Resumo Objetivo: Verificar a prevalência, mortalidade e fatores de risco associados aos nascimentos de prematuros de muito baixo peso ao nascer (MBPN) ao longo de 33 anos. Métodos: Série de quatro estudos transversais com o uso de dados das entrevistas perinatais das coortes de nascimento da cidade de Pelotas coletados em 1982, 1993, 2004 e 2015. A partir de questionários perinatais, medidas antropométricas dos recém-nascidos e certidões de óbito, foram analisadas a prevalência, a mortalidade neonatal e os fatores de risco (idade materna, renda e tipo de parto) para prematuros de muito baixo peso ao nascer. Resultados: Foram incluídos no estudo 19.625 recém-nascidos. Em 1982, 1993, 2004 e 2015 ocorreram, respectivamente, 5.909, 5.232, 4.226 e 4.258 nascimentos. A prevalência de prematuros de muito baixo peso ao nascer naqueles anos foi, respectivamente, de 1,1% (n = 64), 0,9% (n = 46), 1,4% (n = 61) e 1,3% (n = 54). A tendência de aumento durante o período não alcançou significância estatística (p = 0,11). Entre os fatores de risco, a renda familiar nos três quintis mais pobres esteve associada a prevalências cerca de duas vezes mais altas do que no quintil mais rico (p = 0,003). A mortalidade por 1.000 nascidos vivos para os neonatos com peso < 1500 g caiu de 688 para 259 por mil ao longo dos anos (p < 0,001), mas ainda representa 61% dos óbitos neonatais em 2015. Conclusão: Embora a mortalidade nos prematuros de muito baixo peso ao nascer tenha diminuído em mais de 60% nos últimos anos, esse grupo ainda contribui com mais da metade dos óbitos neonatais. A baixa renda familiar continua a ser fator de risco importante nesse cenário.

Abstract Objective: To assess the prevalence, mortality and risk factors associated with the birth of very low birth weight preterm infants over a period of 33 years. Methods: Four cross-sectional studies were analyzed, using data from perinatal interviews of birth cohorts in the city of Pelotas collected in 1982, 1993, 2004, and 2015. Based on perinatal questionnaires, anthropometric measurements of newborns and death certificates were analyzed to obtain the prevalence rate, neonatal mortality, and risk factors (maternal age, income and type of delivery) for very low birth weight. Results: A total of 19,625 newborns were included in the study. In the years 1982, 1993, 2004, and 2015, there were, respectively, 5909, 5232, 4226, and 4258 births. The prevalence of very low birth weight was, respectively, 1.1% (n = 64), 0.9% (n = 46), 1.4% (n = 61), and 1.3% (n = 54). There was no statistical evidence of an increasing trend over time (p = 0.11). Among the risk factors, family income in the three poorest quintiles was associated with prevalence rates that were approximately twice as high as in the richest quintile (p = 0.003). Mortality per 1000 live births for neonates weighing <1500 g decreased from 688 to 259 per thousand from 1982 to 2015 (p < 0.001), but still represented 61% of neonatal deaths in the latter year. Conclusion: Although mortality in very low birth weight decreased by more than 60% in recent years, this group still contributes with more than half of neonatal deaths. Low family income remains an important risk factor in this scenario.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the number of rotavirus-associated deaths among Indian children younger than five years. METHODS: We surveyed more than 23 000 child deaths from a nationally representative survey of 1.1 million Indian households during 2001-2003. Diarrhoeal deaths were characterized by region, age and sex and were combined with the proportion of deaths attributable to rotavirus, as determined by hospital microbiologic data collected by the Indian Rotavirus Strain Surveillance Network from December 2005 to November 2007. Rotavirus vaccine efficacy data from clinical trials in developing countries were used to estimate the number of deaths preventable by a national vaccination programme. Data were analysed using Stata SE version 10. FINDINGS: Rotavirus caused an estimated 113 000 deaths (99% confidence interval, CI: 86 000-155 000); 50% (54 700) and 75% (85 400) occurred before one and two years of age, respectively. One child in 242 died from rotavirus infection before five years of age. Rotavirus-associated mortality rates overall, among girls and among boys were 4.14 (99% CI: 3.14-5.68), 4.89 (99% CI: 3.75-6.79) and 3.45 (99% CI: 2.58-4.66) deaths per 1000 live births, respectively. Rates were highest in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, which together accounted for > 50% of deaths (64 400) nationally. Rotavirus vaccine could prevent 41 000-48 000 deaths among children aged 3-59 months. CONCLUSION: The burden of rotavirus-associated mortality is high among Indian children, highlighting the potential benefits of rotavirus vaccination.

OBJETIVO: Calcular el número de muertes asociadas al rotavirus entre niños indios menores de cinco años. MÉTODOS: Estudiamos más de 23 000 muertes de niños procedentes de una encuesta representativa a nivel nacional sobre 1,1 millón de hogares indios durante 2001-2003. Las muertes por diarrea se caracterizaron por región, edad y sexo y se combinaron con la proporción de muertes atribuibles al rotavirus, como determinaron los datos microbiológicos hospitalarios recogidos por la Red india de vigilancia de la cepa del rotavirus (Indian Rotavirus Strain Surveillance Network) desde diciembre de 2005 hasta noviembre de 2007. Los datos acerca de la eficacia de la vacuna contra el rotavirus de ensayos clínicos en países en vías de desarrollo se emplearon para calcular el número de muertes prevenibles por medio de un programa de vacunación nacional. Los datos se analizaron mediante Stata SE versión 10. RESULTADOS: El rotavirus causó aproximadamente 113 000 muertes (99% intervalo de confianza, IC: 86 000-155 000); el 50% (54 700) y el 75% (85 400) sucedió antes del primer y segundo año de edad, respectivamente. Un niño de cada 242 falleció debido a una infección por rotavirus antes de llegar a los cinco años de edad. Las tasas generales de mortalidad asociadas con el rotavirus entre niños y entre niñas fueron de 4,14 (99% IC: 3,14-5,68), 4,89 (99% IC: 3,75-6,79) y 3,45 (99% IC: 2,58-4,66) muertes por 1 000 nacidos vivos, respectivamente. Las tasas más altas se dieron en Bihar, Uttar Pradesh y Madhya Pradesh, que en conjunto integraron más del 50% de las muertes (64 400) a nivel nacional. La vacuna contra el rotavirus podría prevenir 41 000-48 000 muertes entre niños de entre 3 y 59 meses. CONCLUSIÓN: La carga de la mortalidad asociada con el rotavirus es mayor entre los niños indios, y resalta los beneficios potenciales de la vacuna contra el rotavirus.

OBJECTIF: Estimer le nombre de décès associés au rotavirus chez les enfants indiens de moins de cinq ans. MÉTHODES: Nous avons examiné plus de 23 000 décès d'enfants sur la base d'une enquête représentative au niveau national de 1,1 million de foyers indiens durant la période 2001-2003. Les décès par diarrhée étaient classés par région, âge et sexe, ainsi que corrélés à la proportion de décès attribuables au rotavirus, tels que déterminés par les données microbiologiques hospitalières collectées par le réseau de surveillance indien de la souche du rotavirus de décembre 2005 à novembre 2007. Les données d'efficacité du vaccin contre le rotavirus provenant d'essais cliniques réalisés dans les pays en développement ont été utilisées pour estimer le nombre de décès évitables par un programme national de vaccination. Les données ont été analysées à l'aide de Stata SE version 10. RÉSULTATS: Le rotavirus a causé environ 113 000 décès (intervalle de confiance, IC de 99%: 86 000 à 155 000), 50% (54 700) et 75% (85 400) d'entre eux survenaient respectivement avant l'âge d'un an et de deux ans. Un enfant sur 242 est mort d'une infection par le rotavirus avant l'âge de cinq ans. Les taux de mortalité associés au rotavirus étaient, dans l'ensemble, parmi les filles et les garçons, de 4,14 décès (IC de 99%: 3,14-5,68), 4,89 (IC de 99%: 3,75-6,79) et 3,45 (IC de 99%: 2,58-4,66) pour 1 000 naissances vivantes, respectivement. Les taux étaient les plus élevés dans le Bihar, l'Uttar Pradesh et le Madhya Pradesh, représentant au total, à l'échelle nationale, plus de 50% des décès (64 400). Le vaccin contre le rotavirus pourrait éviter 41 000 à 48 000 décès chez les enfants âgés de 3 à 59 mois. CONCLUSION: L'impact de la mortalité associée au rotavirus est élevé chez les enfants indiens, soulignant les avantages potentiels d'une vaccination contre le rotavirus.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito de duas gomas de mascar na producao de compostos sulfurados volateis (CSV) in vivo. Quatorze participantes periodontalmente saudaveis (20- 35 anos de idade) foram incluidos no estudo. A goma teste 1 (TG1) continha sacarose e a goma teste 2 (TG2) continha xilitol e citrato de zinco. Duas series de testes foram realizadas com um desenho duplo-cego cruzado. Apos a abstencao de higiene oral noturna, CSV foram medidos antes e 5, 15, 30, 45 e 60 minutos apos o ato de mascar as gomas. Na segunda serie, a producao de CSV foi monitorada antes e ate 30 minutos apos um bochecho com cisteina a 6mM isoladamente e quando do ato de mascar as gomas. Para o primeiro teste, os resultados foram analisados atraves de ANOVA de medidas repetidas para comparacoes intragrupo e teste t para amostras pareadas nas comparacoes intergrupo. Na segunda serie, o percentual de reducao de CSV foi comparado pelos testes de Friedman e Wilcoxon (p<.05). As gomas teste nao diferiram na producao de CSV, com valores abrangendo de 146 ppb apos 5 minutos ate 86 ppb apos 60 minu - tos. Reducoes similares na producao de CSV apos bochecho com cisteina foram observadas para ambas as gomas, com as maiores reducoes (71% a 52%) observadas apos 5 e 15 minutos. Pode-se concluir que a producao de CSV e diminuida apos o uso de goma de mascar e que o uso de destas reduz temporariamente a producao de CSV induzida por bochechos com cisteina.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of two chewing gums on the production of volatile sulfur-containing compounds (VSC) in vivo. Fourteen periodontally healthy participants (20-35 years old) were included in the test panel. Test gum 1 (TG1) contained sucrose and Test gum 2 (TG2) contained xylitol and zinc citrate. Two series of tests were conducted with a double-blind cross-over design. Following an overnight refrain from oral hygiene, VSC was measured before and at 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes of chewing the test gums. In the second series, VSC production was monitored prior to and up to 30 minutes after a rinse with cysteine 6mM alone or after a rinse followed by chewing the test gums. For the first test, the results were analyzed by repeated measurements ANOVA for intra-group and paired sample t test for intergroup comparisons. In the second series, percent reduction of VSC was compared by Friedman and Wilcoxon tests (p<.05). The test gums did not differ in terms of VSC production, with values ranging from 146 ppb after 5 minutes to 86 ppb after 60 minutes. Similar reductions in VSC production following cysteine were observed for both test gums, with the largest reductions (71% to 52%) observed after 5 and 15 minutes. It can be concluded that VSC production is diminished after chewing gum and that the use of chewing gums reduces temporarily the VSC production enhanced by cysteine rinses.

OBJETIVOS: Comparar as mudanças em conhecimento sobre AIDS e comportamentos de risco em usuários de cocaína brasileiros submetidos a uma intervenção experimental. MÉTODO: 119 sujeitos foram aleatoriamente designados para uma intervenção padrão ou uma intervenção padrão adicionada a um "mapa cognitivo", e re-entrevistados duas e oito semanas após admissão no estudo, utilizando-se instrumentos de coleta padronizados. Os efeitos da intervenção foram examinados utilizando modelo de equações de estimação generalizadas. RESULTADOS: Foram observados aumentos significativos no conhecimento sobre AIDS e uso de preservativos no grupo experimental, bem como modificações significativas nos subescores para risco sexual e uso de drogas. A intervenção experimental teve menos sucesso em diminuir dias de uso de cocaína quando comparada com a intervenção padrão. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de não serem robustos, os achados sugerem que os componentes do modelo de mapa cognitivo experimentados poderiam ser úteis em combinação com outras abordagens.

OBJECTIVES: To compare changes in AIDS knowledge and risk behaviors among Brazilian cocaine users in an intervention trial. METHOD: 119 participants were randomly assigned to either a standard or a standard plus "thought mapping" intervention, and re-interviewed 2 and 8 weeks after intake using standardized data collection instruments. Intervention effects were examined using generalized estimated equation model. RESULTS: Significant increases in AIDS knowledge and condom use were observed in the experimental group, as well as significant changes in the subscores for sexual and drug risks. The experimental intervention was less successful in decreasing mean days of cocaine use when compared to the standard. CONCLUSION: Although not robust, the findings nevertheless suggest that components of the experimental thought-mapping model might be useful in combination with other approaches.