Abstract: Publisher details: Dr. Mark A. Krause is Professor of Psychology at Southern Oregon University. He has studied various psychological processes of learning in multiple animals, including birds, chimpanzees, and snakes. He worked as an associate editor at the Journal of Animal Behavior and Cognition. Dr. Karen. L. Hollis is Professor Emeritus of Psychology at Mount Holyoke College. She stands out for her studies in multiple species integrating animal learning under an evolutionary perspective. She has worked as an editor for Animal Learning & Behavior, Journal of Comparative Psychology, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review and Behavioral Processes. Dr. Mauricio R. Papini is Professor of Psychology at Texas Christian University. He works on the comparative study of the associative and emotional modulation of behavior in different vertebrates. He is also an editor at the International Journal of Comparative Psychology.

Resumen: Datos de los editores: Dr. Mark A. Krause es profesor de Psicología en Southern Oregon University. Él ha estudiado diversos procesos psicológicos del aprendizaje en múltiples animales, incluyendo aves, chimpancés y serpientes. Trabajó como editor asociado en Journal of Animal Behavior and Cognition. Dra. Karen. L. Hollis es profesora emérita de Psicología en Mount Holyoke College. Destacada por sus estudios en múltiples especies integrando el aprendizaje animal bajo una perspectiva evolutiva. Trabajó como editora en las revistas Animal Learning & Behavior, Journal of Comparative Psychology, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review and Behavioral Processes. Dr. Mauricio R. Papini es profesor de Psicología en Texas Christian University. Trabaja en el estudio comparado de la modulación asociativa y emocional de la conducta en distintos vertebrados. También es editor en la revista International Journal of Comparative Psychology.

ABSTRACT The Prosopis genus (Mimosoideae, Leguminosae) constitutes an important genetic resource for arid and semiarid environments. Prosopis chilensis (Molina) Stuntz is a multipurpose species native to South America, which displays high phenotypic variability. In Chile, this species grows in the semiarid region, along river beds of the transverse valleys. We studied the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of P. chilensis across the three transverse valleys of the Coquimbo Region (29º-32ºS) by analysing the genetic diversity of 182 individuals with four nuclear and one chloroplast microsatellite markers. Using a spatial principal component analysis (sPCA), we detected a clear hierarchical genetic structure. This analysis revealed the existence of seven distinct genetic clusters throughout the whole studied region. None of the genetic clusters detected overlapped between valleys. This suggests that the mountain ridges separating the three transverse valleys may have exerted a barrier effect. However, while significant, population differentiation was low and most of the genetic variation was found within clusters. These results suggest that high gene flow might be counteracting and blurring the effects of the structuring factors. This is the first study of genetic population of P. chilensis in Chile and the genetic data obtained may be valuable for the conservation of this vulnerable, multipurpose tree species.

RESUMEN El género Prosopis (Mimosoideae, Leguminosae) constituye un importante recurso genético de ambientes áridos y semiáridos. Prosopis chilensis (Molina) Stuntz es una especie multipropósito nativa de América del Sur que presenta una gran variabilidad fenotípica. En Chile, esta especie crece en la región semiárida, a lo largo de lechos de ríos de los valles transversales. En este trabajo se estudió la diversidad genética y la estructura genética de poblaciones de P. chilensis en los tres valles transversales de la Región de Coquimbo (29º-32ºS) mediante un análisis de diversidad genética de 182 individuos con cuatro marcadores de microsatélites nucleares y uno de cloroplasto. Utilizando un análisis espacial de componentes principales (sPCA), se detectó una clara estructura genética jerárquica. Este análisis reveló la existencia de siete grupos genéticos distintos en la región estudiada. Ninguno de los grupos genéticos detectados se superpuso entre los valles. Esto sugiere que las cadenas montañosas que separan los tres valles transversales pueden haber ejercido un efecto de barrera. Sin embargo, aunque significativa, la diferenciación genética de la población fue baja y la mayor parte de la variación genética se encontró dentro de los grupos. Estos resultados sugieren que un alto flujo génico podría estar contrarrestando y desdibujando el efecto de factores de estructuramiento. Este es el primer estudio de genética de poblaciones en P. chilensis en Chile y los datos genéticos obtenidos pueden ser de utilidad para la conservación de esta especie arbórea vulnerable y multipropósito.

RESUMO O efeito de inseticidas neonicotinoides (acetamiprido, imidacloprido e tiametoxam) e reguladores de crescimento (buprofezina e piriproxifem) foram avaliados para o controle dePlanococcus citri na cultura da videira. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa-de-vegetação (plantas com um ano) e vinhedo comercial (plantas adultas-15 anos) utilizando a cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon. Os inseticidas acetamiprido (Mospilan, 0,6 g i.a./planta), imidacloprido (Confidor 700 GRDA, 0,7 g i.a./planta) e tiametoxam (Actara 250 WG, 0,75 g i.a./planta) foram aplicados via solo utilizando 200 e 1.000 mL de água por planta com um ano e 15 anos, respectivamente. Em pulverização foliar foram avaliados somente em plantas adultas os inseticidas acetamiprido (Mospilan, 6 g i.a./100L); buprofezina (Applaud 250, 25 g i.a./100 L); imidacloprido (Confidor 700 GRDA, 7 g i.a./100 L), piriproxifem (Tiger 100 CE, 10 g i.a./100 L), tiametoxam (Actara 250 WG, 7,5 g i.a./100 L) e um tratamento testemunha (somente água). Aos 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 e 60 dias após a aplicação dos inseticidas (DAA) nos experimentos via solo e 1, 5 e 10 (DAA) no experimento em pulverização foliar as folhas foram retiradas das plantas e infestadas em laboratório com ninfas de primeiro instar provenientes de criação artificial. Em plantas novas de um ano de idade os inseticidas neonicotinoides acetamiprido, imidacloprido e tiametoxam nas doses avaliadas foram eficazes proporcionando uma mortalidade de 82, 94 e 82%, respectivamente, até 35 dias após a aplicação. Em plantas adultas, somente o inseticida imidacloprido reduziu a infestação em 63% até 7 dias após a aplicação. Os inseticidas aplicados via pulverização foliar, acetamiprido, buprofezina, imidacloprido, tiametoxam e piriproxifem não proporcionaram mortalidade significativa de P. citri na cultura da videira.

ABSTRACT The effect of neonicotinoid insecticides (acetamiprid, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam) and growth regulators (buprofezin and pyriproxyfen) were evaluated for the control of citrus mealybug Planococcus citriin vineyards. The experiments were conducted in the greenhouse (1-year-old plants) and in a commercial vineyard (15-year-old plants) using the Cabernet Sauvignon cultivar. The insecticides acetamiprid (Mospilan, 0.6 g a.i./plant), imidacloprid (Confidor 700 GRDA, 0.7 g a.i./plant) and thiamethoxam (Actara 250 WG, 0.75 g a.i./plant) were applied into the soil using 200 and 1,000 mL of water per plant for the 1and 15year-old plants, respectively. In foliar spraying the insecticides acetamiprid (Mospilan, 6 a.i./100 L), buprofezin (Applaud 250, 25 g a.i./100 L), imidacloprid (Confidor 700 GRDA, 7g a.i./100 L), pyriproxyfen (Tiger 100 CE, 10 g a.i./100 L), tiametoxam (Actara 250 WG, 7.5 g a.i./100 L) and a control (only water) were evaluated only in 15-year-old plants. At 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 60 days after insecticide application in the experiments applied into the soil and at 1, 5 and 10 days after foliar spraying, the leaves were removed from the plants and infested in the laboratory with first-instar nymphs (crawlers) from artificial rearing. In new plantings, the neonicotinoid insecticides acetamiprid, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam provided a mortality of 82, 94 and 82%, respectively, up to 35 days after application (DAA). In adult plants, only the insecticide imidacloprid reduced the infestation by 63% up to 7 DAA. The insecticides applied by foliar spraying – acetamiprid, buprofezin, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and pyriproxyfen – were not effective for the control of P. citri in vineyards following the residual contact methodology.

In this work, theoretically adsorption of N, O, NO, as well as the possible spontaneous dissociation of NO on the small cluster of Pd4 is studied. We used the theory of density functional. The main purpose is to have a reference for further study of these processes in larger clusters. It was determined the fundamental state, transition states, energies of adsorption, Mulliken transfers charges and vibration frequencies of the adsorbed species. The three species are adsorbed on Pd4 vertices but with the bond inclined, between two atoms (bridged) and between three atoms (in a hole). Other types of energy capture presented lower adsorption, such as adsorption of NO with its bond parallel to a Pd-Pd edge. The NO dissociation in Pd4 must be activated. The values of energies, frequency ranges and adsorption distances relate to the number of Pd atoms involved in the interaction. This work reproduced on Pd sheets results obtained by much more expensive procedures.

En este trabajo se estudió teóricamente la adsorción de N, O, NO, así como la posible disociación espontánea de NO sobre el pequeño cúmulo de Pd4. Se utilizó la teoría de funcionales de la densidad. El objetivo del trabajo es tener una referencia para estudios posteriores de estos procesos en cúmulos mayores. Se determinó el estado basal, estados de transición, energías de adsorción, transferencias de cargas de Mulliken y frecuencias de vibración de la especie adsorbida. Las tres especies se adsorben en vértices de Pd4 pero con el enlace inclinado, entre dos átomos (en puente) y entre tres átomos (en un hueco). Otros tipos de captura presentan energía de adsorción menor, como la adsorción de NO con su enlace paralelo a una arista. Los resultados muestran que la disociación de NO en Pd4 debe ser activada. Los valores de las energías, frecuencias y distancias de adsorción se relacionan con el número de átomos de Pd involucrados en la interacción. Este trabajo reproduce resultados obtenidos sobre láminas de Pd por procedimientos mucho más costosos.