Resumo As flores tropicais têm um mercado crescente, devido ao seu aspecto exótico, sendo necessárias técnicas para prolongar a sua vida útil. Assim, este estudo buscou avaliar a eficácia do uso de cera e ácido salicílico (1 mM) em hastes de Heliconia wagneriana armazenadas em baixa temperatura, a fim de reduzir as lesões por frio e prolongar a vida de vaso. Para isso, 120 hastes foram colhidas em uma área comercial. Destas, 60 hastes foram enceradas e secas ao ar; enquanto que 60 hastes não-enceradas serviram como controle. Em seguida, 2 grupos de 48 hastes, tanto enceradas quanto do controle, foram armazenadas a 13 °C e UR de 84% por 5 e 10 dias. Após o armazenamento, as hastes foram colocadas em solução de ácido salicílico (1 mM) ou água. As hastes restantes (12 enceradas e 12 controle) foram mantidas em temperatura ambiente. As variáveis avaliadas foram características anatômicas, perda de massa fresca, consumo de solução, vida de vaso, atividade enzimática (polifenol oxidase e peroxidase) e integridade de membrana. O enceramento manteve o peso fresco e prolongou a vida de vaso das hastes armazenadas em vaso em temperatura ambiente por até mais 2 dias. A vida de vaso das hastes refrigeradas de 5 e 10 dias estendeu-se por 3 e 2 dias a mais, respectivamente, em relação às hastes controle. Nenhum efeito significativo foi observado para o uso de ácido salicílico (1 mM). O tecido das hastes enceradas apresentou menor atividade enzimática, refletindo em menor estresse oxidativo em relação ao controle. Espécies tropicais como as helicônias apresentam baixa absorção de água, sendo recomendado o uso de recobrimento de cera para preservar a turgidez e a vida útil das hastes.

Abstract Tropical flowers have a growing market due to their exotic appearance and thus postharvest techniques are necessary to prolong their shelf life. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of wax and salicylic acid (1 mM) in reducing chilling injury and increase the vase life in stems of Heliconia wagneriana stored at low temperature. For that, 120 stems were harvested in a commercial area. From these, 60 stems were waxed and air-dried; while 60 unwaxed stems served as controls. Then 2 groups of 48 stems from both treated and control were cold-stored at 13 °C and 84 % RH for 5 and 10 days. After storage, the stems were placed either in salicylic acid solution (1 mM) or tap water. The remaining stems (12 waxed and 12 control) were kept at room temperature. The variables evaluated were anatomical characteristics, fresh weight loss, solution uptake, vase life, enzymatic activity (polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase), and membrane integrity. The wax coating maintained the fresh weight and extended the vase life of the stored stems under room temperature for up to 2 more days. The vase life of the cold-stored stems of 5 and 10 days was extended by 3 and 2 more days respectively, as compared to the control. No significant effect was observed for the use of salicylic acid (1 mM). The bracts tissue of the waxed stems showed lower enzymatic activity, reflected in lower oxidative stress compared to the control. Tropical species as heliconia present a very low water absorption, then the use of wax coating is recommended to preserve the turgidity and shelf life of the stems.

RESUMO Heliconia ‘Tropics’ tem boa aceitação no mercado e floresce o ano todo. Mesmo assim, há poucas informações sobre soluções para prolongar sua vida de vaso. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar soluções conservantes para prolongar a vida de vaso de Heliconia ‘Tropics’ em três estágios de corte. Foram avaliados caules florais em estágios de flores fechadas, semiabertas e comerciais de plantas de três anos, cultivadas em ambiente aberto. Foram avaliados três experimentos: sacarose a 10, 20 e 30% (p/v); Hydraflor® 100 a 0,25, 0,50 e 0,75 g L-1; e ácido cítrico (CA) a 25, 50, 100, 150 e 200 ppm, e um controle (água de torneira). A abertura floral, a massa fresca dos caules florais, o consumo de solução e a vida de vaso foram medidos a cada dois dias. Baseado nos melhores resultados desses experimentos, as seguintes combinações foram avaliadas: 10% sacarose + 0,50 g L-1 de Hydraflor® 100; 10% de sacarose + 150 ppm CA; 10% de sacarose + 0,50 g L-1 de Hydraflor® 100 + 150 ppm CA; 0,50 g L-1 de Hydraflor® 100 + 150 ppm CA e um controle. Sacarose a 10% + 0,50 g L-1 de Hydraflor® 100 conservantes por 24 h resultou em vida de vaso de 22,8 dias e foi superior às hastes florais do tratamento controle (15,6 dias) na fase de corte semiaberto. Isso foi associado ao maior consumo de água, menor perda de massa fresca e maior abertura floral.

ABSTRACT Heliconia ‘Tropics’ has high market acceptance and blooms year-round. Still, there is little information on solutions to prolong its vase life. The objective of this research was to assess pulse solutions to prolong the vase life of Heliconia ‘Tropics’ in three cutting stages. Floral stems in a closed, semi-open and commercial grown stages from three years old plants grown in an outdoor setting were evaluated. Three experiments were evaluated: sucrose at 10, 20 and 30% (w/v); Hydraflor® 100 at 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 g L-1; and citric acid (CA) at 25, 50, 100, 150 and 200 ppm, and a control (tap water). The floral opening, fresh weight of the floral stems, solution consumption and vase life were measured every two days. Based on the best results of these experiments, the following combinations were assessed: 10% sucrose + 0.50 g L-1 Hydraflor® 100; 10% sucrose + 150 ppm CA; 10% sucrose + 0.50 g L-1 Hydraflor® 100 + 150 ppm CA; 0.50 g L-1 of Hydraflor® 100 + 150 ppm CA and a control. A 10% sucrose + 0.50 g L-1 of Hydraflor® 100 pulse for 24 h had a 22.8-day vase life and was superior to the floral stems in the control treatment (15.6 days) at the semi-open cut stage. This was associated with greater water consumption, lower fresh weight loss and greater floral opening.

Summary Heliconia psittacorum L. f. × H. spathocircinata is an ornamental plant that is highly demanded nationally and internationally. One of the most important factors in the vegetative growth of heliconia plants is the provision of macronutrients, which have an important influence on yield and quality of flowers. Heliconia cv. Tropics was established in an open field plantation under an arrangement of 1 m between rows and 1.5 m between plants to separately evaluate the effect of the inoculation of 350 spores of Entrophospora colombiana and Funneliformis mosseae per plant on the vegetative growth of the plants. At the time of planting fertilization was applied in doses of 100-0-150, 100-30-150 and 100-60-150 kg ha-1 of N-P-K. Results showed that E. colombiana + 100-30-150 N-P-K stimulated the vegetative growth of Heliconia cv. Tropics; plant height, stem diameter, number of shoots, leaf area, chlorophyll content and root dry weight increased compared to the control. The dose 100-0-150 N-P-K significantly increased aerial dry weight, root dry weight and total dry matter. Results showed that E. colombiana was not as effective in the mycorrhizal colonization of the root system of heliconia plants compared to F. mosseae, which induced the highest rates. It was found that E. colombiana produced significantly more spores (1240) compared to F. mosseae (753); it was also observed that at higher concentration of P in fertilization the number of spores of E. colombiana decreased proportionally, while with F. mosseae the response was different. It is concluded that the inoculation with E. colombiana along with a fertilization dose of 100-30-150 NPK has greater potential to increase the production of Heliconia cv. Tropics.

Resumen La Heliconia L. f. psittacorum × H. spathocircinata es una planta de uso ornamental muy demandada a nivel nacional e internacional. Uno de los factores más importantes en el crecimiento vegetativo de plantas de heliconia es el aporte de macronutrientes, los cuales influyen de manera importante en el rendimiento y calidad de flores. Se estableció el cv. Tropics de heliconia a cielo abierto en un arreglo de 1 m entre surcos y 1.5 m entre plantas para evaluar el efecto de la inoculación, por separado, de 350 esporas de Entrophospora colombiana y Funneliformis mosseae por planta sobre el crecimiento vegetativo del cultivo. Al momento de la plantación se fertilizó con las dosis de 100-0-150, 100-30-150 y 100-60-150 kg ha-1 de N-P-K. Los resultados mostraron que E. colombiana + 100-30-150 N-P-K estimularon el crecimiento vegetativo de Heliconia cv. Tropics; se incrementó la altura de la planta, diámetro del tallo, número de brotes, área foliar, contenido de clorofila y peso seco radical con respecto al testigo. La dosis de 100-0-150 N-P-K incrementó significativamente el peso seco aéreo, el peso seco de la raíz y la materia seca total. Los resultados mostraron que E. colombiana no fue tan eficaz en la colonización micorrízica del sistema radical de las plantas de heliconia en comparación con F. mosseae, que indujo los mayores porcentajes de colonización. Se encontró que E. colombiana produjo significativamente más esporas (1240) en comparación con F. mosseae (753); también se observó que a mayor concentración de P en la fertilización el número de esporas de E. colombiana disminuyó proporcionalmente, mientras que con F. mosseae la respuesta fue diferente. Se concluye que la inoculación con E. colombiana junto con una dosis de fertilización de 100-30-150 NPK tiene mayor potencial para incrementar la producción de Heliconia cv. Tropics.

Rural tourism is a trend before the crisis of mass tourism, sun and beach standardized that does not have an agreed definition, because the rural world has varied meanings. First of all, an etymological analysis of the term "rural tourism" is made, an expanded definition for the Mexican context as "rancher tourism" is proposed and exhibited a multidimensional concept: economic, managerial and phenomenological. Then, a framework is outlined from a phenomenological-existential perspective for the study of the tourist experience as the symbolic dimension of rural tourism and suggests using the concept "existential authenticity" as the axis. Finally, a case study of the failure is included in the construction of a "memorable experience" (or significant) for a weekend trip to the magical village of Cuetzalan, Puebla, Mexico. We used as a reference, the travel of an urban couple, four years later, through an interview. It was concluded that: 1) the existential phenomenology and the concept of "existential authenticity" are useful for the study of the tourist experience and design of tourism offers; 2) outlined the framework of reference can be used to study other social actors involved; and 3) the achievement of a "memorable tourist experience" does not depend on features as the major objective oftourism, but the existential condition oftourist and the real involvement with the places, services and people as a whole and therefore, its ability to build transcendent meanings, beyond instrumental.

El turismo rural es una moda ante la crisis del turismo masivo, estandarizado de sol y playa que no tiene una definición consensuada mundialmente porque lo rural tiene variadas significaciones. Primero, se hace un análisis etimológico del término "turismo rural", se propone una definición ampliada para el contexto mexicano como "turismo ranchero" y se exhibe un concepto multidimensional: económico, gerencial y fenomenológico. Luego, se esboza un marco de referencia desde una perspectiva fenomenológico-existencial para el estudio de la experiencia turística como la dimensión simbólica del turismo rural y se sugiere usar el concepto "autenticidad existencial" como eje. Finalmente, se incluye un estudio de caso sobre el fracaso en la construcción de una "experiencia memorable" (o significativa) durante un viaje de fin de semana al pueblo mágico de Cuetzalan, Puebla, México. Se usó la reconstrucción del viaje de una pareja urbana, cuatro años después, a partir de una entrevista. Se concluyó que: 1) la fenomenología existencial y el concepto de "autenticidad existencial" son útiles para el estudio de la experiencia turística y el diseño de las ofertas turísticas; 2) el marco de referencia esbozado se puede usar para estudiar a los demás actores sociales involucrados; y 3) el logro de una "experiencia turística memorable" no depende de las características objetivas de la oferta turística, sino del estado existencial del turista y de su involucramiento auténtico con los lugares, los servicios y las personas como un todo, y por lo tanto, de su capacidad de construir significados trascendentes, más allá de lo instrumental.

Abstract The rural community of Tepexilotla, in the municipality of Chocamán, Veracruz, Mexico, is nestled in an area of cloud forest (BMM) and in order to exploit the high biodiversity of this ecosystem, by exploiting an Interpretive hiking that promotes education, conservation of biodiversity in the BMM and economic development of the community, this paper proposes a nature trail aimed for educating visitors to explore a path focused on species of wild orchids and bromeliads, attractive plants for their beauty and economic value, in order to reduce illegal logging. This proposal is the result of participatory workshops, interviews and tours within the forest for selecting sites and identify species. Integrating eight points located on the banks of the Metlac River and has a distance of 4.4 km, which are traversed in a time of 4:30. During the tour, visitors can see 19 species of wild orchids, 5 bromeliads and other scenic and wildlife attractions. Apparently, the path has a high acceptance among the locals and are willing to participate as guides and allocate a percentage for the trail’s maintenance.

Resumen La comunidad rural de Tepexilotla, perteneciente al municipio de Chocamán, Veracruz, México, está enclavada en un área de Bosque Mesófilo de Montaña (BMM) y con el fin de aprovechar la alta biodiversidad de este ecosistema, mediante la explotación de un sendero interpretativo que promueva la educación, la conservación de la biodiversidad del BMM y el desarrollo económico de la comunidad. El presente trabajo propone un sendero interpretativo cuyo fin es la educación de los visitantes al recorrer un sendero enfocado en las especies de orquídeas y bromelias silvestres, plantas atractivas por su belleza y valor económico, con el fin de reducir la extracción ilegal. Esta propuesta es el resultado de talleres participativos, entrevistas y recorridos en el bosque para seleccionar sitios e identificar especies. Integra ochos puntos localizados sobre la ribera del río Metlac y tiene una distancia de 4.4 km, que se recorren en un tiempo de 4:30 h. Durante el recorrido el visitante puede conocer 19 especies de orquídeas silvestres, 5 de bromelias y otros atractivos paisajísticos y de vida silvestre. Aparentemente, el sendero tiene una alta aceptación entre los pobladores y están dispuestos a participar como guías y destinar un porcentaje para el mantenimiento del sendero.