourced biodegradable materials has increased the need to produce materials that combine appropriate functional properties at competitive costs. Thermoplastic starch and polyester blends are an interesting alternative to current materials due to the low cost of starch and the functional properties and processability of the resulting blends. Producing thermoplastic starch (TPS) requires using a plasticiser at concentrations between 20 and 30%wt (in relation to starch). Glycerol is the most common plasticiser due to its high plasticising capacity and thermal stability at processing temperatures. The objective of this study was to evaluate glycerol waste from the biodiesel industry, with different degrees of purification, as plasticisers for TPS / poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) blends. Different purities of glycerol produced films with similar mechanical, optical and barrier properties to those made with purified glycerol (99.7%). Therefore, crude glycerol is a renewable alternative plasticiser that reduces the cost of plasticisation by 6-fold.

Estudo sobre a prevalência de doenças respiratórias alérgicas em escolares de seis a sete anos de idade, relacionadas com indicadores de poluição atmosférica. Questionário baseado no International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood foi aplicado aos pais de alunos de escolas públicas, situadas em regiões urbanas diferentes, quanto ao fluxo de veículos. Houve correlação positiva entre frequência mensal de rinite e concentração de poluentes e negativa com a umidade relativa do ar. Resultados indicam que, mesmo com níveis de poluentes menores que os permitidos pela legislação, a prevalência de asma, rinite e sintomas associados tendeu a ser maior em alunos da escola da região central, onde há intenso tráfego veicular.

Study on the prevalence of allergic respiratory diseases in schoolchildren between six and seven years old, associated with indicators of air pollution. A questionnaire based on the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood was administered to parents of students from public schools, located in urban areas with differing vehicle flows. There was a positive correlation between monthly frequency of rhinitis and concentration of pollutants, and negative with relative air humidity. Even with levels of air pollutants below that allowed by law, the prevalence of asthma, rhinitis and associated symptoms tended to be higher in the central region school, where there is heavy vehicular traffic.

Estudo sobre a prevalência de doenças respiratórias alérgicas em escolares de seis a sete anos de idade, relacionadas com indicadores de poluição atmosférica. Questionário baseado no International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood foi aplicado aos pais de alunos de escolas públicas, situadas em regiões urbanas diferentes, quanto ao fluxo de veículos. Houve correlação positiva entre frequência mensal de rinite e concentração de poluentes e negativa com a umidade relativa do ar. Resultados indicam que, mesmo com níveis de poluentes menores que os permitidos pela legislação, a prevalência de asma, rinite e sintomas associados tendeu a ser maior em alunos da escola da região central, onde há intenso tráfego veicular.

Study on the prevalence of allergic respiratory diseases in schoolchildren between six and seven years old, associated with indicators of air pollution. A questionnaire based on the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood was administered to parents of students from public schools, located in urban areas with differing vehicle flows. There was a positive correlation between monthly frequency of rhinitis and concentration of pollutants, and negative with relative air humidity. Even with levels of air pollutants below that allowed by law, the prevalence of asthma, rhinitis and associated symptoms tended to be higher in the central region school, where there is heavy vehicular traffic.

This research was undertaken with the objective of identifying and quantifying the environmental risks in a service for secondary care for health, taking into account the level of schooling of, and the activities carried out by, the participants of the study, who made up the multidisciplinary team, with a view to contributing to the achieving of better occupational health conditions. This is descriptive and exploratory research, with a quali-quantitative approach. Based on the participants' professional profiles and functions, it was possible to identify the knowledge and perceptions that these have on the risks, as well as identifying and quantifying them. The results evidence concern about questions relevant to working conditions and to the environmental risks present in their daily activities, and allow one to generate new approaches to the managerial work, principally of an educational and structural character in the work.

Esta investigación fue realizada con el objetivo de identificar y cuantificar los riesgos ambientales en servicio de atención secundaria a la salud, tomándose en cuenta el nivel de escolaridad y las actividades desarrolladas por los participantes del estudio que componen el equipo multidisciplinar, con fines de contribuir para el alcance de mejores condiciones de salud ocupacional. Es una investigación descriptiva y exploratoria, de abordaje cuali-cuantitativo. Con base en el perfil y en la actuación profesional de los participantes, fue posible identificar el conocimiento y la percepción de estes acerca de los riesgos, así como identificar y cuantificarlos. Los resultados evidencian preocupación sobre cuestiones acerca de las condiciones de trabajo y de los riesgos ambientales presentes en sus actividades diarias y permiten suscitar nuevos abordajes para el trabajo administrativo, principalmente de carácter educacional y estrutural en el servicio.

Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de identificar e quantificar os riscos ambientais em serviço de atenção secundária à saúde, levando-se em consideração o nível de escolaridade e as atividades desenvolvidas pelos participantes do estudo que compõem a equipe multidisciplinar, visa contribuir para o alcance de melhores condições de saúde ocupacional. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva e exploratória, de abordagem quali-quantitativa. A partir do perfil e atuação profissional dos participantes foi possível identificar o conhecimento e a percepção desses sobre os riscos, bem como identificar e quantificá-los. Os resultados evidenciam preocupação sobre questões relativas às condições de trabalho e aos riscos ambientais presentes em suas atividades diárias e permitem suscitar novas abordagens para o trabalho gerencial, principalmente de caráter educacional e estrutural no serviço.

Pneumonia is the most frequent hospital infection in patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU) and is also responsible for the highest lethality rates, as well as an increase in both the duration and costs of hospitalization. The objective of this study was to identify predisposing factors for pneumonia. A prospective cohort study was carried out between June 1996 and June 1997, and included 540 patients admitted consecutively for periods greater than 24 hours to the adult ICU of the Londrina State University's Teaching Hospital. Of these, 83 (15.4%) developed pneumonia. All patients were analyzed with respect to various risk factors for hospital-acquired pneumonia. Univariate analysis identified the following factors: decreased level of consciousness, craniotomy, prior use of antibiotics, mechanical ventilation, nasogastric tube feeding, enteral feeding, aspiration of gastric contents, central venous catheter and the time spent in the ICU. Multivariate analysis identified four risk factors for pneumonia in the ICU: tracheotomy (RR = 1.09; 95%CI = 1.04-1.17), nasogastric tube feeding (RR = 1.11; 95%CI = 1.05-1.18), H2-blocker use (RR = 1.09; 95%CI = 1.05-1.14) and decreased level of consciousness (RR = 2.67; 95%CI = 1.43-5.04). In 56.6% of patients, pneumonia occurred within the first four days following ICU admission. The risk factors identified were all necessary for the treatment of the patient except for decreased level of consciousness, either present at admission or occurring during hospitalization due to deterioration in the clinical condition of the patient or to the use of sedatives.

Os objetivos do estudo foram determinar a soroprevalência da infecção pelo vírus da hepatite E (VHE) em candidatos a doadores de sangue voluntários do Hemocentro Regional de Londrina, Paraná, e avaliar se essa soroprevalência está associada com variáveis socio-demográficas e com o índice de soropositividade para hepatite por vírus A (VHA). Foi realizado estudo transversal para determinar a taxa de soroprevalência da infecção pelo VHE em 996 candidatos a doadores de sangue. Todos os participantes responderam um questionário sobre características sociodemográficas. A pesquisa de anticorpos específicos IgG anti-VHE foi realizada por método de enzimaimunoensaio (ELISA). Todas as amostras soropositivas para IgG anti-VHE e 237 amostras soronegativas para IgG anti-VHE foram submetidas também à pesquisa de IgG anti-VHA por ELISA. Entre as 996 amostras de soro analisadas, anticorpos IgG anti-VHE foram detectados em 23 amostras, resultando em uma soroprevalência de 2,3% (IC 95%: 1,5 - 3,5), semelhante aos resultados de estudos realizados em países desenvolvidos. Não houve associação entre o índice de soropositividade de IgG anti-VHE e as variáveis sociodemográficas (sexo, idade, escolaridade, procedência, fonte de água e origem dos dejetos); também não se detectou associação entre soropositividade para IgG anti-VHE com soropositividade para IgG anti-VHA. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que, embora tenha se observado uma baixa prevalência da infecção pelo VHE na população analisada, verificou-se que existe circulação do VHE no município de Londrina e que estudos posteriores são necessários para definir a importância clínica e epidemiológica da infecção pelo VHE nesse município bem como identificar outros possíveis fatores de risco envolvidos na epidemiologia da infecção pelo VHE.

A cross-sectional study was carried out among 996 volunteer blood donors enrolled from May 1999 to December 1999 to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection among volunteer blood donors of the Regional Blood Bank of Londrina, State of Paraná, Brazil, and to evaluate whether the rate of seroprevalence of IgG anti-HEV antibodies is associated with sociodemographic variables and with seropositivity for hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. All participants answered the questionnaire regarding the sociodemographic characterisitcs. Serum samples were tested for IgG antibodies to HEV (anti-HEV) by an enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA). All serum samples positive for anti-HEV IgG and 237 serum samples negative for anti-HEV were also assayed for IgG anti-HAV antibodies by ELISA. Anti-HEV IgG was confirmed in 23/996 samples, resulting in a seroprevalence of 2.3% for HEV infection, similar to previous results obtained in developed countries. No significant association was found between the presence of anti-HEV IgG antibodies and the sociodemographic variables including gender, age, educational level, rural or urban areas, source of water, and sewer system (p > 0.05). Also, no association with seropositivity for anti-HAV IgG antibodies was observed (p > 0.05). Although this study revealed a low seroprevalence of HEV infection in the population evaluated, the results showed that this virus is circulating among the population from Londrina, South Brazil, and point out the need of further studies to define the clinical and epidemiological importance of HEV infection and to identify additional risk factors involved in the epidemiology and pathogenesis of this infection in this population.

Objetivando-se traçar o perfil epidemiológico e a prevalência de cardiopatia, realizou-se estudo descritivo em 163 candidatos a doador de sangue infectados por Trypanosoma cruzi, atendidos no período de agosto de 1996 a novembro de 1997 no ambulatório de doença de Chagas do Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Estadual de Londrina. O perfil epidemiológico foi de paciente jovem, média de idade de 42,95 ± 8,62 anos, sexo masculino (65%), raça branca (84%), baixa escolaridade, baixa renda familiar, agricultor (26%), natural do estado do Paraná (67%), de zona rural (85%), residindo atualmente em zona urbana (85%), sendo o vetorial o principal mecanismo de transmissão. A forma crônica cardíaca, encontrada em 38% foi classificada em forma cardíaca sugestiva de doença de Chagas em 21% e pouco sugestiva em 17% dos pacientes. Não houve diferença significativa na distribuição da faixa etária, sexo e presença de sintomas cardíacos em relação aos pacientes com ou sem cardiopatia. O estudo ressalta a importância da expansão de serviços de atendimento em regiões de maior ocorrência de indivíduos infectados e manutenção de serviços de referência, para oferecer atendimento de forma descentralizada e hierarquizada.

To describe the epidemiologic profile and prevalence of cardiopathy in 163 Trypanosoma cruzi serum positive blood donor candidates, a descriptive study was carried out between August, 1996 and November, 1997 at the Londrina State University Chagas Disease Outpatient Clinic. The profile found was: young, average age 42.95 ± 8.62 years; male (65%); Caucasian (84%); low level of schooling; low family income; agricultural worker (26%); born in the state of Paraná (67%); from rural areas (85%); migrated to the city (85%); and the vector as the main mechanism of transmission. During the clinical characterization a chronic cardiac form was found in 38% of the patients and classified as cardiac suggestive form in 21% and little suggestive of Chagas disease in 17%. No significant difference was found among age group distribution, sex and the presence of cardiac symptoms in patients with or without cardiopathy. This study emphasizes the importance of expanding medical services to areas with a greater prevalence of infected individuals, in a hierarchical manner and aiming at decentralization.

Este estudo transversal descreve as principais características sociodemográficas e epidemiológicas associadas com a infecção pelo HIV-1 em 1.061 indivíduos atendidos em Londrina e região, Sul do Brasil: 136 indivíduos saudáveis (Grupo 1), 147 indivíduos expostos ao HIV-1 mas não infectados (Grupo 2), 161 pacientes infectados pelo HIV-1 assintomáticos (Grupo 3) e 617 pacientes com aids (Grupo 4). Os dados foram obtidos pela aplicação de um questionário padronizado e realização de testes sorológicos. A idade dos indivíduos variou de 15,1 a 79,5 anos; 54,0% e 56,1% dos pacientes dos Grupos 3 e 4, respectivamente, eram homens. As principais características dos indivíduos dos Grupos 2, 3 e 4 foram o predomínio do nível educacional com até oito anos de escolaridade (58,8%, 60,2% e 62,4%, respectivamente), a via sexual de transmissão (88,4%, 87,0% e 82,0%, respectivamente), o comportamento heterossexual (91,8%, 75,2% e 83,7%, respectivamente) e antecedentes de doenças sexualmente transmissíveis (20,4%, 32,5% e 38,1%, respectivamente). Os pacientes com aids apresentaram os valores mais elevados de soropositividade para sífilis (25,6%), anti-HCV (22,3%) e anti-HTLV I/II em dois testes de triagem sorológica (6,2% e 6,8%, respectivamente). Os resultados documentando as características predominantes associadas com a infecção pelo HIV-1 observada nos indivíduos de Londrina e região, poderá ser útil na melhoria dos atuais programas de prevenção, monitoramento e de tratamento da infecção pelo HIV-1 dirigidos a esta população.

The ability to control human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and progression of the disease is regulated by host and viral factors. This cross-sectional study describes the socio-demographic and epidemiological characteristics associated with HIV-1 infection in 1,061 subjects attended in Londrina and region, south of Brazil: 136 healthy individuals (Group 1), 147 HIV-1-exposed but uninfected individuals (Group 2), 161 HIV-1-infected asymptomatic patients (Group 3), and 617 patients with AIDS (Group 4). Data were obtained by a standardized questionnaire and serological tests. The age of the individuals ranged from 15.1 to 79.5 years, 54.0% and 56.1% of the Groups 3 and 4 patients, respectively, were men. The major features of groups 2, 3, and 4 were a predominance of education level up to secondary school (55.8%, 60.2% and 62.4%, respectively), sexual route of exposure (88.4%, 87.0% and 82.0%, respectively), heterosexual behavior (91.8%, 75.2% and 83.7%, respectively), and previous sexually transmitted diseases (20.4%, 32.5%, and 38.1%, respectively). The patients with AIDS showed the highest rates of seropositivity for syphilis (25.6%), of anti-HCV (22.3%), and anti-HTLV I/II obtained by two serological screening tests (6.2% and 6.8%, respectively). The results documenting the predominant characteristics for HIV-1 infection among residents of Londrina and region, could be useful for the improvement of current HIV-1 prevention, monitoring and therapeutic programs targeted at this population.

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência da soropositividade da infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana em pacientes com tuberculose ativa, atendidos no serviço de Pneumologia Sanitária da 17ª Regional de Saúde do Estado do Paraná, em Londrina, e comparar os pacientes co-infectados com aqueles que apresentavam somente tuberculose, em relação à baciloscopia de escarro, exame radiológico de tórax, e forma clínica e esquema terapêutico para tratamento da tuberculose. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 188 pacientes com tuberculose ativa. Os diagnósticos de tuberculose e de infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana foram realizados de acordo com os critérios adotados pelo Ministério da Saúde. Para a obtenção de informações clínicas e epidemiológicas, aplicou-se um questionário, além dos dados das fichas individuais de investigação de tuberculose. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de soropositividade da infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana nos pacientes com tuberculose foi de 14,9%. O índice de positividade da baciloscopia de escarro foi maior no grupo sem a co-infecção (p = 0,0275) e a proporção de pacientes tratados com esquema alternativo foi significativamente maior no grupo com co-infecção (p = 0042). Em 32,1% dos pacientes co-infectados, realizou-se teste sorológico para diagnóstico de infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana simultaneamente ou depois do diagnóstico de tuberculose. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados ressaltam a importância da realização rotineira do teste para detecção de anticorpos contra o vírus da imunodeficiência humana em todos os pacientes com tuberculose.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity among patients with active tuberculosis residing in the city of Londrina, in the state of Paraná, Brazil and treated at the Pulmonology Clinic of the 17th Regional Health Facility of the State of Paraná, and to compare those coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus to those with active tuberculosis only in terms of the clinical form of tuberculosis, sputum smear microscopy, chest X-ray and tuberculosis treatment regimen. METHODS: A transversal study involving 188 active tuberculosis patients was conducted. Tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection were diagnosed based on criteria established by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. In addition to the data obtained through individual tuberculosis investigation files, clinical and epidemiological information were collected by means of questionnaires, which were completed by all participating patients. RESULTS: The prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity among patients with tuberculosis was 14.9%. The rate of positive sputum microscopy results was higher in the tuberculosis-only group (p = 0.0275), and the ratio for patients treatment with alternative scheme was significantly higher in the co-infected group (p = 0.042). In 32.1% of the coinfected patients, the serological diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection was made simultaneously to or following that of the tuberculosis. CONCLUSION: The results underscore the importance of routinely testing for human immunodeficiency virus antibodies in patients diagnosed with tuberculosis.

Of the 110 dentists who had presented seroconversion 50 days after the intradermal application of three 2 µg doses of the Belgian recombinant vaccine against hepatitis B (HB), administered eight years before at an interval of one month between the 1st and 2nd doses and of five months between the 2nd and 3rd doses, 51 were included for the assessment of the persistence of immunity. None of the dentists had hepatitis or had received HB vaccine during this period. All subjects were submitted to serological tests for the detection of the following markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection: HBsAg, anti-HBc, HBeAg, anti-HBe, and anti-HBs, with no HBsAg, anti-HBc, HBeAg or anti-HBe being detected. A microparticle enzyme immunoassay (MEIA) revealed the presence of anti-HBs at protective titers (> 10 mIU/ml) in 42 dentists (82.4%), with the anti-HBs titer being higher than 100 mIU/ml in 36 of them (70.6%) (good responders), between 10 and 100 mIU/ml in 6 (11.8%) (poor responders), and lower than 10 mIU/ml in 9 (17.6%) (non-responders). According to clinical data and serological tests, none of the dentists had presented disease or latent HBV infection during the eight years following the first vaccination. A 2 µg booster dose was administered intradermally to eight dentists with anti-HBs titers lower than 10 mIU/ml (non-responders) and to six dentists with titers ranging from 10 to 100 mIU/ml (poor responders); the determination of anti-HBs one month later demonstrated the occurrence of seroconversion in the eight non-responders and an increase in anti-HBs titer in the six poor responders. In summary, the present results demonstrated the prolonged persistence of protection against HBV infection and the development of immunologic memory provided by vaccination against HB - with intra-dermal application of three 2 µg doses of the Belgian recombinant vaccine at 0, 1, and 6 months - carried out eight years before in 51 dentists.

INTRODUÇÃO: As recentes publicações disponíveis em nosso meio sobre dislipidemias na infância indicam progressão de uma silenciosa epidemia, que pode agravar as taxas de morbidade e mortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares nos próximos anos. Na falta de padronização dos intervalos de referência para população brasileira, muitos autores utilizam valores procedentes de outros países, em particular os recomendados pelas III Diretrizes Brasileiras Sobre Dislipidemias (III DBSD, 2001), que foram transcritos do National Cholesterol Education Program-NCEP (EUA, 1992). OBJETIVO: Estabelecer intervalos de referência para triglicerídeos (TG), colesterol total (CT) e frações em escolares de 2 a 9 anos de idade da cidade de Maracaí, SP. MÉTODOS: delineamento transversal. Foram avaliados perfis lipídicos de 1.202 alunos de seis escolas (cinco públicas e uma privada), de 2 a 9 anos de idade, no período de 25 de março a 8 de outubro de 2002. Empregaram-se reações enzimáticas para determinações de TG e CT, kits Johnson & Johnson, metodologia de química seca e auto-analisador Vitros 750. Utilizaram-se reagentes magnéticos (sulfato de dextran e cloreto de magnésio, Johnson & Johnson) para precipitação de LDL-c e VLDL-c e subseqüente determinação enzimática de HDL-c. O LDL-c foi obtido através de cálculo de Friedewald para TG abaixo de 400mg/dl; valores superiores a este foram determinados com kits Merck CHOD-PAP e leitura fotométrica. RESULTADOS: As exclusões totalizaram 266 casos e os analisados, 936. Os valores obtidos na amostra estudada diferem dos intervalos de referência recomendados pelas III DBSD. As maiores variações dos resultados de Maracaí, em relação às III DBSD, foram do percentil 95 de TG: 130mg/dl (+ 30%); percentil 75 de LDL-c: 101,1mg/dl (-8,1%); percentil 5 de HDL-c: 34mg/dl (-15%). DISCUSSÃO: os intervalos de referência transcritos de outros países desconsideram diferenças étnicas, socioeconômicas e hábitos alimentares da população brasileira. Desta forma, estudos epidemiológicos que os utilizam podem conter indesejáveis vieses de mensuração. Na prática clínica, a utilização dos intervalos de referência de outras procedências, nessa faixa etária para TG, pode provocar investigações adicionais desnecessárias e danos irreparáveis ao desenvolvimento das crianças através de intervenções desastradas sob forma de dietas hipocalóricas ou, pior ainda, prescrição de medicamentos. CONCLUSÃO: Os intervalos de referência da amostra de escolares de Maracaí de 2 a 4 anos diferem dos recomendados pelas III DBSD. Este fato ressalta a necessidade de realização de estudos semelhantes em outras regiões para padronização brasileira dos intervalos de referência para TG, CT e frações.

INTRODUCTION: In our region, the recent available studies on dyslipidemias during childhood show the increase of a silent epidemic that, in future years, can worsen the morbidity and mortality rate due to cardiovascular diseases. The lack of standard normal range values for Brazilian population has lead authors to make use of values from other countries, in particular, the III DBSD (initials in Portuguese for Brazilin Guidelines on Dyslipidemias, 2001), that is transcripted from National Cholesterol Education Program-NCEP (USA, 1992). OBJECTIVE: To establish normal range values for triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (CT) and its fractions in students from two to nine years old from Maracaí city (SP, Brazil). METHODS: Transverse delineation. A total of 1,202 lipidic profiles of students from six schools (five public schools and one private school), in the two- to nine-year-old age range were evaluated. The tests were conducted between March 25th and October 8th 2002. The tests were made through enzymatic reactions in order to determine the TG, and CT by using Johnson & Johnson kits, dry chemistry methodology, with Vitros 750 auto-analyzer. Magnetic reagents (dextran sulfate and magnesium chloride from Johnson & Johnson) were used for the LDL-c and VLDL-c precipitation and the ensuing enzymatic determination for the HDL-c. The LDL-c value was reached through the Friedewald equation for TG lower than 400mg/dl; results greater than this were determined with Merck CHOD-PAP kits with photometric reading. RESULTS: From these tests, 266 were excluded and 936 cases were analyzed. The values obtained in the studied samples differ from the normal range values recommended by the III DBSD. The largest variations in results from Maracaí, in relation to those in the III DBSD, were found at the 95th percentiles for TG: 130mg/dl (a + 30% variation); at the 75th percentiles of LDL-c: 101,1mg/dl (a -8,1% variation); at the 5th percentiles of HDL-c: 34mg/dl (a -15% variation). DISCUSSION: Normal values transcripted from other countries do not take into account the socio-economic, ethnic differences and eating habits of Brazilian population. So, the epidemiological studies in our region may contain unwanted tendencies of measurement. In clinical practice, the use of normal range values from other countries for this age group, in particular for TG, can cause additional unnecessary investigations and irreparable damages to children's development, in case clumsy interventions are adopted through low-calorie diets or, even worse, through drug prescription of medicines. CONCLUSION: The normal range values from the school children sampled in Maracaí, in the two- to nine-year-old age range differ from those recommended by the III DBSD. This fact enhances the need to make similar investigations in other regions of the country in order to establish a Brazilian standard for the normal range values for TG and CT and its fractions.

INTRODUÇÃO: Os estudos epidemiológicos do perfil lipídico em jovens fornecem subsídios para a prevenção da aterosclerose e a redução das elevadas taxas de mortalidade provocadas por doenças do aparelho circulatório. Observa-se, entretanto, que os autores nacionais utilizam intervalos de referência procedentes de outros países, geralmente os norte-americanos. As III Diretrizes Brasileiras Sobre Dislipidemias (III DBSD, 2001) também adotam este recurso, recomendando valores do National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) (EUA, 1992). Esta prática, que desconsidera diferenças raciais, condições socioeconômicas, constituição física e hábitos alimentares da população brasileira, pode induzir potenciais vieses, prejudicando o dimensionamento das dislipidemias em nosso meio. OBJETIVO: Estabelecer intervalos de referência para triglicerídeos (TG), colesterol total (CT), LDL-colesterol (LDL-c), HDL-colesterol (HDL-c) e não-HDL-colesterol (não-HDL-c) em escolares de Maracaí (SP), de ambos sexos e faixa etária de 10 a 19 anos. MÉTODOS: Delineamento transversal. No período de 25 de março a 8 de outubro de 2002, foram avaliados 1.371 alunos de ambos os sexos, de 10 a 19 anos de idade, matriculados em oito escolas públicas e uma privada. Foram utilizadas reações enzimáticas para determinações de CT e TG, kits Johnson & Johnson (Ortho Clinical Diagnostics), metodologia de química seca e auto-analisador Vitros 750. A dosagem enzimática de HDL-c foi precedida pela precipitação de LDL-c e VLDL-c presentes nos soros mediante uso de reagentes responsivos à separação magnética, contendo sulfato de dextran e cloreto de magnésio (Johnson & Johnson). Valores de LDL-c para TG sérico abaixo de 400mg/dl foram obtidos pelo cálculo de Friedewald: LDL-c = CT - HDL-c - TG/5; para valores superiores a este, os soros foram precipitados com sulfato de polivinil dissolvido em polietilenoglicol a 25%, pH 6,7 e posterior determinação com kits Merck CHOD-PAP e leitura fotométrica no aparelho CELM modelo E-225. O não-HDL-c foi calculado através da fórmula CT - HDL-c. RESULTADOS: As exclusões totalizaram 255 casos. Foram analisados 1.116 escolares, dos quais 509 eram do sexo masculino e 607, do feminino. Os intervalos de referência obtidos na amostra diferiram dos valores recomendados pelas III DBSD. As maiores variações foram registradas nos resultados correspondentes aos percentis 75 e 95 de LDL-c, respectivamente, de 93mg/dl (variação de -15,5%) e 118,2mg/dl (variação de -9,1%). DISCUSSÃO: Os intervalos de referência transcritos do NCEP podem não ser aplicáveis em determinadas regiões brasileiras, e a sua utilização indiscriminada pode induzir potenciais vieses. CONCLUSÃO: Os intervalos de referência para CT, LDL-c e HDL-c, estabelecidos para escolares da cidade de Maracaí, de ambos sexos e idades de 10 a 19 anos, diferiram dos valores recomendados pelas III DBSD. Estudos similares em outras regiões são sugeridos para estabelecer, nessa faixa etária, valores adequados à realidade brasileira.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies on lipid profiles in young people offer data for the prevention of atherosclerotic morbidities and the reduction of high mortality rate due to cardiovascular disease. However, the Brazilian authors make use of classification levels from other countries, usually the American standards. The III DBSD (initials in Portuguese for Brazilin Guidelines on Dyslipidemias, 2001), have also adopted this practice, thus recommending the use of levels from the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) (USA, 1992). This practice does not take into account the socioeconomic and ethnic differences, physical makeup and food choices of the Brazilian population. It may induce potential bias and incorrect assessment of dyslipidemias in our region. OBJECTIVE: to establish classification level for triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-c) in students of both sexes from the city of Maracai (SP), in the ten- to nineteen-year-old age group. METHODS: cross-sectional design. A total of 1,371 male and female students, in the ten- to nineteen-year-old age range of eight public schools and one private school, were evaluated between March 25th and October 8th 2002. The tests for TC and TG were conducted with enzymatic reactions, Johnson & Johnson kits, dry chemistry methodology, and Vitros 750 auto-analyzer. The enzymatic dosage of HDL-c was preceded by the precipitation of LDL-c and VLDL-c present in the serum through the use of a magnetically responsive reagent containing dextran sulphate and magnesium chloride (Johnson & Johnson). The LDL-c levels were determined through the Friedewald equation for TG lower than 400.0 mg/dL: LDL-c = TC - HDL-c - TG/5; for results greater than this, the serum was precipitated with polyvinyl sulfate dissolved in poliethylenoglycol at 25%, pH 6.7 and later determined with Merck CHOD-PAP kits and photometric reading in the model E-225 CELM equipment. Non-HDL-c was calculated on CT - HDL-c. RESULTS: Excluded cases amounted to 255. A total of 1,116 cases were tested - 509 males and 607 females. The classification levels that were obtained in the studied samples differ from the values recommended by the III DBSD. The largest variations were found in the results at the 75th and 95th percentiles for LDL-c, respectively, 93 mg/dl (a -15.5% variation) and 118.2 mg/dl (a -9.1% variation). DISCUSSION: the classification levels transcribed from the NCEP may not apply to certain Brazilian areas and their indiscriminate use may lead to bias. CONCLUSION: the classification levels for TC, LDL-c, and HDL-c established for students of both sexes from the city of Maracaí, in the ten-to nineteen-year-old age group proved to be in disagreement with recommended values in the III DBSD. Similar investigations in other areas have been suggested in order to establish adequate classification levels for the Brazilian population in this age group.

Seropositivity for Chagas disease was evaluated in 834 children aged between 7 and 14 from the Municipal Teaching System in the district of Londrina, State of Paraná. A seroprevalence rate of 0.1% was found through the use of an indirect immunofluorescent test and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This low rate of seroprevalence provides evidence that the vectorial transmission of Chagas disease has been eliminated in Londrina. The main reason for the elimination of vectorial transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi infection, as evaluated by serological tests, may be a remarkable change in the economic structure of the northern region of Paraná in the 1960's. At that time coffee production was almost completely replaced by soy beans, wheat and grazing in the rural areas. This change deeply affected the rural ecology and caused an exodus of the population from rural to urban areas as well as a decrease in the total number of the population of that region. The measures introduced for controlling the disease through the Program of Chagas Disease Control established by the Fundação Nacional de Saúde of the Brazilian Ministry of Health, certainly, had a positive impact on the reduction of American trypanosomiasis prevalence in the area under study. However, it does not seem that this was the most relevant factor responsible for the elimination of vectorial transmission of Chagas disease in Londrina.

Os autores apresentam 17 casos de toxoplasmose aguda sintomática adquirida pela ingestão de carne crua de carneiro, servida em uma festa à qual todos os pacientes compareceram. Em relação ao quadro clínico, o período de incubação da doença variou de 6 a 13 dias (10,9 ± 7,0) e 16 (94,5%) pacientes apresentaram febre, cefaléia, mialgia, artralgia e adenomegalia (cervical ou cervical/axilar). Outros sinais clínicos encontrados foram: hepatomegalia em 6 pacientes, esplenomegalia em 4 e exantema em 2. Um paciente apresentou quadro clínico de corioretinite, confirmada através de exame oftalmológico. Todos os pacientes apresentavam títulos séricos de anticorpos específicos (IgG e IgM) que evidenciavam fase aguda de toxoplasmose, pela Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta. Todos os pacientes foram tratados especificamente e houve boa resposta clínica e laboratorial ao tratamento.

The authors present 17 cases of symptomatic acute toxoplasmosis acquired by the ingestion of raw mutton offered during a party in September 1993. The incubation period carried from 6 to 13 days (10.9 ± 7.0). Sixteen (94.5%) patients presented fever, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, and adenopathy (cervical or cervical/axilar). Hepatomegaly was found in 6 patients, splenomegaly in 4 and rash in 2. One patient presented clinical picture of chorioretinitis confirmed by ophthalmological exam. All patients showed increased serum levels of specific antibodies (IgG and IgM) on indirect immunofuorescence assay evidencing acute phase of toxoplasmosis. The patients were treated with specific drugs for toxoplasmosis and presented satisfactory clinical and laboratory response.

São apresentados 27 casos de neurocisticercose, com quadro clínico inicial de meningite aguda, atendidos no Hospital Universitário Regional do Norte do Paraná (HURNP - Universidade Estadual de Londrina). Vinte (74,1%) pacientes eram do sexo masculino; a idade variou de 4 a 52 anos (23,6 ± 11,7 anos); 11 tinham menos de 20 anos, 10 tinham entre 21 e 30 anos e 6, mais de 30 anos. O diagnóstico etiológico foi estabelecido pela reatividade no líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR) do teste de fixação do complemento (Weinberg) em 17 pacientes e pelo imunoenzimático (ELISA) para cisticercose em 10. Em 6 pacientes foi realizada tomografia computadorizada de crânio, todas com alterações sugestivas de neurocisticercose. No LCR colhido na admissão, em 21 (77,78%) pacientes havia predomínio de linfócitos/monócitos e em 6 (22,2%), predomínio de neutrófilos. A presença de eosinófilos, possibilitando a suspeita de neurocisticercose, só ocorreu na primeira amostra de LCR em 7 casos; desses, 4 casos a pleocitose era linfomonocitária e 3 era neutrofilica. Hiperproteinorraquia e hipoglicorraquia no LCR colhido na admissão foram observadas em 18 (66,6%) e 6 (22,2%) pacientes, respectivamente. Nos doentes em que não havia eosinófilos no LCR colhido na admissão, o diagnóstico inicial foi de meningite linfomonocitária de etiología presumivelmente viral ou de meningite purulenta. O tratamento da meningite aguda por neurocisticercose foi realizado com dexametasona e houve desaparecimento dos sintomas e sinais. Não houve óbito em nenhum caso. Os autores ressaltam a importância de incluir a neurocisticercose no diagnóstico diferencial das meningites agudas, em áreas endêmicas para essa doença, assim como realizar rotineiramente em todas as amostras de LCR colhidas de pacientes atendidos o teste ELISA para cisticercose.

Twenty seven cases of neurocysticercosis, with clinical picture of acute meningitis, are described. Twenty (74.1%) patients are male; the age was 4 to 42 years (23.6 ±11.7 years). The etiologic diagnosis was defined by the complement fixation test (Weinberg) and/ or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for cysticercosis in the cerebrospinal fluid (c. s. f.). Six patients that realized cranial computerized tomographic scan ressembling neurocysticercosis. Twenty one (77.8%) have predominancy of lymphomononuclear cells in the c. s. f. obtained in the admission to the hospital; in 6 (22.2%) there were predominancy of polymorphonuclear neutrophils. In this c. s. f. there were eosinosis in four patients that have c. s. f. lymphomononuclear pleocytosis and in three that have c. s. f. neutrophyl pleocytosis, suggesting the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis. The treatment of acute neurocysticercosis was made with dexamethasone. All the patients survived and were transfered to the ambulatory of Neurology for follow-up and complementary treatment