ABSTRACT In recent decades, concrete technology has reached the broad-based areas of operations through the implementation of Self Compacting Concrete to increase the concrete performance. Due to high silica content, the pozzolonic characteristic of RHA makes it as a supplementary material for cement. In this paper, Cement was partially replaced with Rice Hush Ash of 5%, 10% 15%, 20%, 30% and 40% influencing the properties of SCC. The aim of this report is to explore the effect of cement replacement by RHA on the fresh and mechanical properties of SCC. In addition, the bucking behaviour of the axial loaded reinforced concrete column was predicted using Artificial Neural Network. Experimental data are collected and 100 experimental data is used for training the ANN model and 20 sets of data is utilized for testing. From the results it is observed that SCC blended with RHA shows the positive relationship between 30% replacement of RHA with an increase in the strength of compression and tensile strength of around 6. The buckling behaviour of the 70% Cement + 30% RHA SCC reinforced column was predicted by ANN- PSO is a precision and efficient model.

Abstract Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a correctable inborn error of metabolism which causes lethal intellectual delay and neurobehavioral anomalies. A screening package, especially for early recognition can support to regulate the PKU process of most patients. New-born screening program in any country focuses at the earliest detection of inheritance deficiency disorders in order to avoid the most severe repercussion by appropriate medication. This screening program needs a concomitant diagnosis and involves additional clinical research. Strategies from developed countries recommend that new-born screening should be done as soon as possible after birth before hospital/clinic discharge because if detected later, it conveys to significantly increase in disability as well as morbidity. Although exact protocol differs among different countries, testing procedures for PKU should be followed universally recognized in the developed world. Unfortunately, new-born screening program in Bangladesh is in lying-in room or possibly in pilot study in particular hospital, because the health-care system is classically targeted mortality (like childbirth complications) and transmittable morbidities (such as COVID-19) but not inborn frailties. Although policies and management of childbirth complications have been successfully lowered infant and mother mortality rates, the number of disabled babies increased tremendously. The study aims to investigate the current status of new-born screening (NBS) program of PKU in the Rajshahi Division Bangladesh, and focus on future plans to manage with life-long treatment. The primary challenges such as financial support for newborn screening, publicity, should be identified and implemented for national PKU-NBS policy as a role model of Bangladesh for developing countries.

ABSTRATO A mudanca contínua na forca e outras propriedades, problemas ambientais, aumento no preco do cimento, avanco da indústria da construção civil faz uso de materiais alternativos como materiais de grau funcional (FGM) que leva a um novo material sobre concreto como concreto funcionalmente classificado (FGC), Neste presente artigo, a investigação tem sido realizada no concreto funcionalmente classificado utilizando lama vermelha e também sobre cinzas.Neste grau M20 de concreto é usado como concreto convencional na zona de compressao e M25 com a substituicao de cimento por lama vermelha e flyash com porcentagem variada (5%, 10% ,15%) respectivamente na zona de tensao.Os resultados indicaram que os 10% da lama vermelha e 10% das cinzas de mosca como o valor ideal para o feixe de concreto e pela curva de deflexao de carga, e evidente que o feixe de concreto funcionalmente classificado tem mais vantagens do que o concreto comum, uma vez que possui mais durabilidade e características de resistencia.A análise do microscopio eletronico de varredura também foi realizada no concreto de grau funcional da lama vermelha e cinzas de moscas de concreto funcionalmente classificado.Indicou claramente os poros presentes nos materiais que tendem a aumentar a forca do concreto.

ABSTRACT The continuous change in the strength and other properties, environmental problems, hike in cement price, advancement of construction industry makes the usage of alternative materials as Functionally graded materials (FGM) which leads to a new materials on concrete as Functionally graded concrete (FGC), In this present paper, investigation has carried out on the functionally graded concrete by using red mud and also fly ash. In this M20 grade of concrete is used as the conventional concrete in compression zone and M25 with the replacement of cement by red mud and flyash with varying percentage (5%, 10% 15%) respectively in the tension zone. The results indicated that the 10% of the red mud and 10% of the fly ash as the optimum value for the concrete beam and by load deflection curve, it is evident that functionally graded concrete beam has more advantages than ordinary concrete since it has more durability and strength characteristics. Scanning electron microscope analysis was also carried out on the red mud functionally graded concrete and fly ash functionally graded concrete. It clearly indicated the pores present in the materials which tends to increase in strength of the concrete.

Abstract Background The Tridax procumbens extracts (TPE) are known for their ethno-medicinal properties to increase osteogenic functioning in mesenchymal stem cells. Recently, we found that the T. procumbens flavonoids (TPF) significantly suppressed the RANKL-induced osteoclasts differentiation and bone resorption. The TPF also promoted osteoblasts differentiation and bone formation demonstrated by increasing bone formation markers in cultured mouse primary osteoblasts. However, the effects of the TPF on in vivo bone formation remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of the TPF on in vivo bone formation, injected the TPF (20 mg/kg) twice a day in the low calcium diet mice and killed them after 21 day. Radiographic and histomorphometric analyses were performed on the dissected bones to determine the anabolic effects of the TPF. Results Bone mineral density and bone mineral content of the TPF-treated mice were significantly increased compared to the control mice. Bone formation-related indices like osteoblast number, osteoblast surface, bone volume, mineralizing surface, mineral apposition rate and bone formation rate were significantly increased in the TPF-treated mice compared to the control mice. Conclusion Our findings point towards the stimulation of bone formation by TPF, suggested that the TPF could be a potential natural anabolic agent to treat patients with bone loss-associated diseases such as osteoporosis.

BACKGROUND: Tridaxprocumbens flavonoids (TPFs) are well known for their medicinal properties among local natives. Besides traditionally used for dropsy, anemia, arthritis, gout, asthma, ulcer, piles, and urinary problems, it is also used in treating gastric problems, body pain, and rheumatic pains of joints. TPFs have been reported to increase osteogenic functioning in mesenchymal stem cells. Our previous study showed that TPFs were significantly suppressed the RANKL-induced differentiation of osteoclasts and bone resorption. However, the effects of TPFs to promote osteoblasts differentiation and bone formation remain unclear. TPFs were isolated from Tridax procumbens and investigated for their effects on osteoblasts differentiation and bone formation by using primary mouse calvarial osteoblasts RESULTS: TPFs promoted osteoblast differentiation in a dose-dependent manner demonstrated by up-regulation of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin. TPFs also upregulated osteoblast differentiation related genes, including osteocalcin, osterix, and Runx2 in primary osteoblasts. TPFs treated primary osteoblast cells showed significant upregulation of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) including Bmp-2, Bmp-4, and Bmp-7. Addition of noggin, a BMP specific-antagonist, inhibited TPFs induced upregulation of the osteocalcin, osterix, and Runx2 CONCLUSION: Our findings point towards the induction of osteoblast differentiation by TPFs and suggested that TPFs could be a potential anabolic agent to treat patients with bone loss-associated diseases such as osteoporosis

BACKGROUND: The Tridax procumbens flavonoids (TPF), are well known for their medicinal properties among local natives. The TPF are traditionally used for dropsy, anaemia, arthritis, gout, asthma, ulcer, piles, and urinary problems. It also used in treating gastric problems, body pain, and rheumatic pains of joints. The TPF have been reported to increase osteogenic functioning in mesenchymal stem cells. However, their effects on osteoclastogenesis remain unclear. The TPF isolated from T. procumbens and investigated the effects of the TPF inhibit on osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption activities using primary osteoclastic cells. Osteoclast formation was assessed by counting the number of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) positive multinucleated cells and by measuring both TRAP activities. RESULTS: The TPF significantly suppressed the RANKL-induced differentiation of osteoclasts and the formation of pits in primary osteoclastic cells. The TPF also decreased the expression of mRNAs related to osteoclast differentiation, including Trap, Cathepsin K, Mmp-9, and Mmp-13 in primary osteoclastic cells. The treatment of primary osteoclastic cells with the TPF decreased Cathepsin K, Mmp-9, and Mmp-13 proteins expression in primary osteoclastic cells. CONCLUSION: These results indicated that TPF inhibit osteoclastogenesis and pits formation activities. Our results suggest that the TPF could be a potential anti-bone resorptic agent to treat patients with bone loss-associated diseases such as osteoporosis.

BACKGROUND: Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) is a harmful pest of stored grain and flour-based products in tropical and subtropical region. In the present study, rhizome of Drynaria quercifolia (J. Smith) was evaluated for pesticidal and pest repellency activities against T. castaneum, using surface film method and filter paper disc method, respectively. In addition, activity of the isolated compound 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid was evaluated against the pest. RESULTS: Chloroform soluble fraction of ethanol extract of rhizome of D. quercifolia showed significant pesticidal activity at doses 0.88 to 1.77 mg/cm² and significant pest repellency activity at doses 0.94 to 0.23 mg/cm². No pesticidal and pest repellency activity was found for petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol soluble fractions of ethanol extract as well as for 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid. CONCLUSION: Considering our findings it can be concluded that chloroform soluble fraction of rhizome of D. quercifoliais useful in controlling T. castaneum of stored grain and flour-based products.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a single instillation in a combination of povidone iodine with contrast agent under fluoroscopy guidance for the treatment of chyluria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From December 1999 to July 2006 a total of 40 patients with chyluria were treated by renal pelvic instillation therapy (RPIS). The sclerosing solution was prepared using povidone iodine with contrast agent diluted with sterile water in a ratio of 1:1:3. It was instilled on the side having chylous efflux using a bulb tip ureteric catheter. Unilateral instillation was done in 26 cases, 10 on the right side and 16 on left. Fourteen patients had bilateral chylous efflux and RPIS was performed on both sides in the same session. Fluoroscopy was used to evaluate the complete filling of the pelvic calyceal system. The sclerosing solution was kept in the system for 5 minutes and the ureteric catheter was then withdrawn. RESULTS: Immediate clearance was observed in 39 patients. Recurrence occurred in five patients. They were treated again using the same procedure with satisfactory results. The longest follow-up was five years and the shortest five months. CONCLUSION: RPIS of chyluria using a single instillation a combination of povidone iodine with contrast agent is safe and effective. Use of fluoroscopy helps to determine the exact amount of sclerosing solution required to completely fill the system and therefore overfilling is avoided. Moreover, the complications, which arise due to pyelointerstitial backflow, are prevented.

OBJECTIVE: Increasing concern over bacterial resistance to cotrimoxazole, which is recommended by WHO as a first-line drug for treating non-severe pneumonia, led to the suggestion that this might not be optimal therapy. However, changing to alternative antimicrobial agents, such as amoxicillin, is costly. We compared the clinical efficacy of twice-daily cotrimoxazole in standard versus double dosage for treating non-severe pneumonia in children. METHODS: A randomized controlled multicentre trial was implemented in seven hospital outpatient departments and two community health programmes. A total of 1143 children aged 2-59 months with non-severe pneumonia were randomly allocated to receive 4 mg trimethoprim plus 20 mg sulfamethoxazole/kg of body weight or 8 mg trimethoprim plus 40 mg sulfamethoxazole/kg of body weight orally twice-daily for 5 days Treatment failure occurred when a child required a change of therapy, died or was lost to follow-up. Children required a change of therapy if their condition worsened (they developed chest indrawing or danger signs) or if at 48 hours after enrolment, their clinical condition was the same (defined as having a respiratory rate that was 5 breaths/minute higher or lower than at the time of enrolment). FINDINGS: The results of 1134 children were analysed: 578 were assigned to the standard dose of cotrimoxazole and 556 to the double dose. Treatment failed in 112 children (19.4%) in the standard group and 118 (21.2%) in the double-dose group (relative risk 1.10; 95% confidence interval = 0.87-1.37). Using multivariate analysis we found that treatment was more likely to fail in children who were not given the medicine correctly (P = 0.001), in those younger than 12 months (P = 0.004), those who had used antibiotics previously (P = 0.002), those whose respiratory rate was > 20 breaths/minute above the age-specific cut-off point (P = 0.006), and those from urban areas (P = 0.042). CONCLUSION: Both standard and double strength cotrimoxazole were equally effective in treating non-severe pneumonia. Close follow-up of patients is essential to prevent worsening of disease. Definitions of clinical failure need to be more specific. Surveillance in both rural and urban areas is essential in the development of treatment policies that are based on clinical outcomes.

OBJETIVO: La creciente preocupación en torno a la resistencia bacteriana al cotrimoxazol, producto recomendado por la OMS como medicamento de primera línea para tratar la neumonía no grave, ha llevado a pensar que ese tratamiento quizá no es el más adecuado. Sin embargo, sustituirlo por otros agentes antimicrobianos, como la amoxicilina, resulta costoso. Decidimos comparar la eficacia clínica de la dosis estándar y la dosis doble de cotrimoxazol administrado dos veces al día como tratamiento de la neumonía no grave en los niños. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un ensayo multicéntrico controlado aleatorizado en siete departamentos ambulatorios de hospital y dos programas de salud comunitaria. Un total de 1143 niños de 2 a 59 meses con neumonía no grave fueron asignados al azar para recibir ya fuera 4 mg de trimetoprima más 20 mg de sulfametoxazol/kg de peso corporal o bien 8 mg de trimetoprima más 40 mg de sulfametoxazol/kg de peso corporal por vía oral dos veces al día durante 5 días. Se consideraron casos de fracaso terapéutico aquellos en los que el niño necesitaba un cambio de tratamiento, fallecía o se perdía en el seguimiento. Se decidía cambiar de tratamiento cuando la enfermedad se agravaba (aparecían tiraje torácico o signos de peligro) o permanecía estacionaria (se consideraba que así era cuando la frecuencia respiratoria no se desviaba más de 5 respiraciones/minuto de la que tenía el niño al entrar a participar en el estudio). RESULTADOS: Se analizaron los resultados conseguidos en 1134 niños: a 578 se les asignó la dosis ordinaria de cotrimoxazol, y a 556 la dosis doble. El tratamiento fracasó en 112 niños (19,4%) en el grupo tratado de la forma habitual, y en 118 (21,2%) en el grupo sometido a la dosis doble (riesgo relativo: 1,10; intervalo de confianza del 95% = 0,87-1,37). El análisis multifactorial reveló que el tratamiento tenía más probabilidades de fracasar entre los niños a los que no se les administraba correctamente el medicamento (P = 0,001), los menores de 12 meses (P = 0,004), los que habían usado antibióticos anteriormente (P = 0,002), los que presentaban una frecuencia respiratoria > 20 respiraciones/minuto por encima del umbral específico para la edad (P = 0,006) y los residentes en zonas urbanas (P = 0,042). CONCLUSIÓN: El tratamiento estándar y la dosis doble de cotrimoxazol fueron igual de eficaces en los casos de neumonía no grave. El seguimiento estrecho de los pacientes es esencial para prevenir el empeoramiento de la enfermedad. Es preciso disponer de unas definiciones de fracaso clínico más específicas. La vigilancia, tanto en las zonas rurales como en las urbanas, es esencial para poder formular políticas de tratamiento basadas en los resultados clínicos.

OBJECTIF: Les préoccupations grandissantes suscitées par la résistance bactérienne au cotrimoxazole, recommandé comme traitement de première intention par l'OMS pour faire face aux pneumopathies sans signe de gravité, ont conduit à penser qu'il ne s'agissait peut être pas du traitement optimal. Néanmoins, le passage à d'autres agents antimicrobiens, tels que l'amoxicilline, sera coûteux. Les auteurs ont comparé l'efficacité clinique de l'administration bijournalière d'une dose standard et d'une double dose de cotrimoxazole dans le traitement des pneumopathies sans signe de gravité chez l'enfant. MÉTHODES: On a mis en œuvre un essai multicentrique contrôlé et randomisé dans sept consultations hospitalières externes et dans deux programmes de santé communautaire. On a attribué au hasard à 1143 enfants au total, âgés de 2 à 59 mois et atteints de pneumopathie sans signe de gravité, un traitement comprenant soit 4 mg de triméthoprime plus 20 mg de sulfaméthoxazole par kilogramme de poids corporel, soit 8 mg de triméthoprime plus 40 mg de sulfaméthoxazole par kilogramme de poids corporel, par voie orale, deux fois par jour, pendant 5 jours. Il y avait échec thérapeutique lorsqu'un enfant nécessitait une modification du traitement, mourrait ou était perdu de vue. Une modification du traitement s'imposait chez les enfants dont l'état clinique se détériorait (apparition d'un tirage sous-costal ou de signes d'alerte) ou restait identique 48 h après le recrutement (c'est-à-dire que la différence entre les rythmes respiratoires mesurés lors du recrutement et 48 h après ne dépassait pas 5 respirations/minute). RÉSULTATS: On a analysé les résultats obtenus avec les 1134 enfants, dont 578 avaient reçu une dose standard de cotrimoxazole et 556 une double dose. On a relevé un échec thérapeutique chez 112 enfants (19,4 %) du groupe soumis au traitement standard et chez 118 enfants (21,2 %) du groupe recevant une double dose (risque relatif 1,10, intervalle de confiance à 95 % : 0,87 - 1,37). Une analyse multivariée a permis d'établir que le traitement avait une plus forte probabilité d'échouer chez les enfants auxquels on n'avait pas administré correctement le médicament (p = 0,001), chez les enfants de moins de 12 mois (p = 0,004), chez ceux ayant reçu auparavant des antibiotiques (p = 0,002), chez ceux dont le rythme respiratoire était supérieur ou égal à 20 respirations/minute et au point de coupure spécifique à l'âge (p = 0,006) et chez ceux provenant de zones urbaines (p = 0,042). CONCLUSION: On a constaté une efficacité équivalente du cotrimoxazole sous forme de dose standard et de double dose dans le traitement des pneumopathies sans signe de gravité. Un suivi étroit des patients est essentiel pour prévenir toute aggravation de la maladie. L'échec clinique doit être défini de manière plus spécifique. La surveillance tant dans les zones rurales qu'urbaines est indispensable au développement de stratégies thérapeutiques reposant sur les résultats cliniques.