Resumen Los compuestos aromáticos tienen amplias aplicaciones en las industrias alimentaria, cosmética y farmacéutica. Sin embargo, estos compuestos se producen principalmente por síntesis química. Una alternativa, sostenible y prometedora para la producción natural de compuestos aromáticos son los procesos fermentativos usando microrganismos. En este trabajo se obtuvo la producción de diferentes compuestos aromáticos en concentraciones significativas, como acetato de isoamilo, alcohol isoamílico, acetato de etilo y acetaldehído, entre otros, a partir de subproductos de la agroindustria (melaza de caña de azúcar), usando Pichia fermentans como inoculo. Los compuestos aromáticos se concentraron posteriormente por pervaporación y microencapsulación mediante secado por aspersión utilizando diferentes agentes encapsulantes. Se encontró que cuando estas técnicas se aplicaron a dos bebidas, produjeron un olor de notas afrutadas, especialmente las de plátano. Además, los panelistas identificaron notas amaderadas y alcohólicas. Finalmente, se encontró que los mejores agentes encapsulantes eran la dextrina (73,49 ppm) y la mezcla de dextrina y maltodextrina (72,58 ppm).

Abstract Aroma and fragrance compounds have broad applications in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. However, these compounds are mainly produced by chemical synthesis. An alternative, sustainable and promising route for the natural production of flavour compounds is microbial transformation processes. In this work, we obtained the production of different aroma compounds in significant concentrations, such as isoamyl acetate, isoamyl alcohol, ethyl acetate and acetaldehyde, among others, from agribusiness by-products (sugarcane molasses) and using Pichia fermentans. These were subsequently concentrated by pervaporation and microencapsulation by spray drying using different encapsulating agents. The results showed that when these techniques were applied to two iced beverages, they produced an odour of fruity notes, especially those of banana. In addition, woody and alcoholic notes were identified by the panellists. Finally, the best encapsulating agents were dextrin (73.49 ppm) and the dextrin and maltodextrin mixture (72.58 ppm).

Abstract Background The presence of weeds in Roundup Ready® (RR) soybean and corn crops compromises yield. Management practices recommended by the consultants and adopted by producers directly interfere in the occurrence of these species. Objective To survey management practices used in RR soybean and corn fields in the Rio Grande do Sul. Methods Data were gathered via the application of questionnaires during the 2018/19 growing season to consultants working with RR soybean and corn cropping in Rio Grande do Sul state. There were 112 responses, covering about 72 municipalities in the state. Results Technical consultants highlighted Conyza spp. and Lolium multiflorum as the most common weed species and classified resistance to herbicides and advanced stages of weeds at the time of herbicide application as the primary causes of low weed control efficacy. They observed an increase in resistance evolution and a two to three-fold increase in the use of herbicides in glyphosate-tolerant crops. Using a mixture of herbicides was the main recommendation for the management of weeds that escape control, while in areas with proven resistance, crop rotation was the main recommendation. Conclusions Crop rotation and herbicide mixtures are the most recommended management practices, with herbicide resistance and advanced stage of development listed as the main reasons for the difficulties of weed control.

Resumen Antecedentes: Factores tales como composición del rebaño, productividad, calidad de la leche y nivel tecnológico pueden afectar los costos y rentabilidad de la producción lechera. Objetivo: Evaluar indicadores que puedan predecir el rendimiento productivo y eficiencia financiera en tres sistemas de producción lechera en el sur de Brasil. Métodos: Se recolectaron y analizaron registros mensuales de calidad de la leche, rendimiento productivo y costos de cincuenta granjas lecheras. Las granjas se clasificaron en tres sistemas: pastoreo, semi-confinamiento, y confinamiento. Se calcularon los ingresos totales, el costo operativo efectivo, el costo operativo total, el costo total, el margen bruto, el beneficio neto, el punto de nivelación del costo total, la rentabilidad, y el precio final de la leche. Resultados: El sistema de confinamiento presentó mayor densidad animal y producción de leche por vaca lactante (p<0,05), pero mayores costos variables en comparación con los sistemas de semi-confinamiento y pastoreo. Por otro lado, el sistema de pastoreo tuvo mayor rentabilidad por año. El Factor II (tasas de grasa y proteína) y el Factor III (tasa de ganancia y productividad por área) se asociaron al precio por litro de leche pagado al productor (p<0,05), representando juntos aproximadamente el 13% de ese precio. Conclusión: Los sistemas de producción lechera están influenciados por el área, las vacas lactantes, el rendimiento productivo, la productividad por unidad de área, la calidad de la leche y el uso de inseminación artificial, así como por la suplementación (concentrado y minerales). Casi 13% del precio de la leche se puede atribuir a su contenido de grasa y proteína, así como al tamaño de la granja y productividad por área.

Resumo Antecedentes: Fatores relacionados à composição do rebanho, produtividade, qualidade do leite e uso de tecnologias podem impactar os custos e a lucratividade da produção de leite. Objetivo: Avaliar indicadores que possam predizer a produtividade e a eficiência financeira em três sistemas de produção de leite no sul do Brasil. Métodos: Registros mensais de qualidade do leite, desempenho da produção e custos de cinquenta fazendas leiteiras foram coletados. As fazendas foram classificadas em sistemas de pastejo, semi-confinamento ou confinamento. As receitas totais, o custo operacional efetivo, o custo operacional total, o custo total, a margem bruta, o lucro líquido, o ponto de nivelamento total do custo, a lucratividade e o preço final do leite foram calculados. Resultados: O sistema de confinamento apresentou maior taxa de lotação e produção de leite por vaca lactante (p<0,05), porém maiores custos variáveis totais em relação aos sistemas de semi-confinamento e pastejo. Por outro lado, o sistema de pastejo alcançou maior rentabilidade por ano. O Fator II (taxas de gordura e proteína) e o Fator III (taxa de lotação e produtividade por área) foram associados ao preço do leite por litro pago ao produtor (p<0,05), representando juntos aproximadamente 13% desse preço. Conclusões: Os sistemas de produção leiteira foram influenciados pela área, vacas em lactação, desempenho produtivo, produtividade por área, qualidade do leite e uso de inseminação artificial, bem como pela suplementação (concentrado e minerais). Quase 13% do preço do leite pode ser atribuído ao seu teor de gordura e proteína, assim como a taxa de lotação e a produtividade por área.

Abstract Background: Factors such as herd composition, productivity, milk quality and technology level influence the costs and profitability of milk production. Objective: To evaluate indicators that could predict production performance and financial efficiency in three dairy production systems in southern Brazil. Methods: Monthly records of milk quality, production performance and costs from fifty dairy farms were collected. The farms were classified into grazing, semi-feedlot, or feedlot systems. Total revenues, effective operational cost, total operational cost, total cost, gross margin, net income, total cost leveling point, profitability and final milk price were calculated. Results: The feedlot system resulted in greater herd size and milk production per lactating cow (p<0.05), but greater variable costs compared to semi-feedlot and grazing systems. On the other hand, the grazing system achieved greater profitability per year. Factor II (fat and protein rates), and Factor III (herd size and productivity per area) were associated with milk price per liter paid to the farmer (p<0.05), together accounting for approximately 13% of this price. Conclusion: Dairy production systems are influenced by area, lactating cows, productive performance, productivity per area, milk quality, and use of artificial insemination as well as supplementation (concentrate and minerals). Nearly 13% of milk price can be attributed to its fat and protein content as well as herd size and productivity per area.

ABSTRACT: Elephantopus mollis, popularly known as elephant paw or sussuaiá, is a species that has recently emerged as a weed affecting grain crops. This study aimed to evaluate the differential sensitivity of biotypes of E. mollis obtained from agricultural and nonagricultural areas and to determine the best combinations of herbicides applied at different stages of development for controlling this species. Three experiments were conducted. In the differential sensitivity experiment, 10 herbicides were used in 2 biotypes in 2 stages of development. The dose-response experiment was conducted using 8 doses of 7 herbicides. The field experiment was conducted in an area with weed issues to validate the results of previous experiments. The biotype from the agricultural area showed lower sensitivity to herbicides than the biotype from the nonagricultural area. The contact herbicides initially presented better control; however, the weed shortly showed re-growth due to the presence of buds in the plant crown. Isolated application of 2.4-D amine at doses between 1005 and 1675 g a.e. ha−1 demonstrated 25% control. When 2,4-D amine was followed by paraquat application (400 g a.i. ha−1), the control observed was between 51% and 68%. The best treatment for the control of completely developed weeds is 2,4-D amine + glyphosate mixture (1340 + 1080 g a.e. ha−1), followed by sequential paraquat application.

RESUMO: Popularmente conhecida como pata de elefante ou sussuaiá, Elephantopus mollis, é uma espécie que recentemente surgiu como uma planta daninha em lavouras de cultivos de grãos. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a sensibilidade diferencial de biótipos de E. mollis oriundos de áreas agrícolas e não agrícolas e determinar as melhores combinações de herbicidas aplicados em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento para o controle desta espécie. Foram realizados três experimentos. No experimento de sensibilidade diferencial foram utilizados dez herbicidas em dois biótipos em duas fases de desenvolvimento. O experimento de dose resposta foi conduzido com oito doses de sete herbicidas. O experimento a campo foi realizado em uma área que apresenta problemas com a planta daninha para validar os resultados dos experimentos anteriores. O biótipo oriundo de área agrícola apresentou menor sensibilidade aos herbicidas quando comparado ao biótipo oriundo de área não agrícola. Os herbicidas de contato inicialmente apresentam controle superior, mas logo a planta apresenta rebrote em função de gemas presentes no colo da planta. A aplicação isolada de 2,4-D com doses entre 1005 e 1675 g e.a ha-1 possui controle de 25%. Quando o 2,4-D é seguido da aplicação de paraquat (400 g i.a ha-1) o controle passa a ser entre 51 e 68%. O melhor tratamento para o controle de plantas desenvolvidas é a mistura de 2,4-D + glyphosate (1340 + 1080 g e.a ha-1) com aplicação sequencial de paraquat.

ABSTRACT: Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) is a troublesome weed widely found in temperate Brazilian fields with several herbicide-resistant populations. Soil seed bank is the main source of future infestations and can be strongly affected by agricultural practices, such as crop rotation and tillage system. Therefore, this study evaluated the long-term effects of different crop rotation and tillage systems on the seed bank of Italian ryegrass. Data were collected in 2012 and 2013 in a field managed since 1985 under conventional-tillage and no-tillage and subjected to three cropping systems (monoculture, total, and partial rotation) compared to the control plot. The samples were collected at three soil depths (0-5, 5-10, and 10-20 cm) using a cylindrical soil sampler, and infestations in the field were evaluated with a sample frame of 1 m2. All cropping systems reduced the soil seed bank of Italian ryegrass, regardless of soil management and sampling depths comparing to the control plot. Total and partial rotation were more effective than soil tillage to reduce the seed bank. A larger number of seeds was observed on the surface layer (0-5 cm) for all cropping systems with more uniform distribution in the soil profile in conventional-tillage. Infestation of Italian ryegrass was greater for monoculture under no-tillage in both years, whereas in total and partial rotation, regardless of soil tillage, infestations remained below 40 seedlings m−2. Thus, strategies to reduce the soil seed bank and infestations of Italian ryegrass should focus on cropping systems with crop rotation and no-tillage.

Background: Histoplasmosis is a mycosis with a high prevalence in HIV/AIDS patients. Clinical presentation includes a wide spectrum of manifestations and diagnosis usually takes up to several weeks in patients who do not present cutaneous lesions. Aim: To determine the clinical and microbiological characteristics as well as some biochemical parameters in patients with AIDS-associated histoplasmosis without tegumentary lesions, in order to develop a guideline which enables an early empiric treatment in cases of difficult diagnosis. Methods: Medical records of 86 patients with histoplasmosis were reviewed; 31 patients with diagnosis of AIDS-associated histoplasmosis without cutaneous lesions were analyzed. Results: Fever was the most frequent symptom (96.7%), lung involvement was observed in 22 patients (70.9%), the most commonly radiological pattern was miliary pattern [(12/22), 54.5%]. Nineteen patients presented with splenomegaly. Blood culture sensitivity was 93.3% (28/30) and serology was positive only in 23.5% of the cases. Eight patients died (25.8%). Patients in which CD4+ T cell lymphocytes count was < 50 cells/μl, albumin levels < 2.5 g/dl and who presented with pancytopenia had an unfavorable outcome. Conclusions: In HIV seropositive patients with fever associated to splenomegaly and bilateral miliar pattern in chest radiography, the empiric treatment with amphotericin B must be considered if signs and symptoms of unfavorable outcome are present and due to the time that it takes to arrive at an accurate diagnosis. In order to confirm the diagnosis, all microbiological samples should be collected prior to initiating therapy.

Resumen Antecedentes: La histoplasmosis es una micosis de gran relevancia en pacientes con SIDA. El cuadro clínico puede ser muy variado y, en enfermos que no desarrollan lesiones cutáneas, el diagnóstico suele demorar varias semanas. Objetivo: Establecer pautas que permitan emplear un tratamiento empírico y precoz en pacientes con histoplasmosis asociada al SIDA sin manifestaciones tegumentarias y determinar las características clínicas, microbiológicas y algunos parámetros bioquímicos en los casos de difícil diagnóstico. Métodos: Se analizaron las historias clínicas de 86 pacientes con histoplasmosis. Fueron seleccionados 31 enfermos con histoplasmosis asociada con SIDA sin lesiones cutáneas. Resultados: La fiebre fue el síntoma más frecuente (96,7%), el compromiso pulmonar se comprobó en 22 enfermos (70,9%). El patrón radiológico más frecuentemente hallado en las radiografías de tórax fue el miliar o micronodulillar bilateral [(12/22), 54,5%]. Diecinueve enfermos presentaron esplenomegalia. Los hemocultivos demostraron una sensibilidad de 93,3% (28/30) y la serología fue positiva en 23,5% de los casos. Fallecieron ocho pacientes (25,8%). Los pacientes con recuentos de linfocitos T CD4+ menores a 50 céls/μl, albúmina menor a 2,5 g/dl y pancitopenia evidenciaron un pronóstico desfavorable. Conclusiones: En los pacientes con infección por VIH, fiebre asociada a esplenomegalia y lesiones micronodulillares bilaterales en la radiografía de tórax debe considerarse el tratamiento empírico con anfotericina B cuando existan signos o síntomas de mal pronóstico, debido al tiempo de demora hasta el diagnóstico definitivo. Previo a iniciar el tratamiento deben tomarse todas las muestras para los estudios microbiológicos que permitan confirmar luego la presunción diagnóstica.

Inorganic elements present in pharmaceutical products were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS), employing microwave acid digestion as a sample preparation method. The most abundant isotopes, 75As+, 65Cu+, 52Cr+, 58Ni+, 208Pb+, and 51V+, were determined in acyclovir ointment and its constituents. Elemental impurities in the pharmaceutical samples were determined using an inductively coupled plasma-universal cell technology-mass spectrometer (ICP-UCT-MS) operated in kinetic energy discrimination (KED) and standard mode. The accuracy of the method was assessed by means of addition and recovery experiments. Except for Cr, spiked recoveries of the elements added to the samples before microwave acid digestion (MW-AD) step were between 95.1 and 126%, and after MW-AD step ranged from 85.6 to 132%. Limits of detection (LOD) obtained by proposed method is in agreement to those required by the U.S. Pharmacopeia Convention (USP), showing that the ICP-MS technique is well suited for quantification of these elements. The LOD's (ng L-1) for 51V+, 52Cr+, 58Ni+, 65Cu+, 75As+ and 208Pb+ in 1% v v-1 HNO3 medium were: 2.2, 81.3, 91.9, 6.9, 0.2 and 3.1, respectively. The concentration of the analytes in these samples presented a wide range, varying from 2.3 ± 0.8 µg kg-1 for As to 3446 ± 47 µg kg-1 for Cr.

RESUMO Carvões ativados em forma de briquetes foram preparados a partir do resíduo da madeira de candeia, gerado no processo de extração do óleo α-bisabolol. O material foi briquetado, carbonizado e ativado com CO2,variando-se a temperatura (700-900°C) e o tempo de ativação (1-3 horas). Para a caracterização dos carvões ativados foram realizadas análise elementar (CHN-O), análise dos grupos funcionais (titulação de Boehm), bur-off, área superficial BET estimada, índice de iodo, cálculo de área superficial com azul de metileno SAM, testes de adsorção com azul de metileno e fenol e índice de resistência mecânica. Os resultados mostraram que, com o aumento da temperatura e do tempo de ativação, ocorre aumento da área superficial, do volume de poros, da basicidade do carvão e da capacidade de adsorção de azul de metileno e de fenol.

ABSTRACT ThisActivated carbons briquette shaped were prepared from Candeia wood waste, generated in the extraction of α-bisabolol oil process. The material was briquetted, carbonized and activated with CO2, varying the temperature (700-900°C) and activation time (1-3 hours). The characterization of the activated carbons were performed by: elemental analysis (CHN-O), analysis of the functional groups (Boehm titration), Burn-off, estimated BET surface area, iodine index, calculation of surface area with methylene blue, adsorption tests with methylene blue (MB) and phenol and mechanical resistance (IRI).The results showed that increasing temperature and time of activation promoted an increased in the surface area, pore volume, basicity and adsorption capacity of AM and phenol.

Se estimaron las propiedades psicométricas de la Environmental Reward Observation Scale (EROS) en población colombiana, con dos muestras: población comunitaria y clínica. Para la primera, se evaluaron 507 personas en 22 departamentos del país, con edades entre 18 y 72 años, 60.5 % mujeres y el restante hombres; la segunda muestra estuvo compuesta por 68 personas, con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 72 años, atendidas en el momento de la evaluación por profesionales en salud mental. Se realizó la aplicación de los instrumentos (Enviromental Reward Observation Scale y Escala Autoaplicada de Depresión de Zung), a través de redes sociales y correos electrónicos, con el fin de tener una muestra más amplia y una mayor variabilidad de la misma. Se encontraron niveles apropiados de consistencia interna (alfa de 0.87) e importantes evidencias de validez de constructo (agrupación en un factor que explica el 46.82 % de la varianza total) y discriminante ( r = -0.67).

In the present study the psychometric properties of the Environmental Reward Observation Scale (EROS) in Colombian population were estimated with two different samples: population and clinic. For the first sample 517 people were evaluated in 22 departments of the country aged 18 to 72, 60.5% are women and the remaining men, the second sample was composed of 68 people aged between 18 and 72 years who They are served at present by mental health professionals. Based on the above, the application of the instruments (Environmental Observation Reward Scale Y Auto Scale Applied Zung Depression) was made through social networks and emails in order to have a larger sample and greater variability the same in relation to the general population. Appropriate levels of internal consistency (alpha of 0.87) and significant evidence of construct validity (grouping by a factor that explains the 46.815% of the total variance) and discriminant ( r = -0.67).

Today, alternatives methods are developed for the use of laboratory animals for teaching, research and surgical training. In our work we present a novel alternative to the use of rats, by developing a technique of plastination at room temperature. High-quality rat preparations from the anatomical dissection point of view were obtained, in order to indefinitely preserve them dry, the thoracic and abdominal organs conserve its natural volume and shape, maintaining their texture and color. No odors or hassles and toxic vapors of conventional preserving agents were found. This technique allows the collection of dry, completely biosafe and durable specimens in a short time and with excellent quality. Plastination in laboratory rats complements undergraduate and postgraduate anatomy studies perfectly. Also, radiology and surgery may benefit from this technique.

En la actualidad, se desarrollan alternativas para el uso de animales de laboratorio para enseñanza, investigación y entrenamiento quirúrgico. En nuestro trabajo presentamos una novedosa alternativa para el uso de ratas, a través del desarrollo de una técnica de plastinación a temperatura ambiente. Se obtuvieron preparados de alta calidad desde el punto de vista de la disección anatómica, con órganos torácicos y abdominales que conservaron su volumen, forma, textura y color. Además, los especímenes carecen de olores y no emiten vapores tóxicos, debido a la ausencia de agentes conservantes convencionales. Esta técnica permite desarrollar especÌmenes secos de excelente calidad, completamente bioseguros y duraderos, en muy poco tiempo. La plastinación en ratas de laboratorio complementa los estudios de anatomía de pregrado y postgrado perfectamente. Además, las áreas de radiología y cirugía también pueden beneficiarse de esta técnica.

OBJECTIVE: Lingual orthodontics is becoming more popular in dental practice. The purpose of the present investigation was to compare plaque formation on teeth bonded with the same bracket onto buccal or lingual surface, with non-bonded control teeth, via an in vivo growth experiment over a 30-day period. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A randomized controlled trial with split-mouth design was set up enrolling 20 dental students. Within each subject sites with buccal and lingual brackets and control sites were followed. Clinical periodontal parameters (periodontal pocket depth: PPD; bleeding on probing: BOP) were recorded at baseline and on days 1, 7 and 30. Microbiological samples were taken from the brackets and the teeth on days 1, 7 and 30 to detect colony-forming units (CFU). Total CFU, streptococci CFU and anaerobe CFU were measured. RESULTS: No significant differences (P>0.05) were found between buccal and lingual brackets in terms of clinical periodontal parameters and microbiological values. Conclusion: Bracket position does not have significant impact on bacterial load and on periodontal parameters.

Neste estudo a celulose obtida da palha de feijão foi utilizada para produzir um material hidrofóbico (acetato de celulose) para ser avaliado como absorvente de óleo. Nas reações de acetilação foram utilizados anidrido acético e dois catalisadores, a piridina (PY) e N-bromossuccinimida (NBS). Os materiais produzidos foram caracterizados por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho médio, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, difratometria de raios-X e análise elementar. O NBS mostrou-se mais eficiente que a PY e, seu uso resultou em materiais com maiores quantidades de grupos acetatos, mais hidrofóbicos e com maiores capacidades de absorção de óleo de soja.

In this work, cellulose from beans straw was used to produce a more hydrophobic material (cellulose acetate) for use as oil absorbent. Acetic anhydride was used in the reactions with two catalysts, pyridine (PY) and N-bromosuccinimide (NBS). The materials produced were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and elemental analysis. NBS proved more efficient than PY, with the resulting materials containing higher number of acetate groups, being more hydrophobic and with higher capacity to absorb soybean oil.

The objective of the present work was to isolate and select strains with potential to perform the biotransformation of terpenic substrates. Microorganisms obtained from a collection culture and also isolated from a natural source of terpene substrate were tested. Seventeen strains were selected by their resistance to terpenes in potato dextrose agar containing up to 1% of limonene or α-pinene and β-pinene (1:1). Subsequently, 10 strains were selected by their capacity of using these terpenes as sole carbon source in a mineral medium. The biotransformation capacity of these strains was tested and the products obtained were identified by GC-MS.

O teor de matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) é estimado pelo conteúdo de carbono orgânico do solo (COS) vezes um fator, decorrente do pressuposto de que 58% da MOS é formada por carbono. Amostras de solos apresentando grande variação no teor de COS foram avaliadas no laboratório. O COS foi determinado pelo método de Walkley-Black (WB) e a MOS pela perda de massa por ignição (PMI). A MOS foi positivamente correlacionada com o COS. A relação MOS/COS variou de 1,91 a 5,08. Este resultado mostra que a MOS brasileiros apresentam maior grau de oxidação. Embora a MOS e o COS tenham diminuído a relação MOS/COS aumentou com a profundidade do solo. Este resultado demonstrou que a MOS da subsuperfície contem mais oxigênio e menos carbono que a MOS da superfície do solo. A relação CTC/COS também aumentou com a profundidade, indicando um aumento nos grupos funcionais da MOS por unidade de carbono.

The quantity of soil organic matter (SOM) was estimated through the determination of soil organic carbon (SOC) times a factor, which assumes that 58% of the SOM was formed by carbon. A number of soil samples with wide range of SOC content collected in the state of Paraná, Brazil were evaluated in the laboratory. SOC was measured by Walkley-Black method and the total SOM by loss on ignition. The SOC was positively correlated with SOM. The SOM/SOC ratio varied from 1.91 to 5.08 for the soils. It shows that Brazilian SOM has greater oxidation degree. Although, the SOM and SOC decreased with soil depth the SOM/SOC ratio increased. It showed that SOM in the subsoil contained more oxygen but less carbon than the SOM in the upper soil surface. The CEC/SOC also increased with depth indicating that the functional groups of the SOM increased per unity of carbon.