Abstract Introduction: The increase in the incidence of pancreatic and biliary cancers has attracted the search for methods of early detection of diseases and biomarkers. The authors propose to analyze new findings on the association between microbiota and Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) or Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Methods: This systematic review was carried out according to the items of Preferred Reports for Systematic Reviews and Protocol Meta-Analysis (PRISMA-P). This study was registered by the Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), identification code CRD42020192748 before the review was carried out. Articles were selected from the PUBMED, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. Results: Most studies (86.67%) used 16s rRNA as a sequencing method. The main comorbidities found were diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Many studies were limited by the small number of participants, but the biases were mostly low. There was very little concordance about the composition of the microbiome of different sites, for both case and control groups when compared to other studies’ results. Bile sample analysis was the one with a greater agreement between studies, as three out of four studies found Escherichia in cases of CCA. Conclusion: There was great disagreement in the characterization of both the microbiota of cases and control groups. Studies are still scarce, making it difficult to adequately assess the data in this regard. It was not possible to specify any marker or to associate any genus of microbiota bacteria with PDAC or CCA.

Among the innovations for the treatment of type 1 diabetes, islet transplantation is a less invasive method of treatment, although it is still in development. One of the greatest barriers to this technique is the low number of pancreas donors and the low number of pancreases that are available for transplantation. Rodent models have been chosen in most studies of islet rejection and type 1 diabetes prevention to evaluate the quality and function of isolated human islets and to identify alternative solutions to the problem of islet scarcity. The purpose of this study is to conduct a review of islet xenotransplantation experiments from humans to rodents, to organize and analyze the parameters of these experiments, to describe trends in experimental modeling and to assess the viability of this procedure. In this study, we reviewed recently published research regarding islet xenotransplantation from humans to rodents, and we summarized the findings and organized the relevant data. The included studies were recent reports that involved xenotransplantation using human islets in a rodent model. We excluded the studies that related to isotransplantation, autotransplantation and allotransplantation. A total of 34 studies that related to xenotransplantation were selected for review based on their relevance and current data. Advances in the use of different graft sites may overcome autoimmunity and rejection after transplantation, which may solve the problem of the scarcity of islet donors in patients with type 1 diabetes.

FUNDAMENTO: Diversos estudos foram publicados sobre a ação de células tronco da medula óssea no ventrículo esquerdo, ao atuarem no remodelamento pós-infarto agudo do miocárdio. Os resultados, no entanto, têm se mostrado controversos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar através do ecocardiograma a função sistólica de pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio após o Transplante Autólogo de Células Mononucleares da Medula Óssea (TACMMO) através de duas vias injeção: intracoronariana e intravenosa. MÉTODOS: Estudo aberto, prospectivo, randomizado. Foram incluídos pacientes admitidos por infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e submetidos à reperfusão mecânica ou química, dentro de 24 horas após o início dos sintomas, que apresentavam ao ecocardiograma redução da contratilidade segmentar e defeito fixo da perfusão relacionada à artéria culpada pelo IAM. A medula óssea autóloga foi aspirada da crista ilíaca posterior sob sedação e analgesia, nos pacientes randomizados para o grupo tratado. Após manipulação laboratorial, 100 milhões de células mononucleares foram injetadas por via intracoronariana ou intravenosa. Utilizamos o ecocardiograma (Vivid 7) para avaliar a função ventricular antes e após três e seis meses da infusão de células. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos trinta pacientes, 14 no grupo arterial (GA), dez no grupo venoso (GV) e seis no grupo controle (GC). Não houve diferença estatística dos parâmetros ecocardiográficos estudados entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: O transplante autólogo de células mononucleares da medula óssea não demonstrou melhora dos parâmetros ecocardiográficos da função sistólica.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have been published on the effect of bone-marrow stem cells on the left ventricle when acting on post- acute myocardial infarction remodeling. However, the results have been controversial. OBJECTIVE: To carry out an echocardiographic analysis of the systolic function of patients with acute myocardial infarction after autologous mononuclear bone marrow cell transplantation (AMBMCT) as performed via the intracoronary and intravenous routes. METHODS: This is an open-label, prospective, randomized study. Inclusion criteria: patients admitted for ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction (MI) who had undergone mechanical or chemical reperfusion within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms and whose echocardiogram showed decreased segmental wall motion and fixed perfusion defect related to the culprit artery. Autologous bone marrow was aspirated from the posterior iliac crest under sedation and analgesia of the patients randomly assigned for the treatment group. After laboratory manipulation, intracoronary or intravenous injection of 100 x 106 mononuclear cells was performed. Echocardiography (Vivid 7) was used to assess ventricular function before and three and six months after cell infusion. RESULTS: A total of 30 patients were included, 14 in the arterial group (AG), 10 in the venous group (VG), and six in the control group (CG). No statistical difference was found between the groups for the echocardiographic parameters studied. CONCLUSION: Autologous mononuclear bone marrow cell transplantation did not improve the echocardiographic parameters of systolic function.

FUNDAMENTO: Diversos estudios fueron publicados sobre la acción de células tronco de la médula ósea en el ventrículo izquierdo, al actuar en la remodelación postinfarto agudo del miocardio. Los resultados, sin embargo, tienen se mostrado controvertidos. OBJETIVO: Evaluar a través del ecocardiograma la función sistólica de pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio tras el Transplante Autólogo de Células Mononucleares da Médula Ósea (TACMMO) a través de dos vías inyección: intracoronaria e intravenosa. MÉTODOS: Estudio abierto, prospectivo, randomizado. Se incluyeron a pacientes admitidos por infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) con supradesnivelamiento del segmento ST y sometidos a la reperfusión mecánica o química, dentro de 24 horas tras el inicio de los síntomas, que presentaban al ecocardiograma una reducción de la contractilidad segmentar y defecto fijo de la perfusión relacionada a la arteria responsable del IAM. Se llevó a cabo la aspiración de la médula ósea antóloga de la cresta ilíaca posterior bajo sedación y analgesia, en los pacientes randomizados para el grupo tratado. Tras la manipulación laboratorial, se inyectaron 100 millones de células mononucleares por vía intracoronaria o intravenosa. Utilizamos el ecocardiograma (Vivid 7) para evaluar la función ventricular antes y tras tres y seis meses de la infusión de células. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron a 30 pacientes, 14 en el grupo arterial (GA), 10 en el grupo venoso (GV) y 6 en el grupo control (GC). No hubo diferencia estadística de los parámetros ecocardiográficos estudiados entre los grupos. CONCLUSIÓN: El transplante antólogo de células mononucleares de la médula ósea no demostró mejora de los parámetros ecocardiográficos de la función sistólica.