Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a dinâmica da infecção natural na transmissão de Babesia spp. em bovinos de uma área de instabilidade enzoótica no Nordeste do Brasil. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 30 bezerras, proveniente de duas propriedades leiteiras para determinação do volume globular e da primo-infecção por meio da reação em cadeia da polimerase associando aos fatores climáticos e medidas de manejo. Na fazenda A, o período médio da primo-infecção para B. bigemina, determinado por meio da PCR, foi de 249,4 (±24,42) dias de idade, enquanto que para B. bovis foi aos 252,6 (±17,07) dias de idade, não existindo diferença estatística. A infecção coincidiu com o período de alta precipitação pluviométrica na região. Não houve infecção por Babesia spp. na fazenda B, na qual o uso intensivo de acaricidas determinou ausência de carrapatos. Não houve diferença significativa entre médias de VG dos animais das fazendas A e B. O manejo adotado nas fazendas estudadas, associado às condições climáticas, interferem na exposição dos animais aos vetores, podendo favorecer a manutenção de uma área de instabilidade enzoótica no Nordeste do Brasil.

Abstract This study aimed to determine the dynamics of natural infection in the transmission of Babesia spp. to cattle in an enzootic instability area in Northeastern Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 30 calves located on two dairy farms to determine the packed cell volume (PCV) and the timing of the primo-infection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and their association with climatic factors and management practices. On Farm A, the determination of primo-infection was observed on average at 249.4 (±24.42) days of age for B. bigemina and at 252.6 (±17.07) days of age for B. bovis; there was no significant difference between the times of infection (P> 0.05). The infection coincided with a period of high rainfall in the region. On Farm B, primo-infection infection was not observed. There was no infection by Babesia spp. on Farm B due to the intensive use of acaricides that led to an absence of ticks. There was no significant difference between the average PCV of animals from Farms A and B (P> 0.05). The management practices on the properties, in addition to the weather conditions influenced the exposure of the animals to disease vectors and may have contributed to the maintenance of this enzootic area in Northeastern Brazil.

The present research aimed at evaluating the influence of the water quality in the life cycle and attraction of Aedes aegypti (L.) females to oviposit using different sources of water (raw sewage, effluent of UASB reactor, effluent of polishing lagoon, effluent of anaerobic filter, rain water and de-chlorinated water). The immature development time and survivorship were evaluated on a daily basis in two distinct feeding systems (with and without food). The quality of the water was shown to affect the egg and larval stages, but not the pupal or the adult. In the absence of food, no development was observed in rain water and de-chlorinated water. Immature development was faster in water sources from raw sewage, although with the lowest survivorship (37.3%). Free-choice tests indicated that females preferred to lay most of their eggs on water collected from the effluent of a UASB reactor, achieving the highest oviposition activity index (OAI) of 0.57. In non-choice tests, females laid larger batches of eggs in water collected from anaerobic filters (204.8 eggs), with the lowest number of eggs being laid on de-chlorinated water (37.3 eggs). It can be concluded that A. aegypti does not demonstrate any particular preference to lay eggs on clean water. This has serious implications for developing strategies to manage populations of this important vector in urban areas as it was shown to lay eggs and successfully develop on several different sources of water.

A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar a influência da densidade larval sobre o ciclo de vida, tamanho e fecundidade de Aedes aegypti (L.). Os bioensaios foram conduzidos a 26 ± 2ºC e 12h de luz. Foram utilizadas cinco densidades larvais (200, 500, 750, 1000 e 1250 larvas/l) e dois sistemas de alimentação (um com alimentação fixa de 100 mg de ração e outro com quantidade de alimento proporcional ao número de larvas/bandeja). Avaliou-se diariamente, o tempo de desenvolvimento e sobrevivência de ovo e larva, a razão sexual, a longevidade, a fecundidade e o tamanho dos adultos. O ciclo de vida de A. aegypti foi significativamente afetado pela densidade quando ofertados 100 mg de ração por bandeja. O período de desenvolvimento larval aumentou de 8,3 para 37,9 dias, a fecundidade diminuiu de 105,7 para 41,8 ovos/fêmea assim como o comprimento alar de 4,6 mm para 3,6 mm, quando comparadas às densidades de 200 para 1250 larvas/l, respectivamente. Não foram detectadas diferenças significativas dessas variáveis quando foram ofertados 1,9 mg de ração por larva, exceto para o tamanho dos adultos. Fêmeas criadas a 1250 larvas/l foram maiores, com comprimento alar médio de 5,2 mm.

We focused on the evaluation of the influence that the larval density have on the life cycle, size and fecundity of Aedes aegypti (L.). The bioassays were conducted at 26 ± 2ºC and at 12h light. Five larval densities (200, 500, 750, 1000 and 1250 larvae/l) and two feeding systems (one with a fixed amount of 100 mg of food, and other with an amount of food proportional to the number of larvae/tray) were tested. Egg and larval development time and survivorship, sex ratio, longevity, fecundity and the size of adults were evaluated on a daily basis. The life cycle of A. aegypti was significantly affected by the density when offered 100 mg of food per tray. The period of larval development increased from 8.3 to 37.9 days whereas female fecundity and wing length decreased from 105.7 to 41.8 eggs/female and from 4.6 mm to 3.6 mm, respectively, by changing from a density of 200 to 1250 larvae/l. Significant differences of these variables were not detected when offering 1.9 mg of food per larvae, except for the size of the adults. Females emerged from rearing densities of 1250 larvae/l grew larger, with an average wing length of 5.2 mm.

Parasitóides Trichogramma vêm sendo utilizados em todo o mundo como agentes de controle biológico devido à sua ampla distribuição geográfica, alta especialização e efi ciência no controle de muitas espécies-praga de lepidópteros. Para o entendimento dos resultados do parasitismo e superparasitismo de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, estudaram-se os aspectos comportamentais e biológicos desse parasitóide sobre ovos de Sitotroga cerealella (Oliver). As variáveis investigadas foram: aceitação hospedeira e tempo de contato de T. pretiosum com o hospedeiro parasitado, porcentagem de emergência, porcentagem de indivíduos deformados, duração ovo-adulto, razão sexual, tamanho e longevidade de T. pretiosum e número de ovos de S. cerealella parasitados por fêmea descendente. Observou-se rejeição de parasitismo em ovos de S. cerealella previamente parasitados com 24, 72 e 120h de idade. A rejeição foi superior para ovos com 72h e 120h após o parasitismo em comparação com aqueles com 24h. Ovos previamente parasitados com 24h apresentaram maior tempo de contato por T. pretiosum comparados aos de 72h e 120h. Os descendentes oriundos de hospedeiros dos quais apenas um parasitóide se desenvolveu apresentaram-se todos maiores, sem deformidades e com maior capacidade de parasitismo, ao contrário dos indivíduos descendentes de hospedeiros em que dois parasitóides se desenvolveram. Entretanto, a longevidade de fêmeas descendentes não diferiu entre parasitóides oriundos de hospedeiros em que um ou dois parasitóides se desenvolveram. Pode-se concluir que T. pretiosum reconhece ovos previamente parasitados e que o superparasitismo resultou em menor sucesso reprodutivo do parasitóide.

The parasitoid Trichogramma has been used worldwide as biological control agent due to its wide geographic distribution, high specialization and efficacy against many lepidopteran pests. Biological and behavioral traits of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley parasitizing Sitotroga cerealella (Oliver) eggs were studied aiming to a better understanding of the results from parasitism and superparasitism. The variables investigated were: host acceptance and contact time by T. pretiosum on parasitized host, percentage of parasitoid emergence, number of deformed individuals produced, egg-adult period, sex ratio, offspring female body size and longevity, and number of S. cerealella eggs parasitized/female. Parasitism rejection was observed on parasitized host eggs after 24, 72 and 120h of parasitism. The rejection was higher for eggs parasitized after 72h and 120h of parasitism as compared to the eggs after 24h of parasitism. T. pretiosum contact time on eggs after 24h of parasitism was greater than on 72 and 120h. The offspring produced from hosts from which a single parasitoid emerged were larger, exhibited no deformities and greater capacity of parasitism, different from those produced from eggs where two parasitoids emerged. Offspring longevity, however, was similar for females emerged from hosts from which one or two adults emerged. In conclusion, T. pretiosum was able to recognize previously parasitized eggs and the superparasitism reduced the parasitoid.reproductive success.