Abstract The aromatic laurel (Litsea glaucescens) is a non-timber forest plant species widely used in Mexico. Currently Litsea glaucescens is registered in the Official Mexican Standard (NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2019) with the category of P (danger of extinction), it is used as a condiment in food, for the treatment of inflammation, stomach infection, vomiting, colic and diseases of the central nervous system, among others. In this work, the essential oil was obtained from bay leaves from three locations: Chignahuapan, Puebla, Nopalillo, Hidalgo and Zongolica, Veracruz, as well as from four commercial samples. From each oil sample, the antioxidant capacity was evaluated, using the ABTS method and the cytotoxic activity by means of the Artemia salina bioassay, in addition the composition of the essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography. The highest antioxidant capacity was observed for the essential oil of the leaves collected in Zongolica, Veracruz with 10.72 ± 0.37 μmol ET / μL, this sample also showed a greater cytotoxic capacity (CL 50 of 59.0 μg / mL). It was found that the essential oil of laurel from the collection of Chignahuapan, Puebla contains about 42 components, of which the majority were: 34.99% eucalyptol (1,8-cineole), 7.31% 1R-α-pinene, 6.01% L-limonene, 4.62% L-β-pinene, 4.46% bornyl acetate, 4.12% 4-terpineol, 3.85% camphene, 3.06% γ-terpinene and 2.92% caryophyllene. The content of mono and sesquiterpenes (44.37%) in essential oils could be related to their antioxidant and cytotoxic capacity.

Resumen El laurel aromático (Litsea glaucescens) es una especie vegetal forestal no maderable aprovechada ampliamente en México. Actualmente Litsea glaucescens se encuentra registrado en la Norma Oficial Mexicana (NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2019) con la categoría de P (peligro de extinción), se emplea como condimento en alimentos, para el tratamiento de la inflamación, infección estomacal, vómito, cólicos y enfermedades del sistema nervioso central, entre otras. En este trabajo se obtuvo el aceite esencial de las hojas de laurel de tres localidades: Chignahuapan, Puebla, Nopalillo, Hidalgo y Zongolica, Veracruz, así como de cuatro muestras comerciales. De cada muestra de aceite se evaluaron, la capacidad antioxidante, empleando el método ABTS y la actividad citotóxica mediante el bioensayo de Artemia salina, además se analizó la composición del aceite esencial por cromatografía de gases. La mayor capacidad antioxidante se observó para el aceite esencial de las hojas colectadas en Zongolica, Veracruz con 10.72 ± 0.37 µmol ET/µL, dicha muestra también mostró una mayor capacidad citotóxica (CL50 de 59.0 μg/mL). Se encontró que el aceite esencial de laurel de la colecta de Chignahuapan, Puebla contiene alrededor de 42 componentes, de los cuales los mayoritarios fueron: 34.99% de eucaliptol (1,8-cineol), 7.31% de 1R-α-pineno, 6.01% de L-limoneno, 4.62% de L-β-pineno, 4.46% de acetato de bornilo, 4.12% de 4-terpineol, 3.85% de canfeno, 3.06% de γ-terpineno y 2.92% de cariofileno. El contenido de mono y sesquiterpenos (44.37%) en los aceites esenciales podría estar relacionado con su capacidad antioxidante y citotóxica.

Abstract Introduction: hospital malnutrition is a highly prevalent problem and continues to be a pending issue today, often unnoticed by health personnel, with the negative clinical impact this entails. Objectives: a) to evaluate nutritional status upon admission; b) to assess the outcome after a week of hospitalization; c) to analyze the relationship between nutritional status and different clinical variables (specialty, age, body weight loss, length of stay, readmissions, and consultations to the endocrinology-nutrition department). Methods: an observational, prospective, analytical, randomized study in 260 patients from medical and surgical services, nutritionally evaluated on admission and after seven days of hospitalization using the SGA and NRS-2002. Results: prevalence at admission according to the SGA was 48 % and according to NRS-2002, 38.5 %. After a week of hospitalization it increased to 72.5 % and 58.8 %, respectively. After seven days, 2-7.8 % of subjects improved their nutritional status, while 16-27.5 % worsened. Malnutrition on admission was associated with longer stay (6 days for non-malnourished vs 8 days for malnourished); with older age (64 years for non-malnourished vs 71 years for malnourished); with medical vs surgical specialties (44-53 % vs 20-32 %); with weight loss (on admission they had lost 2.1 kg on average as compared to usual weight, and 0.9 kg after seven days of hospitalization); and with premature readmission (8-11 % for non-malnourished vs 27 % for malnourished), among others. Conclusions: the study's results offer an overview of hospital malnutrition, showing how patients evolve nutritionally during hospitalization, and which are the crucial moments for action. It is extremely important that health personnel will become aware and take action.

Resumen Introducción: la desnutrición hospitalaria es un problema de alta prevalencia y continúa siendo a día de hoy una asignatura pendiente, ya que a menudo pasa desapercibida para el personal sanitario, con las consiguientes repercusiones clínicas negativas que esto conlleva. Objetivos: a) evaluar el estado nutricional al ingreso; b) conocer la evolución tras una semana de hospitalización; c) analizar la relación entre el estado nutricional y distintas variables clínicas (especialidades, edad, pérdida de peso corporal, estancia media, reingresos e interconsultas al servicio de endocrinología-nutrición). Métodos: estudio observacional, prospectivo, analítico y aleatorio de 260 pacientes de servicios médicos y quirúrgicos, evaluados nutricionalmente al ingreso y tras siete días de hospitalización mediante la VGS y la NRS-2002. Resultados: la prevalencia al ingreso según la VGS fue del 48 % y según la NRS-2002 del 38,5 %. Tras una semana de hospitalización, la prevalencia aumentó al 72,5 % y el 58,8 %, respectivamente. Tras siete días, en el 2-7,8 % mejoró el estado nutricional; en cambio, en el 16-27,5 % empeoró. La desnutrición al ingreso se asoció con estancias más prolongadas (6 días los normonutridos frente a 8 días los desnutridos); con una mayor edad (64 años los normonutridos frente a 71 años los desnutridos); con las especialidades médicas más que con las quirúrgicas (44-53 % vs. 20-32 %); con la pérdida de peso (al ingresar habían perdido 2,1 kg de media respecto al peso habitual y 0,9 kg tras siete días de hospitalización); y con los reingresos prematuros (8-11 % los normonutridos frente a 27 % los desnutridos), entre otros. Conclusiones: los resultados hallados nos ofrecen una panorámica de la desnutrición hospitalaria, mostrando cómo evolucionan nutricionalmente los pacientes durante los ingresos y cuáles son los momentos cruciales de actuación. Es sumamente importante que el personal sanitario se conciencie y tome medidas.

Abstract Objective The aim of the present study was to analyze relapse rates and patterns in patients with endometrial cancer with the aim of evaluating the effectiveness of current follow-up procedures in terms of patient survival, as well as the convenience of modifying the surveillance strategy. Methods Retrospective descriptive study including all patients diagnosed with endometrial cancer relapse at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of the Complejo Hospitalario Insular-Materno Infantil de Canarias, between 2005 and 2014. Results Recurrence was observed in 81 patients (10.04% of the sample); 66.7% of them suffered relapse within 2 years and 80.2% within 3 years after the termination of the primary treatment; 41.9% showed distant metastases while the rest corresponded to local-regional (40.7%) or ganglionar (17.4%) relapse; 42% of these were symptomatic; 14 patients showed more than 1 site of relapse. Relapse was detected mainly through symptoms and physical examination findings (54.3%), followed by elevated serummarker levels (29.6%), computed tomography (CT) images (9.9%) and abnormal vaginal cytology findings (6.2%). No differences in global survival were found between patients with symptomatic or asymptomatic relapse. Conclusion Taking into account that the recurrence rate of endometrial cancer is low, that relapse occurs mainly within the first 3 years post-treatment and that symptom evaluation and physical examination are the most effective follow-up methods, we postulate that a modification of the current model of hospital follow-up should be considered.

Abstract In the city-rural communities interface of the Puebla Valley seven periurban protected natural areas have been established. The objective of this investigation was to have an exploratory diagnosis of their current status and of the factors that affect their territorial loss and its ecological deterioration. These areas are not functioning as conservation strategies, because they lack a precise spatial delimitation and a management plan, they are unknown to most of the inhabitants of the area, they lack a budget for their management, the sale of lands and the productive and extractive activities.

Resumen En la interfase ciudad-comunidades rurales del área metropolitana del Valle de Puebla se tienen establecidas siete áreas naturales protegidas periurbanas. El objetivo de esta investigación fue tener un diagnóstico exploratorio de su condición actual y de los factores que inciden en su pérdida territorial y deterioro ecológico. Estas áreas no están funcionando como estrategias de conservación debido a que carecen de una delimitación espacial precisa y de un plan de manejo, son desconocidas por la mayoría de los habitantes del área, carecen de un presupuesto para su gestión, hay venta de tierras y persisten las actividades productivas y extractivas.

ABSTRACT Electromagnetic and ultrasonic flowmeters are high precision devices that can measure the water flow in pressurized irrigation networks. In these networks, the inadequate installation distance of flow control valves generates upstream disturbances which will increase measurement errors and reduce the accuracy of the equipment. Therefore, estimating these errors is important to establishing the correct installation distance of the hydraulic accessories and to ensuring the metrological reliability of the flowmeters. This work proposes a numerical study using Computational Fluid Dynamics to evaluate water flow behavior in pipes and estimate measurement errors caused by gate and butterfly valves in installation configurations found at pressurized irrigation networks. The numerical simulations were made for gate (15, 50 and 75 % closed) and butterfly (open and 30º closed) valves installed three and six diameters (3D and 6D) from the flowmeters. The numerical study with three-dimensional simulation allows for evaluating the flow behavior and estimating measurement errors correctly. According to the study, the installation configurations of the gate and butterfly valves change the flow velocity profile at different positions in the pipe, generating both positive and negative measurement errors at both flowmeters. Among the tested configurations, only the butterfly valve installed 3D and 6D from the electromagnetic flowmeter ensured the measurement accuracy required by ISO 4064.

ABSTRACT Venturi-type chemigation injectors are widely used due to their advantages: they do not require electric power and are cheap to operate. However, they also generate considerable energy losses which affect the pressure in the system. The correct characterization of these systems requires pressures to be correctly set at the inlet, injector and outlet points in relation to main and injected solution flows. These analytical relationships, as described in the International Organization for Standardization’s standard ISO 15873:2002, can be obtained theoretically, although it is recommended that the manufacturer should determine the real behavior of the injector by operational tests. These relationships should also be provided graphically in the form of nomograms in order to facilitate the association of the variables involved and the subsequent selection of a specific model or class and type of assembly. In order to make the right choice, it is also necessary to have precise information on the irrigation sub-units that it feeds and the grower’s fertilization program.

RESUMEN El inyector para quimigación tipo Venturi tiene ventajas que hacen que sea un dispositivo bastante utilizado; no requiere energía eléctrica y es económico. Por el contrario, genera pérdidas de energía elevadas, afectando a las presiones en la instalación. Para una correcta caracterización de estos equipos deben relacionarse las presiones en los puntos de entrada, salida e inyección con los caudales principales e inyectados. Estas relaciones analíticas, que las introduce la norma de la Organización Internacional de Normalización (ISO 15873:2002), se pueden obtener de forma teórica; aunque es más recomendable que el fabricante establezca mediante ensayos de funcionamiento, el comportamiento real del inyector. Es oportuno que estas relaciones se proporcionen gráficamente, en la forma de nomogramas, para facilitar la asociación de las variables implicadas y la posterior selección de un modelo o clase concretos bajo una tipología de montaje. Así, para que esta selección sea adecuada es necesario también el conocimiento preciso de las subunidades de riego que alimenta y el programa de fertilización de la explotación.

Resumo Para manter a qualidade de medição do consumo de água, é necessário conhecer a metrologia de hidrômetros unijato ao longo do tempo. Conhecer a metrologia desses instrumentos com o tempo permite estabelecer um período de operação metrológica para diferentes vazões. Isso ajudará as empresas de água a otimizar a gestão e a reduzir as perdas econômicas devido ao consumo do volume de água não contabilizado. Neste estudo, a influência do fator tempo sobre o erro de medição de hidrômetros unijato foi analisada com o objetivo de estimar sua deterioração e, com isso, o período de operação metrológica. Conforme as normas 8316 e 4064 da Organização Internacional de Normalização (ISO), foram avaliados em seis abastecimentos 808 hidrômetros de classe metrológica B, com uma faixa de idade de 3,7 a 16,4 anos de uso. O erro de medição foi calculado pela comparação entre o volume de um depósito calibrado e o volume medido pelos hidrômetros, nas vazões de 30, 120, 750 e 1.500 L h-1. O período de operação metrológica dos medidores foi estimado para cada vazão, por meio da relação entre erro de medição e tempo de uso (regressão linear simples). De acordo com os resultados, a maioria dos hidrômetros apresenta erros crescentes de submedição com o tempo, sendo mais pronunciados nas vazões reduzidas e nas condições de funcionamento menos favoráveis. O período de operação metrológica para as vazões de 30, 120, 750 e 1.500 L h-1 é estimado em aproximadamente 3, 8, 14 y 13 anos. Este período de operação, combinado com os padrões de consumo dos usuários, estabelecerá o melhor momento para substituir os hidrômetros.

Abstract To maintain quality measurement of water consumption, it is necessary to know the metrology of single-jet water meters over time. Knowing the accuracy of these instruments over time allows establishing a metrological operation period for different flow rates. This will aid water companies to optimize management and reduce economic losses due to unaccounted water consumption. This study analyzed the influence of time on the measurement error of single-jet water meters to evaluate the deterioration of the equipment and, with that, launch the metrological operation period. According to standards 8316 and 4064 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 808 meters of metrological Class B were evaluated in six water supplies, with age ranges of 3.7 to 16.4 years of use. The measurement error was estimated by comparing the volume measured in a calibrated tank with the volume registered by the meters at flow rates of 30, 120, 750 and 1,500 L h-1. The metrological operation period of the meters was obtained for each flow rate by the relation between error of measurement and time of use (simple linear regression). According to the results, the majority of the equipment presents increasing under-registration errors over time, more pronounced at low flow rates and with less favorable operating conditions. The metrological operation period for flow rates of 30, 120, 750 and 1,500 L h-1 is estimated at approximately 3, 8, 14 and 13 years. This operation period combined with consumption patterns of users will establish the best time to replace the meters.

Abstract The study of the relation between psychotic experiences and mindfulness in the general population is linked to research into factors of risk and protection against the development of a psychotic disorder. This study looks into the presence of psychotic experiences in a sample of university students and whether there is any variation according to gender. It also analyzes the predictive and discriminant relation of mindfulness with these experiences. The sample consisted of 526 university students (72.8% women) with a mean age of 21.39 years (SD = 3.53). The results showed the presence of psychotic experiences with differing levels of intensity, with variations according to gender, and an inverse relationship between mindfulness and psychotic experiences. Results indicated that students with high scores in psychotic experiences had lower scores in mindfulness. Our findings imply that mindfulness may be a factor of protection against psychotic experiences and its training may have a role to play in the development and implementation of preventive and early intervention programs in risk groups in the general and clinical population.

Resumen El estudio de la relación entre experiencias psicóticas y mindfulness en la población general se asocia con la investigación de factores de riesgo y protección frente al desarrollo de un trastorno psicótico. Con este estudio se pretende examinar la presencia de experiencias psicóticas en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios y sus diferencias según el sexo, así como analizar la relación predictiva y discriminante de mindfulness con estas experiencias. Los participantes fueron 526 estudiantes universitarios (72.8% mujeres) con una media de edad de 21.39 años (DT = 3.53). Los resultados mostraron la presencia de experiencias psicóticas con diferentes niveles de intensidad, diferencias según el sexo en las mismas, y una relación inversa entre mindfulness y las experiencias psicóticas, y se encontró que las personas con altas puntuaciones en experiencias psicóticas contaron con menores puntuaciones en mindfulness. Estos resultados suponen que mindfulness puede ser un factor de protección en la experimentación de experiencias psicóticas y su entrenamiento puede ser útil para implementación y desarrollo de programas preventivos y de intervención precoz en grupos de riesgo en población general y clínica.

The performance and installation alternatives of four Venturi injector prototypes were studied at Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain (39°29' N; 0°23' W; 20 m). This device performance was studied under several parameters such as head loss, relation of flows and injection efficiency. The installation configurations analyzed were: without the injection of nutrients solution and with the injection either having negative or positive pressure at the Venturi throat. The inlet pressures were established between 10 and 40 m.w.c. The experimental data has been processed using multiple stepwise regression techniques and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Moreover, geometry integration versus diameters, flows and pressures is used to obtain some equations for predicting the head loss and injected flow. The results of the present study showed that the relation between flows and injection efficiency were better when the diameter of inlet nutrient line increases and become worse when decreases the diameter of the Venturi throat. Accordingly, these dimensions become very important in the design prototype and installation configuration. Furthermore, after the analysis of laboratory experiments it can be concluded that head losses, at the same injected flow, were lower if the injection was carried out with positive pressures at the throat than in the case of negative pressures. Also in this case, the relationship between flow rates and injection efficiency leaded to a good performance of the proposed installation.

En la UniversitatPolitécnica de València, Valencia, Espana (39°29' N; 0°23' W; 20 m), ha sido estudiado el funcionamiento de cuatro prototipos de inyector Venturi y tres formas de instalación distintas. El funcionamiento se ha analizado bajo diversos parâmetros, como pérdidas de carga, relación de caudales y rendimiento. Las formas de instalación analizadas han sido: sin inyección y con inyección y presiones negativas o positivas en la garganta. Las presiones se establecieron entre 10 y 40 m.c.a. A partir de los datos experimentales han sido procesados utilizando técnicas de regresión múltiple y análisis de la varianza. Con ellas, fue posible, a través de la integración de geometrías en función de los diâmetros, caudales y presiones, obtener expresiones para prever la pérdida de carga o el caudal inyectado. Se pone de manifiesto que la relación de caudales y el rendimiento son mayores cuanto mayor es el diámetro de la aspiración y empeoran al reducirse el diámetro de la garganta, siendo estas las dimensiones que más condicionan la inyección. También, puede afirmarse que la pérdida de carga, para un mismo caudal inyectado, es inferior si la operación se realiza con presiones positivas que con presiones negativas. La relación de caudales o el rendimiento también proporcionan valores más elevados bajo esta forma de instalación propuesta.