Abstract Background Literature is scarce on echocardiographic characteristics of COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Objectives To describe echocardiographic characteristics of ICU COVID-19 patients and associate them with clinical signals/symptoms, laboratory findings and outcomes. Methods Patients with RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19, admitted to the ICU, who underwent echocardiography were included. Clinical characteristics associated with an abnormal echocardiogram (systolic ventricular dysfunction of any degree — left and/or right ventricle — and/or high filling pressures and/or moderate to severe pericardial effusion) were analyzed. Groups were compared using the Student’s t-test, chi-square, and logistic regression. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 140 patients met inclusion criteria, and 74 (52.9%) had an abnormal echocardiogram. A low number of left and right ventricular systolic dysfunction was observed, and 35% of the population had a normal diastolic function. In the univariate analysis, characteristics associated with abnormal echocardiogram were age, chronic kidney disease, elevated troponin, previous heart failure, and simplified acute physiology score 3 (SAPS 3). In the regression model, troponin and SAPS3 score were independent markers of abnormal echocardiogram. An abnormal echocardiogram was associated with a higher prevalence of in-hospital death (RR 2.10; 95% CI 1.04-4.24) and orotracheal intubation (RR 2.3; 95% CI 1.14-4.78). Conclusions COVID-19 has little effect on ventricular function, but it is common to find increased filling pressures. Elevated serum troponin level and SAPS3 score were the independent markers of an abnormal echocardiogram. In addition, the prevalence of in-hospital death and need for mechanical ventilation were higher in patients with abnormal echocardiogram.

Resumo Fundamento Alguns estudos demonstraram uma maior prevalência de óbitos em portadores de fatores de risco cardiovascular (FRC) durante internação por COVID-19. Objetivos Avaliar o impacto do alto risco cardiovascular em pacientes internados em terapia intensiva por COVID-19 Métodos Estudo retrospectivo com pacientes admitidos em terapia intensiva, com diagnóstico confirmado de COVID-19 por RT-PCR e com pelo menos uma dosagem de troponina durante a internação. Os critérios para definição de paciente de alto risco cardiovascular (ARC) foram: histórico de doença cardiovascular estabelecida (infarto, AVC ou doença arterial periférica), diabetes, doença renal crônica com clearance < 60ml/min ou presença de 3 FRC (hipertensão, tabagismo, dislipidemia ou idade > 65 anos). O desfecho primário deste estudo é mortalidade hospitalar por todas as causas. P<0,05 foi considerado significativo. Resultados Foram incluídos 236 pacientes, média de idade= 61,14±16,2 anos, com 63,1% homens, 55,5% hipertensos e 33,1% diabéticos. Um total de 47,4% dos pacientes apresentavam ARC. Observou-se um aumento significativo da mortalidade conforme aumento do número de fatores de risco (0 FRC: 5,9%; 1 FRC: 17,5%; 2 FRC: 32,2% e ≥3 FRC: 41,2%; p=0,001). Na regressão logística ajustada para gravidade (escore SAPS3), o grupo de alto risco cardiovascular e troponina elevada apresentou maior ocorrência de mortalidade hospitalar (OR 40,38; IC95% 11,78-138,39). Pacientes sem alto risco cardiovascular, mas com troponina elevada, também exibiram associação significativa com o desfecho primário (OR 16,7; IC95% 4,45-62,74). Conclusão Em pacientes internados em terapia intensiva por COVID-19, a presença de alto risco cardiovascular afeta a mortalidade hospitalar somente em pacientes que apresentaram elevação de troponina.

Abstract Background Some studies have shown a higher prevalence of deaths in patients with cardiovascular risk factors (CRF) during hospitalization for COVID-19. Objectives To assess the impact of high cardiovascular risk in patients hospitalized in intensive care for COVID-19 Methods Retrospective study with patients admitted to an intensive care unit, with a diagnosis of COVID-19 confirmed by RT-PCR, and with at least one troponin measurement during hospitalization. The criteria for defining high cardiovascular risk (HCR) patients were: history of established cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction, stroke, or peripheral arterial disease), diabetes, chronic kidney disease with clearance < 60ml/min, or presence of 3 CRFs (hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia, or age > 65 years). The primary outcome of this study is all-cause in-hospital mortality. P<0.05 was considered significant. Results This study included 236 patients, mean age = 61.14±16.2 years, with 63.1% men, 55.5% hypertensive, and 33.1% diabetic; 47.4% of the patients also presented HCR. A significant increase in mortality was observed as the number of risk factors increased (0 FRC: 5.9%; 1 FRC: 17.5%; 2 FRC: 32.2% and ≥3 FRC: 41.2%; p=0.001). In the logistic regression adjusted for severity (SAPS3 score), the HCR and myocardial injury group had a higher occurrence of in-hospital mortality (OR 40.38; 95% CI 11.78-138.39). Patients without HCR but with myocardial injury also exhibited a significant association with the primary outcome (OR 16.7; 95% CI 4.45-62.74). Conclusion In patients hospitalized in intensive care for COVID-19, HCR impacts in-hospital mortality only in patients with myocardial injury.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To carry out a critical review of the literature on the use of race, color, and ethnicity in the field of public health dentistry. METHODS A literature search was conducted in MEDLINE via PubMed for articles published between 2014 and 2019. Using a data extraction form, we collected information on (1) bibliographic characteristics of the selected papers; (2) race, color, and ethnicity of the study participants and their sociodemographic profiles; and (3) the extent to which the original publications followed the recommendations by Kaplan and Bennett (2003) on the use of race, color, or ethnicity in biomedical research. RESULTS Our initial search identified 2,032 articles, 53 of which were selected for full-text examination and assessment following pre-established eligibility criteria. Around 60% (n = 32) of the included studies did not justify the use of race, color, or ethnicity in their analyses, and 9% (n = 5) took these variables as indicators of the participants’ genetic makeup. On the other hand, 68% (n = 36) of the reviewed papers considered race, color, and ethnicity as risk markers – not risk factors – for adverse oral health outcomes, whereas 80% (n = 42) adjusted racial/ethnic inequities for a range of socioeconomic and demographic factors in statistical models. Only one study (2%) explicitly took race, color, or ethnicity as a contextually dependent dimension of the participants’ identities. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that research on oral health inequities is often based on reductionist and stigmatizing conceptions of race, color, or ethnicity. Such harmful misconceptions should be replaced with anti-racist narratives in order to effectively address racial oral health inequities.

RESUMO Objetivo: O presente estudo realizou a adaptação transcultural do Intersectional Discrimination Index (InDI) para o português do Brasil. Trata-se de um instrumento composto de 31 itens, que visa mensurar os impactos para a saúde de experiências interseccionais com discriminação antecipada (InDI-A), cotidiana (InDI-D) e maior (InDI-M). Métodos: Foram percorridas as seguintes etapas: (1) traduções independentes; (2) síntese das traduções; (3) avaliação por comitê de especialistas; (4) análise por membros da população-alvo; (5) tradução reversa; e (6) pré-teste. Calculou-se igualmente o coeficiente de validade de conteúdo (CVC) de cada um dos itens e de todo o instrumento. O CVC foi empregado por permitir identificar quais itens necessitavam de ajustes de acordo com os critérios de clareza de linguagem, relevância teórica e pertinência prática. Resultados: Dos 31 itens do instrumento, 24 foram considerados adequados e sete necessitaram de ajustes de linguagem. Os valores dos CVC foram satisfatórios para os critérios de clareza de linguagem (CVCt=0,86), pertinência prática (CVCt=0,87) e relevância teórica (CVCt=0,87), e o público-alvo considerou satisfatória a compreensão do instrumento (média=4,44; desvio padrão=1,36). O tempo médio de resposta foi de 15,5 minutos e não foram registradas dúvidas adicionais. A tradução reversa foi aprovada pelos autores originais do instrumento. Conclusão: As etapas iniciais do processo de adaptação transcultural mostraram que o InDI parece promissor para uso no Brasil. Estudos futuros ainda precisam examinar as propriedades psicométricas do instrumento para confirmar os resultados positivos do presente trabalho, bem como sua utilidade para a avaliação dos impactos para a saúde de experiências interseccionais com discriminação.

ABSTRACT Objective: To perform the cross-cultural adaptation of Intersectional Discrimination Index (InDI) into Brazilian Portuguese. InDI assesses the health impacts of intersectional experiences with anticipated (InDI-A), day-to-day (InDI-D), and major (InDI-M) discrimination. Methods: The following steps were taken: (1) independent translations; (2) synthesis of translations; (3) evaluation by an expert committee; (4) analysis by members of the target population; (5) back translation; and (6) pre-test. Based on the evaluation by the expert committee, the content validity coefficient (CVC) was calculated for each item and for the entire instrument. CVC helped identify which items needed adjustments according to the criteria of language clarity, theoretical relevance, and practical relevance. Results: Of the 31 items, 24 were considered adequate and seven required further language adjustments. CVC values were satisfactory for clarity (CVCt=0.86), practical relevance (CVCt=0.87), and theoretical pertinence (CVCt=0.87); a good level of understanding was reported by the target population (mean=4.44; standard deviation=1.36). The average response time was 15.5 minutes, and no additional difficulties in interpreting the items were reported. The back-translated InDI was approved by the original authors of the instrument. Conclusion: The initial stages of the cross-cultural adaptation process showed that the use of InDI looks promising in Brazil. Further studies still need to examine the psychometric properties of the instrument to confirm the positive results of our work, as well as its usefulness for assessing the health impacts of intersectional experiences with discrimination.

RESUMO Objetivo: O presente estudo realizou a adaptação transcultural do Intersectional Discrimination Index (InDI) para o português do Brasil. Trata-se de um instrumento composto de 31 itens, que visa mensurar os impactos para a saúde de experiências interseccionais com discriminação antecipada (InDI-A), cotidiana (InDI-D) e maior (InDI-M). Métodos: Foram percorridas as seguintes etapas: (1) traduções independentes; (2) síntese das traduções; (3) avaliação por comitê de especialistas; (4) análise por membros da população-alvo; (5) tradução reversa; e (6) pré-teste. Calculou-se igualmente o coeficiente de validade de conteúdo (CVC) de cada um dos itens e de todo o instrumento. O CVC foi empregado por permitir identificar quais itens necessitavam de ajustes de acordo com os critérios de clareza de linguagem, relevância teórica e pertinência prática. Resultados: Dos 31 itens do instrumento, 24 foram considerados adequados e sete necessitaram de ajustes de linguagem. Os valores dos CVC foram satisfatórios para os critérios de clareza de linguagem (CVCt=0,86), pertinência prática (CVCt=0,87) e relevância teórica (CVCt=0,87), e o público-alvo considerou satisfatória a compreensão do instrumento (média=4,44; desvio padrão=1,36). O tempo médio de resposta foi de 15,5 minutos e não foram registradas dúvidas adicionais. A tradução reversa foi aprovada pelos autores originais do instrumento. Conclusão: As etapas iniciais do processo de adaptação transcultural mostraram que o InDI parece promissor para uso no Brasil. Estudos futuros ainda precisam examinar as propriedades psicométricas do instrumento para confirmar os resultados positivos do presente trabalho, bem como sua utilidade para a avaliação dos impactos para a saúde de experiências interseccionais com discriminação.

ABSTRACT Objective: To perform the cross-cultural adaptation of Intersectional Discrimination Index (InDI) into Brazilian Portuguese. InDI assesses the health impacts of intersectional experiences with anticipated (InDI-A), day-to-day (InDI-D), and major (InDI-M) discrimination. Methods: The following steps were taken: (1) independent translations; (2) synthesis of translations; (3) evaluation by an expert committee; (4) analysis by members of the target population; (5) back translation; and (6) pre-test. Based on the evaluation by the expert committee, the content validity coefficient (CVC) was calculated for each item and for the entire instrument. CVC helped identify which items needed adjustments according to the criteria of language clarity, theoretical relevance, and practical relevance. Results: Of the 31 items, 24 were considered adequate and seven required further language adjustments. CVC values were satisfactory for clarity (CVCt=0.86), practical relevance (CVCt=0.87), and theoretical pertinence (CVCt=0.87); a good level of understanding was reported by the target population (mean=4.44; standard deviation=1.36). The average response time was 15.5 minutes, and no additional difficulties in interpreting the items were reported. The back-translated InDI was approved by the original authors of the instrument. Conclusion: The initial stages of the cross-cultural adaptation process showed that the use of InDI looks promising in Brazil. Further studies still need to examine the psychometric properties of the instrument to confirm the positive results of our work, as well as its usefulness for assessing the health impacts of intersectional experiences with discrimination.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To carry out a critical review of the literature on the use of race, color, and ethnicity in the field of public health dentistry. METHODS A literature search was conducted in MEDLINE via PubMed for articles published between 2014 and 2019. Using a data extraction form, we collected information on (1) bibliographic characteristics of the selected papers; (2) race, color, and ethnicity of the study participants and their sociodemographic profiles; and (3) the extent to which the original publications followed the recommendations by Kaplan and Bennett (2003) on the use of race, color, or ethnicity in biomedical research. RESULTS Our initial search identified 2,032 articles, 53 of which were selected for full-text examination and assessment following pre-established eligibility criteria. Around 60% (n = 32) of the included studies did not justify the use of race, color, or ethnicity in their analyses, and 9% (n = 5) took these variables as indicators of the participants’ genetic makeup. On the other hand, 68% (n = 36) of the reviewed papers considered race, color, and ethnicity as risk markers – not risk factors – for adverse oral health outcomes, whereas 80% (n = 42) adjusted racial/ethnic inequities for a range of socioeconomic and demographic factors in statistical models. Only one study (2%) explicitly took race, color, or ethnicity as a contextually dependent dimension of the participants’ identities. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that research on oral health inequities is often based on reductionist and stigmatizing conceptions of race, color, or ethnicity. Such harmful misconceptions should be replaced with anti-racist narratives in order to effectively address racial oral health inequities.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos da estimulação elétrica neuromuscular (EENM) na força muscular, alívio da dor e melhora da função em pacientes com osteoartrite de joelho. Realizou-se uma pesquisa em diferentes bases de dados, como PubMed, Embase, LILACS e o Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, no período de dezembro de 2017 até julho de 2020. Procedeu-se a uma busca manual com o intuito de verificar as listas de referências dos artigos elegíveis. As diretrizes PRISMA foram seguidas. Os estudos selecionados comparavam a estimulação elétrica neuromuscular com um programa de exercícios de força muscular isométrica como desfecho primário. Os resultados secundários foram dor e função. A qualidade dos estudos foi avaliada usando avaliação de risco de viés e a escala PEDro e a qualidade geral das evidências foi avaliada usando a abordagem GRADE. Oito estudos foram incluídos nesta revisão sistemática com um total de 571 pacientes analisados. A EENM associada ao exercício promoveu o aumento da força isométrica do músculo quadríceps em relação ao grupo controle ativo, demonstrando heterogeneidade e diferença estatística (IC 95%=1,16 a 5,10, I2=97%, p=0,002; evidência de muito baixa certeza), mas não melhorou a função física (IC 95%=−0,37 a 0,59, I2=0%, p=0,67; evidência de baixa certeza) e mostrou resultados controversos para dor em comparação ao grupo de controle ativo (avaliação qualitativa). Conclui-se que a EENM induz o aumento da força muscular em pacientes com osteoartrite, porém não foram encontradas diferenças nos resultados de funcionalidade e dor em comparação com o grupo de controle ativo. Devido à incerteza das evidências, são necessárias mais pesquisas sobre o assunto.

ABSTRACT We aimed to investigate the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on muscle strength, pain relief, and improvement in function in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Databases were searched from December 2017 to July 2020 and included PubMed, Embase, LILACS, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. A manual search was also performed by checking the reference lists of eligible articles. The PRISMA guidelines were followed. The studies selected compared NMES with an exercise program on isometric muscle strength as a primary outcome. The secondary outcomes were pain and function. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Risk of Bias assessment and PEDro scale, and the overall quality of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. Eight studies were included in this systematic review. A total of 571 patients were analyzed. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation associated with exercise promoted an increase in isometric strength of the quadriceps muscle compared to the active control group, demonstrating heterogeneity and statistical difference (95% CI=1.16 to 5.10, I2=97%, p=0.002; very low-certainty evidence). NMES associated with exercise did not improve physical function (95% CI=−0.37 to 0.59, I2=0%, p=0.67; low-certainty evidence) and showed controversial results for pain compared to an active control group (qualitative assessment). In conclusion, NMES induces an increase in muscle strength in patients with osteoarthritis compared to an active control group. No differences were found for physical function and pain outcomes. Further research is needed due to the uncertain level of evidence.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los efectos de la electroestimulación neuromuscular (NMES) sobre la fuerza muscular, el alivio del dolor y la mejora de la función en pacientes con osteoartritis de la rodilla. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed, Embase, LILACS y Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, en el periodo de diciembre de 2017 y julio de 2020. Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda manual para verificar las listas de referencias de los artículos elegibles. Se aplicó las pautas PRISMA. Los estudios seleccionados compararon la electroestimulación neuromuscular con un programa de ejercicio de fuerza muscular isométrica como resultado primario. Los resultados secundarios fueron el dolor y la función. La calidad de los estudios se evaluó mediante la evaluación del riesgo de sesgo y la escala PEDro, y la calidad general de la evidencia se estimó con el uso del sistema GRADE. Ocho estudios con un total de 571 pacientes compusieron esta revisión sistemática. La EENM asociada con el ejercicio aumentó la fuerza isométrica del músculo cuádriceps en comparación con el grupo control activo, demostrando una heterogeneidad y diferencia estadística (IC 95%=1,16 a 5,10, I2=97%, p=0,002; evidencia con muy baja seguridad), pero no mejoró la función física (IC 95%=−0,37 a 0,59, I2=0%, p=0,67; evidencia con baja seguridad) y mostró resultados controvertidos para el dolor en comparación con el grupo control activo (evaluación cualitativa). Se concluyó que la EENM indujo un aumento de la fuerza muscular en pacientes con osteoartritis, pero no se encontraron diferencias en los resultados de función y dolor en comparación con el grupo control activo. Debido a la incertidumbre de la evidencia, se necesitan más estudios sobre el tema.

Resumo As políticas de saúde no Brasil têm buscado expandir o acesso e mitigar as iniquidades, mas recentes revisões de seu conteúdo enfraqueceram o Sistema Único de Saúde. Este estudo estima três indicadores de saúde em três inquéritos nacionais, realizados em 2008, 2013 e 2019, para avaliar o impacto das mudanças na Política Nacional de Atenção Básica sobre as iniquidades raciais na saúde. Considerando o desenho da pesquisa e os pesos amostrais, estimou-se a prevalência de cada desfecho entre indivíduos brancos e negros para todo o país e segundo suas macrorregiões. Testamos as hipóteses: comparados aos brancos, negros apresentaram frequência maior de cobertura pela Estratégia Saúde da Família, menor de cobertura de plano de saúde e maior de dificuldade de acesso aos serviços (H1); as iniquidades raciais diminuíram no período de dez anos, mas estagnaram entre 2013-2019 (H2); as iniquidades raciais aumentaram entre as regiões com menores proporções de negros (H3). Os resultados apoiam integralmente H1, mas não H2 e H3. As iniquidades raciais permaneceram estáveis ou diminuíram entre 2013-2019. Ao contrapor os princípios de universalidade e equidade, a última revisão da Política Nacional de Atenção Básica contribuiu para a persistência das iniquidades raciais na saúde.

Abstract Health policies in Brazil have sought to expand healthcare access and mitigate inequities, but recent revisions of their content have weakened the Brazilian Unified Health System. This study estimates three healthcare indicators across three national surveys conducted in 2008, 2013, and 2019 to assess the impact of changes to the National Primary Care Policy on racial inequities in healthcare. Considering the survey design and sampling weights, we estimated the prevalence of each outcome among both whites and Blacks for the whole country, and according to the Brazilian regions. We test the following hypotheses: compared to whites, Blacks showed higher frequency of coverage by the Family Health Strategy, lower frequency of health insurance coverage, and higher frequency of perceived difficulty accessing health services (H1); Racial inequities decreased in the ten-year period but remained constant between 2013-2019 (H2); Racial gaps have widened among regions with lower proportions of Blacks (H3). Our findings fully support H1, but not H2 and H3. Racial inequities either remained constant or decreased in the 2013-2019 period. By downplaying the importance of the universality and equity principles, the latest revision of the National Primary Care Policy has contributed to the persistence of racial inequities in healthcare.

Resumo As políticas de saúde no Brasil têm buscado expandir o acesso e mitigar as iniquidades, mas recentes revisões de seu conteúdo enfraqueceram o Sistema Único de Saúde. Este estudo estima três indicadores de saúde em três inquéritos nacionais, realizados em 2008, 2013 e 2019, para avaliar o impacto das mudanças na Política Nacional de Atenção Básica sobre as iniquidades raciais na saúde. Considerando o desenho da pesquisa e os pesos amostrais, estimou-se a prevalência de cada desfecho entre indivíduos brancos e negros para todo o país e segundo suas macrorregiões. Testamos as hipóteses: comparados aos brancos, negros apresentaram frequência maior de cobertura pela Estratégia Saúde da Família, menor de cobertura de plano de saúde e maior de dificuldade de acesso aos serviços (H1); as iniquidades raciais diminuíram no período de dez anos, mas estagnaram entre 2013-2019 (H2); as iniquidades raciais aumentaram entre as regiões com menores proporções de negros (H3). Os resultados apoiam integralmente H1, mas não H2 e H3. As iniquidades raciais permaneceram estáveis ou diminuíram entre 2013-2019. Ao contrapor os princípios de universalidade e equidade, a última revisão da Política Nacional de Atenção Básica contribuiu para a persistência das iniquidades raciais na saúde.

Abstract Health policies in Brazil have sought to expand healthcare access and mitigate inequities, but recent revisions of their content have weakened the Brazilian Unified Health System. This study estimates three healthcare indicators across three national surveys conducted in 2008, 2013, and 2019 to assess the impact of changes to the National Primary Care Policy on racial inequities in healthcare. Considering the survey design and sampling weights, we estimated the prevalence of each outcome among both whites and Blacks for the whole country, and according to the Brazilian regions. We test the following hypotheses: compared to whites, Blacks showed higher frequency of coverage by the Family Health Strategy, lower frequency of health insurance coverage, and higher frequency of perceived difficulty accessing health services (H1); Racial inequities decreased in the ten-year period but remained constant between 2013-2019 (H2); Racial gaps have widened among regions with lower proportions of Blacks (H3). Our findings fully support H1, but not H2 and H3. Racial inequities either remained constant or decreased in the 2013-2019 period. By downplaying the importance of the universality and equity principles, the latest revision of the National Primary Care Policy has contributed to the persistence of racial inequities in healthcare.

RESUMO As áreas urbanas buscam novas opções de serviço de água, para garantir o abastecimento. A literatura acadêmica versa sobre o pensamento de que a crise hídrica está relacionada ao crescimento urbano; no entanto, o fator predominante é o aumento do consumo, independentemente do crescimento populacional, pois fatores comportamentais devem ser revistos a partir de simples hábitos diários. Os empresários não focam apenas nas questões de economia ou da discussão ambiental, de mais vale a garantia da autonomia, pois a insegurança hídrica é cada vez mais crescente. Empreendimentos como os shopping centers poderão consumir volumes de água equivalentes ao consumo de 5 mil pessoas. Para saber as percepções dos atores envolvidos no design e na gestão de shopping centers, este trabalho utilizou o método AHP, com a aplicação de questionários e resultados combinados. Dados resultantes demonstram que o conhecimento dos envolvidos nem sempre corresponde aos conceitos de conservação de água e que uma melhor sinergia entre a ciência e o mercado deve estar mais próxima.

ABSTRACT Urban areas seek new water service options, to ensure the supply. The academic literature deals with the thought that the water crisis is related to urban growth; however, the predominant factor is the increased consumption, regardless of population growth, as behavioral factors should be reviewed based on simple daily habits. Entrepreneurs do not focus only on economic issues or on top of environmental discussion, as well ensuring autonomy, as water insecurity is increasingly growing. Enterprises such as shopping malls may consume water volumes equivalent to the consumption of 5,000 people. In order to know the perceptions of the actors involved in the design and management of shopping malls, this work used the AHP method, with the application of questionnaires and combined results. Resulting data demonstrate that the knowledge of those involved does not always correspond to the concepts of water conservation and a better synergy between science and the market should be more forthcoming.

RESUMO Embora fundamental para a pesquisa epidemiológica, o desenvolvimento e a adaptação transcultural de instrumentos de aferição têm recebido menos destaque nas discussões metodológicas que permeiam o campo. Em paralelo, a qualidade das mensurações realizadas em muitos estudos epidemiológicos está frequentemente aquém do desejado para a construção de conhecimento sólido sobre o processo saúde-doença. A escassez de sistematizações sobre o que, para que e como aferir na área provavelmente contribui para esse cenário. Nesta revisão, propomos um modelo processual composto por uma sequência de etapas voltadas à mensuração de construtos em níveis aceitáveis de validade, confiabilidade e, por extensão, comparabilidade. Subjaz à proposta a ideia de que não apenas alguns, mas diversos estudos concatenados entre si e sucessivamente mais aprofundados devem ser conduzidos para obter aferições adequadas. A implementação do modelo poderá contribuir para alargar o interesse sobre instrumentos de aferição e, especialmente, para enfrentar os problemas investigados em epidemiologia.

ABSTRACT The development and cross-cultural adaptation of measurement instruments have received less attention in methodological discussions, even though it is essential for epidemiological research. At the same time, the quality of epidemiological measurements is often below ideal standards for the construction of solid knowledge on the health-disease process. The scarcity of systematizations in the field about what, what for, and how to adequately measure intangible constructs contributes to this scenario. In this review, we propose a procedural model divided into phases and stages aimed at measuring constructs at acceptable levels of validity, reliability, and comparability. Underlying our proposal is the idea that not only some but several connected studies should be conducted to obtain appropriate measurement instruments. Implementing the model may contribute to broadening the interest in measurement instruments and, especially, addressing key epidemiological problems.