Complete understanding of the local stress triaxiality and stress concentration is essential to ensuring structural safety of several structures. A combination of mechanical tests with numerical simulations can be used to obtain this information. One way to study stress triaxiality is by modifying the standard tensile test geometry (ASTM E8) with a notch. Based on previous results from the literature, five notches were chosen: 10, 5, 3, 2, and 1 mm. These geometries were tested, and the results were numerically reproduced using the Abaqus/Explicit 2020 software. The models used were a non-linear model with the Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman damage model to reproduce the failure. The numerical analyses allowed the assessment of the von Mises stress and stress triaxiality near the notch to compare with the standard smooth specimen. Two instants were considered as crack propagation onset; the instant of the maximum von Mises stress in the element at the center of the specimen, where the failure process begins; and the moment of maximum stress in the true stress x true strain curve. For the von Mises stress analysis, the difference between the curves was small. The stress triaxiality is a better variable to visualize the influences of the notch. When the strain is equal to a 0.07 (instant of the maximum force for the standard specimens), for the smaller notches (1 and 2 mm), there is a region where the effective plastic strain is zero. Consequently, the stress triaxiality is larger in this region than in the center. For the crack propagation onset instant, the plastic strain occurs along the whole transversal section. In this instant, the maximum value of stress triaxiality occurs in the center for all specimens. These results demonstrate that the stress triaxiality changes as the strain increases, i.e., varies with time.

OBJETIVO: Descrever o desenvolvimento do módulo "espiritualidade, religiosidade e crenças pessoais" pelo instrumento WHOQOL-SRPB e relatar os principais achados da pesquisa realizada com grupos focais constituídos por pessoas representativas das práticas religiosas mais freqüentes, pacientes e profissionais da saúde. MÉTODOS: São descritas as várias etapas de desenvolvimento do instrumento WHOQOL-SRPB: revisão da literatura, grupos focais, geração de questões nacionais, geração de itens consensuais, desenvolvimento do instrumento piloto, aplicação do piloto, análise do desempenho das questões, desenvolvimento do instrumento definitivo e teste de campo. A etapa dos grupos focais foi aplicada em Porto Alegre, RS, com 15 grupos (n=142), incluindo profissionais da saúde, pacientes agudos, crônicos e terminais, religiosos (católicos, evangélicos, afro-brasileiros e espíritas) e ateus. Foram discutidas as facetas sugeridas pelo grupo de experts, além das dimensões espontaneamente trazidas pelos participantes dos grupos. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: A técnica de grupo focal mostrou-se adequada para captar as diferentes opiniões dos participantes, permitindo que fossem testadas as hipóteses dos pesquisadores, redirecionando e/ou ampliando conceitos previamente estabelecidos. Além disso, evidenciou a importância da dimensão espiritual na vida dos pacientes.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the development of the "spirituality, religiousness, and personal beliefs" for the WHOQOL-SRBP instrument, and to report the main findings of research conducted with focus groups composed of subjects representative of the most common religious practices, patients, and healthcare professionals. METHODS: The several stages of the development of the WHOQOL-SRBP instrument are described: literature review, focus groups, elaboration of national questions, elaboration of consensual items, pilot-study development, pilot-study application, question performance analysis, development of the definitive instrument, and field testing. The focus group stage was conducted in Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil, and included 15 groups (n=142). These included separate groups for healthcare professionals, acute, chronic, and terminal patients, religious groups (Catholics, Evangelicals, Afro-Brazilians, and Spiritualists), and atheists. Each group discussed facets suggested by a group of "experts", as well as any further dimensions spontaneously raised by group participants. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The focus group technique proved itself adequate for the collection of different opinions from the participants, allowing for the testing of the hypotheses proposed by the researchers, redirecting and/or broadening previously established concepts. In addition, it highlighted the importance of the discussion of the spiritual dimension for patient's lives.

OBJETIVO: Descrever o desenvolvimento do módulo "espiritualidade, religiosidade e crenças pessoais" pelo instrumento WHOQOL-SRPB e relatar os principais achados da pesquisa realizada com grupos focais constituídos por pessoas representativas das práticas religiosas mais freqüentes, pacientes e profissionais da saúde. MÉTODOS: São descritas as várias etapas de desenvolvimento do instrumento WHOQOL-SRPB: revisão da literatura, grupos focais, geração de questões nacionais, geração de itens consensuais, desenvolvimento do instrumento piloto, aplicação do piloto, análise do desempenho das questões, desenvolvimento do instrumento definitivo e teste de campo. A etapa dos grupos focais foi aplicada em Porto Alegre, RS, com 15 grupos (n=142), incluindo profissionais da saúde, pacientes agudos, crônicos e terminais, religiosos (católicos, evangélicos, afro-brasileiros e espíritas) e ateus. Foram discutidas as facetas sugeridas pelo grupo de experts, além das dimensões espontaneamente trazidas pelos participantes dos grupos. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: A técnica de grupo focal mostrou-se adequada para captar as diferentes opiniões dos participantes, permitindo que fossem testadas as hipóteses dos pesquisadores, redirecionando e/ou ampliando conceitos previamente estabelecidos. Além disso, evidenciou a importância da dimensão espiritual na vida dos pacientes.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the development of the "spirituality, religiousness, and personal beliefs" for the WHOQOL-SRBP instrument, and to report the main findings of research conducted with focus groups composed of subjects representative of the most common religious practices, patients, and healthcare professionals. METHODS: The several stages of the development of the WHOQOL-SRBP instrument are described: literature review, focus groups, elaboration of national questions, elaboration of consensual items, pilot-study development, pilot-study application, question performance analysis, development of the definitive instrument, and field testing. The focus group stage was conducted in Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil, and included 15 groups (n=142). These included separate groups for healthcare professionals, acute, chronic, and terminal patients, religious groups (Catholics, Evangelicals, Afro-Brazilians, and Spiritualists), and atheists. Each group discussed facets suggested by a group of "experts", as well as any further dimensions spontaneously raised by group participants. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The focus group technique proved itself adequate for the collection of different opinions from the participants, allowing for the testing of the hypotheses proposed by the researchers, redirecting and/or broadening previously established concepts. In addition, it highlighted the importance of the discussion of the spiritual dimension for patient's lives.