ABSTRACT The native field area in southern Brazil has been reduced due to cultivation, and part of the remainder is traditionally burned and may increase water erosion and soil degradation. In this research, the soil chemical composition and water erosion, under natural rainfall, were evaluated in an Inceptisol, in the south of the Santa Catarina state plateau. The treatments consisted of native field, field mowed and burned once a year, and field cultivated under no-tillage conditions, in plots of 3.5 x 22.1 m and average slope of 10 %. The water erosion was evaluated between November 2016 and September 2018, when there were 61 erosive rainfalls, totaling 1,997 mm and 8,472 MJ mm ha-1 h-1. The soil losses were 82 kg ha-1 in the cultivated field, 55 kg ha-1 in the burned field and 24 kg ha-1 in the native field; and the water losses, in relation to the total rainfall, were 2.2 % in the native field and cultivated field and 1.2 % in the burned field.

RESUMO A área de campo nativo no Sul do Brasil foi reduzida devido ao cultivo, e parte do remanescente é tradicionalmente queimada, podendo aumentar a erosão hídrica e a degradação do solo. Avaliou-se a composição química do solo e a erosão hídrica, sob chuva natural, em um Cambissolo Húmico, no sul do planalto Catarinense. Os tratamentos consistiram de campo nativo, campo roçado e queimado uma vez ao ano e campo cultivado em condição de semeadura direta, em parcelas de 3,5 x 22,1 m e declividade média de 10 %. A erosão hídrica foi avaliada entre novembro de 2016 e setembro de 2018, quando ocorreram 61 chuvas erosivas, totalizando 1.997 mm e 8.472 MJ mm ha-1 h -1. As perdas de solo foram de 82 kg ha-1 no campo cultivado, 55 kg ha-1 no campo queimado e 24 kg ha-1 no campo nativo; e as perdas de água, em relação ao total precipitado, foram de 2,2 % no campo nativo e campo cultivado e de 1,2 % no campo queimado.

Abstract The application of pig slurry (PS) to soil is known to change its chemical and physical properties. However, little is known about the alterations that PS causes in pore morphology and water erosion. This research evaluated the influence of PS on the morphology of the pores in the surface layer of the soil and on water erosion in an Inceptisol subjected to simulated rainfall. The soil was cultivated with black oats and the treatments (doses) 0, 50, 100 and 200 m3 ha-1 of PS were applied to the crop residue. The experimental design was completely randomized. Six simulated rainfall lasting 60 minutes and planned constant intensity of 65 mm h-1 were applied to the treatments. Undisturbed soil samples were collected in the 0-0.05 m layer, 24 h before and 24 h after the first, third and sixth rainfall events. Image analysis was performed, determining the percentage of macropores and mesopores, number, diameter and shape of the pores, using the micro morphometry technique. PS doses of 100 and 200 m3 ha-1, combined with simulated rainfall, favored surface sealing and pore rearrangement. There was an increase in the number of small and rounded pores, without interconnection between them, with a consequent increase in water erosion until the moment of stabilization of the superficial crust.

Resumo O dejeto líquido de suínos (DLS) aplicado no solo reconhecidamente altera as propriedades químicas e físicas. Porém, ainda são pouco conhecidas as alterações que o DLS causa na morfologia dos poros e na erosão hídrica. Com esta pesquisa objetivou-se avaliar a influência do DLS na morfologia dos poros da camada superficial do solo e na erosão hídrica, em um Cambissolo submetido à chuva simulada. O solo foi cultivado com aveia preta e os tratamentos (dose) 0, 50, 100 e 200 m3 ha-1 de DLS foram aplicados sobre o resíduo da cultura. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado. Seis chuvas simuladas com duração de 60 minutos e intensidade constante planejada de 65 mm h-1 foram aplicadas aos tratamentos. Amostras indeformadas de solo foram coletadas na camada de 0-0,05 m, 24 h antes e 24 h após o primeiro, terceiro e sexto eventos de chuva. Foi realizada análise de imagem, determinando-se a porcentagem de macroporos e mesoporos, número, diâmetro e forma dos poros, pela técnica de micromorfometria. As doses 100 e 200 m3 ha-1 de DLS, combinadas com a chuva simulada, favoreceram o selamento superficial e o rearranjo dos poros. Houve aumento do número de poros pequenos e arredondados, sem interligação entre eles, com consequente aumento da erosão hídrica até o momento de estabilização da crosta superficial.

RESUMO O cultivo de olerícolas em geral degrada o solo porque é necessário adotar operações de preparo mecânico intenso. Com esta pesquisa objetivou-se quantificar as perdas de solo (PS) e perdas de água (PA) por erosão hídrica no ciclo da cebola em distintos tipos de manejo do solo e de resíduo cultural, em condição de chuva simulada, em 2017. Estudaramse os tratamentos de plantio direto: 1) sulcos na linha de plantio sobre o resíduo de milho (PDM); 2) sulcos na linha de plantio sobre o resíduo de soja (PDS); 3) preparo do solo com uma aração + duas gradagens + rastelo manual sobre o resíduo de milho (PCM); 4) preparo do solo com uma aração + duas gradagens + rastelo manual sobre o resíduo de soja (PCS); 5) preparo do solo com uma aração + duas gradagens + rastelo manual sem cultivo e descoberto (SSC- testemunha). Sobre os tratamentos aplicaramse quatro chuvas simuladas, cada uma com duração de 60 minutos e 65 mm h-1 de intensidade constante, com um simulador de chuva com braços rotativos do tipo empuxo. As perdas de solo totais observadas ao final das quatro chuvas simuladas aplicadas nos tratamentos PDM, PDS, PCM, PCS e SSC foram respectivamente de 1,35; 3,35; 7,36; 33,72; e 55,44 t ha-1. Perdas de solo verificadas nos tratamentos PDM, PDS e PCM foram respectivamente 85%, 63% e 12% menores do que a tolerância de perda de solo de 9 t ha-1 ano-1. O aumento da cobertura do solo pelos resíduos culturais ocasionou diminuição exponencial das perdas de solo, enquanto essas perdas aumentaram exponencialmente com o aumento da velocidade da enxurrada. As perdas de água pela enxurrada apresentaram a mesma tendência das perdas de solo, mas com menor dependência do manejo do solo.

ABSTRACT The cultivation of vegetables in general degrades the soil because it is necessary to adopt intensive me-chanical preparation operations. The objective of this research was to quantify soil losses (SL) and water losses (WL) by water erosion in the onion cycle in different types of soil and crop residue management, under simulated rainfall conditions, in 2017. Notillage treatments were studied: 1) furrows in the planting line on the corn residue (NTC); 2) furrows in the planting line over the soybean residue (NTS); 3) soil preparation with a plow + two harrowing + manual rake on the corn residue (SPC); 4) soil preparation with a plow + two harrowing + manual rake on the soybean residue (SPS); 5) soil preparation with one plowing + two ha-rrowing + manual rake without cultivation and uncovered (BS - control). Four simulated rains were applied to the treatments, each lasting 60 min and 65 mm h-1 of constant intensity, with a rain simulator with rotating arms of the thrust type. The total soil losses observed at the end of the four simulated rainfall applied in the treatments NTC, NTS, SPC, and SPS were respectively 1.35; 3.35; 7.36; 33.72; and 55.44 t ha-1. Soil losses verified in the NTC, NTS and SPC treatments were respectively 85%, 63% and 12% lower than the soil loss tolerance of 9 t ha-1 year-1The increase in soil cover by crop residues caused an exponential decrease in soil losses, while these losses increased exponentially with the increase in runoff velocity. Runoff water losses showed the same trend as soil losses, but with less dependence on soil management.

RESUMO A erosão hídrica é influenciada pelos fatores clima, solo, cobertura do solo e práticas de conservação do solo. Esses fatores podem ser modificados por ações naturais (especialmente o clima) e/ou antrópicas (especialmente o solo, a cobertura do solo e as práticas conservacionistas). O fator relevo também influencia a erosão hídrica e pode também ser parcialmente modificado pela ação antrópica. Com este estudo objetivou-se avaliar o impacto da ação antrópica devido ao cultivo do solo no sistema de semeadura direta sobre a erosão hídrica, e sobre o consequente fluxo de sedimentos na água. O estudo foi realizado no canal que drena a bacia hidrográfica do rio Marombas com área de 3,668 km², utilizando-se o modelo Soil Water Assessment Tools (SWAT). A calibração e validação do modelo para a produção de sedimentos foi realizada com uma série histórica de dados sintéticos. Os dados dessa série foram estimados por regressão linear a partir de valores da carga de sedimentos e da vazão média diária obtidos pontualmente no exutório da bacia. O modelo SWAT foi calibrado em escala diária com dados de 1979 a 1989 e foi validado com dados de 1994 e 1997. O modelo SWAT foi adequado para representar o fluxo médio diário e o fluxo de sedimentos na bacia hidrográfica do rio Marombas. A hipótese de redução da produção de sedimentos com o aumento do cultivo do solo no sistema de semeadura direta foi aceita.

ABSTRACT Water erosion is influenced by climate, soil, soil cover and soil conservation practices. These factors can be modified by natural (especially climate) and/or anthropogenic (especially soil, soil cover and conservation practices) actions. The relief factor also influences the water erosion and can also be partially modified by anthropic action. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of anthropogenic action due to the introduction of soil crop in no-tillage system on water erosion, and on the consequent flow of sediments in the water. The study was carried out in the Marombas river basin with an area of 3,939 km², using the Soil Water Assessment Tools (SWAT) model. The calibration and validation of the model for sediment production was carried out with a historical series of synthetic data. The data from this series were estimated by linear regression from sediment value load and the average daily flow obtained punctually in the basin’s outlet. The SWAT model was calibrated on a daily scale with data from 1979 to 1989 and was validated with data from 1994 and 1997. The SWAT model was suitable to represent the average daily flow and sediment flow in the Marombas watershed. The hypothesis of reduced sediment production with increasing soil crop in no-tillage system was accepted.

Abstract Water infiltration into soil varies significantly with soil type and management practices. Management practices alter soil physical properties, such as porosity and pore size distribution, which play an important role in infiltration. This study was conducted to assess the effect of the long-term use of two different soil tillage systems (conventional, CT, and no-tillage, NT) on soil structure and water infiltration to understanding of the relationship between physical conditions induced by tillage and water infiltration. The experiments were carried out on a Humic Cambisol in southern Brazil from 1995 to 2016. Soil density, porosity, aggregate diameter and soil water infiltration were evaluated under conventional tillage right after one plowing and two subsequent discings (CT0), and six months after these tillage operations (CT6). The results show that different management systems affect differently soil physical properties and, thus, water infiltration. By mechanical mobilization CT brings about modifications in soil structure which promote an increase in total porosity and mesopority, and a decrease in soil microporosity. This in turn results in an increase in the proportion of larger pores in the plow layer and a decrease in soil density, but also in a decrease in aggregate stability. The CT0 measurements showed the highest infiltration rates which were up to 15 times greater than in the NT treatment. The higher infiltration rate in CT0 wears off with time, but in the CT6 measurements six months after tillage it was still 2 times higher than under NT. Tillage, at least initially, increases total porosity and mesoporosity, while at the same time decreasing microporosity. This results in a larger saturated hydraulic conductivity (K). An increase in total porosity alone does not necessarily increase K, if there is an increase in small pores at the cost of decreasing the number of larger pores.

Abstract Improper management degrades the soil, decreases corn productivity and is reflected in the cost of production. The objective of this research was to evaluate the soil recovery in non-conservationist treatments after the change of management and cultivation to the conservation condition direct sowing, and compare these systems to consolidated direct seeding; This evaluation was based on the soil responsiveness to crop production and water erosion control, and based on the financial cost of soil recovery and corn production when soil management was converted from non-conservationist (tillage rotation - RT, minimum tillage - MT, conventional tillage - CT and bare soil - BS) to no-tillage (NT) condition, in a Humic Cambisol. The transition from managements to no-tillage occurred in 2015 year, after 27 years of conducting the preexisting managements. The chemical recovery was carried out with the application of limestone, phosphorus, and potassium. At the end of the research the yield of the corn crop, the cost of recovering the soil fertility and the cost of crop production were evaluated. Previous soil management influenced the cost of soil chemical recovery. The cost of production showed a financial loss for the previous treatments CT and BS, on the average of the three corn crops.

RESUMO A erosão hídrica é o principal fator de degradação e redução da capacidade produtiva do solo, exigindo operações de manejo que minimizem as perdas de água e solo e ao mesmo tempo maximizem a produtividade da cultura. Com a pesquisa objetivou-se quantificar as perdas por erosão hídrica e, na água de enxurrada, determinar os teores e as perdas totais de P e K durante o desenvolvimento de eucalipto (Eucalyptus benthamii). O eucalipto foi plantado em três tipos de preparo do solo: mecanizado em sulcos na direção do declive (PMD); mecanizado em sulcos perpendiculares ao declive (PMC); e cova individual para cada planta (PSC), em um experimento no sul do Brasil sobre um Cambissolo Háplico. Observamos que o preparo mecânico do solo realizado na direção do declive é menos eficaz no controle das perdas de solo do que o mecânico realizado perpendicularmente ao declive e do que o manual em covas, nos quais as perdas de solo equivalem a 10% daquelas que ocorrem na direção do declive. Quanto ao controle das perdas de água, o preparo manual em covas é mais eficaz do que os dois preparos mecanizados. As maiores perdas de solo ocorrem no outono, com perdas 27 vezes maiores em relação às outras estações do ano, e as maiores perdas de água ocorreram no preparo mecanizado perpendicularmente ao declive e no preparo manual. As perdas de água variam menos do que as perdas de solo, independentemente do tipo de preparo de solo e da estação do ano. As perdas de fósforo e potássio pela água de enxurrada variam com os teores no solo, com o tipo de preparo do solo e com o momento de avaliação.

ABSTRACT Water erosion is the main factor of degradation and reduction of the productive capacity of the soil, requiring management operations that minimize water and soil losses and at the same time maximize crop productivity. The research aimed to quantify losses by water erosion and, in the runoff water, determine the levels and total losses of P and K during the development of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus benthamii). Eucalyptus was planted in three types of soil preparation: minimum preparation in the direction of the slope, minimum preparation in the contour of the slope, and semi-mechanized preparation, in an experiment in southern Brazil on a Haplic Dystrudept soil. We observed that the mechanical preparation of the soil carried out in the direction of the slope is less effective in controlling soil losses than the mechanical carried out perpendicularly to the slope and also less effective than the manual in pits, in which the soil losses are equivalent to 10% of those that occur in the direction of the slope. As for the control of water losses, manual preparation in pits is more effective than the two mechanized preparations. The greatest losses of soil occur in the fall, with losses 27 times greater in relation to the other seasons of the year, and the greatest losses of water occurred in the mechanized preparation perpendicular to the slope and in the manual preparation. Water losses vary less than soil losses, regardless of the type of soil preparation and the season. The losses of phosphorus and potassium by the Runoff water vary with the contents in the soil, with the type of soil preparation and with the moment of evaluation.

RESUMO Os indicadores de qualidade do solo relacionados à redução da erosão hídrica podem auxiliar no correto manejo do solo. Com o auxílio da análise de trilha, objetivou-se com a pesquisa identificar algumas variáveis que possam ser utilizadas como indicadores de qualidade do solo relacionados à redução da erosão hídrica. A pesquisa foi realizada no campo entre maio de 2011 e abril de 2013, no sul do Brasil, em um Cambissolo. Sob chuva simulada, foram estudados os seguintes tratamentos: 1) solo sem preparo, cultivado e coberto por resíduo de azevém (Lolium multiflorum) (HCR); 2) solo sem preparo, cultivado e coberto por resíduo de ervilhaca (Vicia sativa) (HCV); 3) solo cultivado e escarificado contendo raízes de azevém (HRR); 4) solo cultivado e escarificado contendo raízes de ervilhaca (HRV); e 5) solo sem cultivo, sem cobertura vegetal, preparado com uma escarificação (BHR). Oito chuvas simuladas foram aplicadas em cada tratamento, quantificando-se as perdas de solo e água, velocidade da enxurrada e variáveis ou atributos do solo influenciados pelo preparo. Por meio da análise de trilha, verificou-se que a cobertura e rugosidade superficial, taxa de infiltração e carbono orgânico total apresentam maior relação direta ou indireta com as perdas de solo e água ou velocidade de escoamento, sendo essas variáveis indicativas da qualidade do solo quanto à resistência à erosão hídrica. Em um solo rugoso, o carbono orgânico total, a massa radicular e a macroporosidade do solo são mais importantes como indicadores da resistência do solo à erosão hídrica.

ABSTRACT Soil quality indicators related to water erosion reduction can assist with correct soil management. The objective of this research was to identify some variables that could be used as soil quality indicators with the aid of path coefficient analysis in order to reduce water erosion. The research was carried out in the field between May 2011 and April 2013 in southern Brazil on an Inceptisol. The following treatments were studied under simulated rainfall conditions: 1) no-tilled, cultivated and covered by cultural residue of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) (HCR); 2) no-tilled, cultivated and covered by crop residue of vetch (Vicia sativa) (HCV); 3) cultivated and scarified soil containing ryegrass roots (HRR); 4) cultivated and scarified soil containing vetch roots (HRV); and 5) bare and chiselled soil (BHR). Eight simulated rainfalls were applied in each treatment. Flow velocity, soil and water losses as well as variables or soil attributes influenced by management were quantified. Path coefficient analysis verified that the coverage, surface roughness, water infiltration rate and total organic carbon have the greatest direct or indirect relationships with soil and water losses or runoff velocity. These variables were indicative of soil quality, particularly its resistance to water erosion. In a rough soil, the total organic carbon, root mass and macroporosity of the soil are more important as indicators for soil resistance to water erosion.

RESUMO A erosão hídrica no solo é influenciada por diversos fatores, incluindo chuva, relevo, cobertura, e manejo e práticas conservacionistas. Ainda, a erosão é afetada pelo dejeto suíno (DS) aplicado ao solo como fertilizante. Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram i): avaliar a erosão em Cambissolo Húmico, após aplicação de DS sob diferentes tratamentos: plantio direto (PD), cultivo mínimo (CM), rotação de preparos (RP) e plantio convencional (PC), cultivados com Zea mays L., Avena strigosa, Glycyne max L., e Raphanus sativus em rotação, e ii): comparar a erosão antes e após a aplicação de DS em dose única de 50 m3 ha-1 em cada cultivo, logo após a germinação das culturas. O PD apresentou menor perda de solo e água, reduzindo em 81 e 13%, respectivamente, em relação à PC. Diferenças nas perdas de solo e água foram menores, entre CM e RP, do que nos outros tratamentos. O teor de fósforo (P) e potassio (K) nas camadas superficiais do solo foi maior em PD do que em PC. Os teores de P e K nos sedimentos foram maiores no PD que no PC. Ainda, os teores de P e K foram significativamente maiores nos sedimentos do que na água, especialmente PD. A aplicação da dose única de DS na superfície do solo melhorou os teores de P e K do solo e diminuiu a erosão hídrica em relação ao histórico de 19 anos que antecederam esta pesquisa, em diferentes sistemas de manejo do solo e sem aplicação de DS.

ABSTRACT Water erosion in soil is influenced by several factors, including rain, relief, cover, and management and conservation practices. Also, erosion is affected by pig slurry (PS) applied to the soil as a fertilizer. The objectives of this research were i): to evaluate water erosion in a Humic Cambisol cultivated with Zea mays L., Avena strigosa, Glycyne max L., and Raphanus sativus in rotation after PS dispersal under different tillage treatments, namely: no-tillage (NT), minimum tillage (MT), rotation tillage (RT) and conventional tillage (CT) , and ii): to compare erosion before and after PS application in a single dose of 50 m3 ha-1 in each crop, soon after the germination of the crops. NT had lower soil and water loss, which were reduced by 81 and 13%, respectively, in relation to CT. Differences in soil and water losses were lower between MT and RT, than between other treatments. The contents of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the superficial layers of the soil were higher under NT than under CT. The contents of P and K in the sediments were higher in the NT than in the CT treatment. Also, the contents of P and K were significantly higher in sediments than in water, especially under NT. The application of a single PS dose on the soil surface increased soil P and K contents and decreased water erosion compared to the 19-year historical series that preceded this research in different soil management systems without PS application.

ABSTRACT: Runoff in agricultural areas with intensive application of pig slurry can transport significant amounts of nutrients. This study evaluates the effects of different pig slurry (PS) application rates (0, 50, 100, and 200 m3 ha-1) on nutrient loss through runoff during soybean cultivation under no-tillage. It was conducted at two sites in southern Brazil, one on an Alfisol (27° 43' south and 50° 3' west) and one on an Inceptisol (27° 47' south and 50° 18' west). The PS was applied to the soil once at the beginning of the soybean cycle. Each plot was 11 m long in the direction of the slope and 3.5 m wide. To induce runoff, artificial rainfall was applied in four different tests (T1, T2, T3, T4), with an intensity of 65 mm h-1 for 90 minutes. The first test was performed one day after PS application, while the other tests were performed throughout the soybean cycle. During each test, runoff samples were collected at 10-min intervals after the beginning of runoff. The runoff amount and the NO3-, NH4+, P, and K+ concentrations in the runoff were measured. In T1, nutrient transport from the Alfisol and the Inceptisol increased with increasing PS doses. In some cases, this effect was still noticeable in T2 and T3, but not in the last test (T4). The transported amounts of NO3-, NH4+, P, and K+ decreased as the period between PS application and simulated rainfall increased. Regardless of the soil and the treatment, NO3- was transported in the greatest quantities, followed by K+, NH4+, and P.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar parâmetros de ajuste para a equação universal de perda de solo revisada (Rusle) de um solo submetido à aplicação de dejeto líquido de suínos. Os tratamentos consistiram de 0, 50, 100 e 200 m3 ha-1 de dejeto líquido de suínos (DLS), após o cultivo de aveia-preta (Avena strigosa), além da aplicação de 50 m3 ha-1 de DLS por seis vezes à superfície do solo, em uma sequência temporal, e de um controle com solo sem cultivo e sem dejeto. As avaliações foram feitas quanto à massa de matéria seca da parte aérea da aveia-preta, à massa de raízes e aos resíduos da cultura semi-incorporados ao solo, às perdas de solo por meio de chuva simulada e aos parâmetros para modelagem de erosão hídrica. A aplicação de dejeto líquido de suínos à superfície do solo causou a diminuição dos valores de consolidação do solo (Cf), o aumento da massa de raízes vivas e mortas e dos resíduos culturais incorporados à camada superficial (0.0-0.1 m) do solo (Bu), e a redução dos valores de uso anterior da terra (PLU) na Rusle.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to determine adjustment parameters for the revised universal soil loss equation (Rusle) of a soil subjected to pig slurry application. Treatments consisted of 0, 50, 100, and 200 m3 ha-1 pig slurry (PS), after the cultivation of black oat (Avena strigosa), besides the application of 50 m3 ha-1 PS for six times onto the soil surface in a temporal sequence, and a control treatment of soil without cultivation and without pig slurry application. The evaluations were performed for black oat shoot dry mass, root mass and crop residues semi-incorporated into the soil (RMR), soil losses by means of simulated rain, and the parameters for water erosion modeling. The pig slurry application onto soil surface caused a reduction in the values of the soil consolidation parameter (Cf), an increase in the mass of living and dead roots and cultural residues incorporated in the upper layer (0.0-0.1 m) of the soil (Bu), and a reduction in the subfactor prior land use (PLU) of the Rusle.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi expressar a rugosidade do solo por meio de índices estatísticos, geoestatísticos e fractais, para compará-los e relacioná-los às perdas de solo e de água em diferentes condições experimentais. O estudo foi conduzido de 2012 a 2015, em Lages, SC, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com duas repetições. Foram analisados três tratamentos: T1, solo escarificado ao final do ciclo da cultura do azevém (Lolium multiflorum) após eliminação do resíduo cultural da parte aérea; T2, solo escarificado ao final do ciclo da cultura da ervilhaca (Vicia sativa) após eliminação do resíduo cultural da parte aérea; e T3, solo escarificado sem cultivo e sem cobertura. As leituras das alturas do microrrelevo foram obtidas com rugosímetro de varetas. A rugosidade do solo foi analisada por meio de índices estatísticos, geoestatísticos e fractais. A dimensão fractal e a distância de intersecção mostraram uma clara discriminação entre os tratamentos com cultivo. Há associação entre todos os índices, com exceção de R1, e as perdas de solo nos tratamentos com cultivo. Quanto às perdas de água, há associação apenas com o índice dimensão fractal e somente no tratamento sem cultivo.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to express soil roughness through statistical, geostatistical, and fractal indexes, comparing and relating them to soil and water losses in different experimental conditions. The study was conducted from 2012 to 2015, in the municipality of Lages, in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, in a completely randomized design with two replicates. Three treatments were evaluated: T1, scarified soil at the end of the ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) crop cycle after removal of the shoot residue; T2, scarified soil at the end of the vetch (Vicia sativa) crop cycle after removal of the shoot residue; and T3, scarified soil without cultivation and without cover. The heights of the microrelief were read with a surface roughness tester with rods. Soil roughness was analyzed through the statistical, geostatistical, and fractal indexes. The fractal dimension and intersection distance showed a clear difference between the treatments with cultivation. All indexes, except R1, are associated with soil losses in the treatments with cultivation. As for water losses, there is only an association with the fractal dimension index and only in the treatment without cultivation.

ABSTRACT: The conversion of native grassland into farmland causes changes in the soil. Tillage has profound effects on soil organic matter. The intensification of soil tillage decreases soil quality by reducing aggregate stability. Soil aggregate stability and soil organic matter are key indicators for soil quality and environmental sustainability in agro-ecosystems. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the total organic carbon content and the physical and chemical fractions of the organic matter in a soil under different uses and types of management over 27 years. Four soil tillage treatments with two annual crops were evaluated (no-tillage, NT; rotating tillage, RT; minimum tillage, MT; and conventional tillage, CT), as well as bare soil (BS) (standard plot of the Universal Soil Loss Equation - USLE) and natural grassland (NG) as a reference area. The experiment was carried out in an Inceptisol (Cambissolos) in southern Brazil. We determined total organic carbon (TOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC), and organic carbon associated with soil minerals (OCam). The chemical fractionation of carbon was into fulvic and humic acids, and humin. In addition, soil aggregates were divided into five size classes. The type of soil tillage affected the soil organic carbon content, namely TOC, POC, and OCam, as well as the composition of the physical and chemical fractions and their distribution in the arable soil layer. There was a positive relationship between stable aggregates and organic carbon in the soil: the higher the proportion of aggregates in class 1, the higher the organic carbon content. The results support the hypothesis that the carbon stock depends on intensification of a conservation tillage system with a continuous input of C through biomass, which maintains and supplies a continuous flow of C to the carbon transformation processes in the soil.

ABSTRACT Soil erosion from water causes loss of nutrients and organic carbon, enriches the environment outside the erosion site, and results in costs. The no-tillage system generates increased nutrient and C content in the topsoil and, although it controls erosion, it can produce a more enriched runoff than in the conventional tillage system. This study was conducted in a Humic Cambisol in natural rainfall from 1997 to 2012 to quantify the contents and total losses of nutrients and organic C in soil runoff, and to calculate the enrichment rates and the cost of these losses. The treatments evaluated were: a) soil with a crop, consisting of conventional tillage with one plowing + two harrowings (CT), minimum tillage with one chisel plowing + one harrowing (MT), and no tillage (NT); and b) bare soil: one plowing + two harrowings (BS). In CT, MT, and NT, black oat, soybean, vetch, corn, turnip, and black beans were cultivated. Over the 15 years, 15.5 Mg ha-1 of limestone, 525 kg ha-1 of N (urea), 1,302 kg ha-1 of P2O5 (triple superphosphate), and 1,075 kg ha-1 of K2O (potassium chloride) were used in the soil. The P, K, Ca, Mg, and organic C contents in the soil were determined and also the P, K, Ca, and Mg sediments in the runoff water. From these contents, the total losses, the enrichment rates (ER), and financial losses were calculated. The NT increased the P, K, and organic C contents in the topsoil. The nutrients and organic C content in the runoff from NT was greater than from CT, showing that NT was not a fully conservationist practice for soil. The linear model y = a + bx fit the data within the level of significance (p≤0.01) when the values of P, K, and organic C in the sediments from erosion were related to those values in the soil surface layer. The nutrient and organic C contents were higher in the sediments from erosion than in the soil where the erosion originated, generating values of ER>1 for P, K, and organic C. The value of the total losses of nutrients in the form of triple superphosphate fertilizer, potassium chloride, and urea and limestone by water erosion was higher in CT than in NT. For triple superphosphate, the cost of erosion losses was 29 % higher in NT than in CT, while in urea and limestone, the effectiveness of NT in reducing costs was 65 and 50 %, respectively.