Abstract The taxonomy of Burkholderia sensu lato (s.l.) has been revisited using genome-based tools, which have helped differentiate closely related species. Many species from this group are indistinguishable through phenotypic traits and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Furthermore, they also exhibit whole-genome Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) values in the twilight zone for species circumscription (95-96%), which may impair their correct classification. In this work, we provided an updated Burkholderia s.l. taxonomy focusing on closely related species and give other recommendations for those developing genome-based taxonomy studies. We showed that a combination of ANI and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) applying the universal cutoff values of 95% and 70%, respectively, successfully discriminates Burkholderia s.l. species. Using genome metrics with this pragmatic criterion, we demonstrated that i) Paraburkholderia insulsa should be considered a later heterotypic synonym of Paraburkholderia fungorum; ii) Paraburkholderia steynii differs from P. terrae by harboring symbiotic genes; iii) some Paraburkholderia are indeed different species based on dDDH values, albeit sharing ANI values close to 95%; iv) some Burkholderia s.l. indeed represent new species from the genomic viewpoint; iv) some genome sequences should be evaluated with care due to quality concerns.

Abstract Zoonotic spillover is a phenomenon characterized by the transfer of pathogens between different animal species. Most human emerging infectious diseases originate from non-human animals, and human-related environmental disturbances are the driving forces of the emergence of new human pathogens. Synthesizing the sequence of basic events involved in the emergence of new human pathogens is important for guiding the understanding, identification, and description of key aspects of human activities that can be changed to prevent new outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics. This review synthesizes the connections between environmental disturbances and increased risk of spillover events based on the One Health perspective. Anthropogenic disturbances in the environment (e.g., deforestation, habitat fragmentation, biodiversity loss, wildlife exploitation) lead to changes in ecological niches, reduction of the dilution effect, increased contact between humans and other animals, changes in the incidence and load of pathogens in animal populations, and alterations in the abiotic factors of landscapes. These phenomena can increase the risk of spillover events and, potentially, facilitate new infectious disease outbreaks. Using Brazil as a study model, this review brings a discussion concerning anthropogenic activities in the Amazon region and their potential impacts on spillover risk and spread of emerging diseases in this region.

ABSTRACT Spatial variability description of soil chemical properties by thematic maps depends substantially on suitable geostatistical models. One of the parameters composing a geostatistical model is nugget effect. This study aimed to evaluate the simultaneous influence of nugget effect and sampling design on geostatistical model estimation and estimation of soil chemical properties at unsampled sites, considering simulated data. Our results will be used as scientific basis for spatial variability analyses of soil chemical properties in agricultural areas. Given the simulation results and agricultural data, we concluded that the high nugget effect values obtained here reduced spatial estimation efficiency. Moreover, a systematic sampling design promoted the least accurate estimates of geostatistical model and at non-sampled sites. Despite that, these nugget effect estimates should be kept in the analysis. However, further studies will be needed to investigate which factors are responsible for such high nugget effect values.

Humans coming in contact with natural green spaces experience beneficial physical, mental, and social effects. For the primary purpose of describing plant species found in the gardens of Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan" (Autonomous City of Buenos Aires), a taxonomic survey was carried out between December 2013 and November 2016. A secondary objective was to review the extent of knowledge on how natural green spaces affect the health of hospitalized patients. There are 69 plant species from 47 botanical families; of these, only 8% are native. The recommendation is to increase the number of native species and coordinate those aspects related to their preservation. This survey, which is part of a plan that will include the dissemination of knowledge, understanding and awareness of green spaces and health, and the quantification of such specific effects in this hospital, will deepen and promote the interaction of patients, families, and health care providers with natural green spaces.

El contacto del ser humano con espacios verdes naturales tiene un efecto físico, mental y social beneficioso. Con el primer objetivo de conocer las especies vegetales de los jardines del Hospital de Pediatría Garrahan (Ciudad de Buenos Aires), se realizó un relevamiento taxonómico entre diciembre de 2013 y noviembre de 2016. Otro objetivo fue revisar el estado del conocimiento sobre cómo los espacios verdes naturales influían en la salud de los pacientes internados. Existen sesenta y nueve especies de plantas que abarcan cuarenta y siete familias botánicas; de ellas, solo el ocho por ciento son nativas. Se sugiere incrementar las especies autóctonas y coordinar aspectos relacionados con su preservación. Este relevamiento, como parte de un plan que incluirá la divulgación del conocimiento, comprensión y concientización sobre espacios verdes y salud, y la cuantificación de esos efectos concretos en este Hospital, profundizará y fomentará la interacción de los pacientes, los familiares y los profesionales con los espacios verdes naturales.

Introduction: The chlorination of public water supplies has led researchers to largely discard drinking water as a potential source of gastroenteritis outbreaks. The aim of this study was to investigate an outbreak of waterborne disease associated with drinking water from public supplies. Methods: A historical cohort study was carried out following notification of a gastroenteritis outbreak in Baqueira (Valle de Arán, Spain). We used systematic sampling to select 87 individuals staying at hotels and 67 staying in apartments in the target area. Information was gathered on four factors (consumption of water from the public water supply, sandwiches, water and food in the ski resorts) as well as on symptoms. We assessed residual chlorine in drinking water, analyzed samples of drinking water, and studied stool cultures from 4 patients. The risk associated with each water source and food type was assessed by means of relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: The overall attack rate was 51.0% (76/149). The main symptoms were diarrhea 87.5%, abdominal pain 80.0%, nausea 50.7%, vomiting 30.3%, and fever 27.0%. The only factor associated with a statistically significant risk of disease was consumption of drinking water (RR = 11.0; 95% CI, 1.6-74.7). No residual chlorine was detected in the drinking water, which was judged acceptable. A problem associated with the location of the chlorinator was observed and corrected. We also recommended an increase in chlorine levels, which was followed by a reduction in the number of cases. The results of stool cultures of the four patients were negative for enterobacteria. Conclusions: This study highlights the potential importance of waterborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis transmitted through drinking water considered acceptableand suggests the need to improve microbiological research into these outbreaks (viruses and protozoa detection).

Introducción: La potabilidad del agua induce a descartar el posible origen hídrico de los brotes. El objetivo fue investigar un brote de gastroenteritis por agua potable de suministro público. Métodos: Después de la notificación de un brote de gastroenteritis en el municipio de Baqueira (Valle de Arán) se diseñó un estudio epidemiológico de cohortes retrospectivo. Mediante un muestreo sistemático se eligió a 87 personas hospedadas en los hoteles y a 62 alojadas en diferentes apartamentos. Se recogió información sobre 4 factores (consumo de agua de la red, bocadillos, agua y alimentos en las pistas de esquí) y presencia de síntomas. Se determinó la existencia de cloro, se analizó el agua de la red y se realizó un coprocultivo a 4 enfermos. La implicación de cada factor se determinó con el riesgo relativo (RR) y su intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95%. Resultados: La incidencia de gastroenteritis fue del 51,0% (76/149). Los porcentajes de los síntomas fueron los siguientes: fiebre, 27,0%; diarrea, 87,5%; náuseas, 50,7%; vómitos, 30,3%, y dolor abdominal, 80,0%. El único factor que presentó un riesgo estadísticamente significativo fue el consumo de agua de la red (RR = 11,0; IC del 95%, 1,6-74,7). La calificación sanitaria del agua fue de potabilidad. Se observó un defecto de situación del clorador en el depósito, que fue corregido. Se recomendó incrementar aún más las concentraciones de cloro, lo cual se acompañó de una disminución de los casos. Los coprocultivos de los 4 enfermos fueron negativos para las enterobacterias investigadas. Conclusiones: El estudio demuestra la posibilidad de presentación de brotes hídricos por agua cualificada como potable y sugiere la necesidad de mejorar la investigación microbiológica (determinación de protozoos y virus) en este tipo de brotes.

Introduction: The chlorination of public water supplies has led researchers to largely discard drinking water as a potential source of gastroenteritis outbreaks. The aim of this study was to investigate an outbreak of waterborne disease associated with drinking water from public supplies. Methods: A historical cohort study was carried out following notification of a gastroenteritis outbreak in Baqueira (Valle de Arán, Spain). We used systematic sampling to select 87 individuals staying at hotels and 67 staying in apartments in the target area. Information was gathered on four factors (consumption of water from the public water supply, sandwiches, water and food in the ski resorts) as well as on symptoms. We assessed residual chlorine in drinking water, analyzed samples of drinking water, and studied stool cultures from 4 patients. The risk associated with each water source and food type was assessed by means of relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: The overall attack rate was 51.0% (76/149). The main symptoms were diarrhea 87.5%, abdominal pain 80.0%, nausea 50.7%, vomiting 30.3%, and fever 27.0%. The only factor associated with a statistically significant risk of disease was consumption of drinking water (RR = 11.0; 95% CI, 1.6-74.7). No residual chlorine was detected in the drinking water, which was judged acceptable. A problem associated with the location of the chlorinator was observed and corrected. We also recommended an increase in chlorine levels, which was followed by a reduction in the number of cases. The results of stool cultures of the four patients were negative for enterobacteria. Conclusions: This study highlights the potential importance of waterborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis transmitted through drinking water considered acceptableand suggests the need to improve microbiological research into these outbreaks (viruses and protozoa detection).

Introducción: La potabilidad del agua induce a descartar el posible origen hídrico de los brotes. El objetivo fue investigar un brote de gastroenteritis por agua potable de suministro público. Métodos: Después de la notificación de un brote de gastroenteritis en el municipio de Baqueira (Valle de Arán) se diseñó un estudio epidemiológico de cohortes retrospectivo. Mediante un muestreo sistemático se eligió a 87 personas hospedadas en los hoteles y a 62 alojadas en diferentes apartamentos. Se recogió información sobre 4 factores (consumo de agua de la red, bocadillos, agua y alimentos en las pistas de esquí) y presencia de síntomas. Se determinó la existencia de cloro, se analizó el agua de la red y se realizó un coprocultivo a 4 enfermos. La implicación de cada factor se determinó con el riesgo relativo (RR) y su intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95%. Resultados: La incidencia de gastroenteritis fue del 51,0% (76/149). Los porcentajes de los síntomas fueron los siguientes: fiebre, 27,0%; diarrea, 87,5%; náuseas, 50,7%; vómitos, 30,3%, y dolor abdominal, 80,0%. El único factor que presentó un riesgo estadísticamente significativo fue el consumo de agua de la red (RR = 11,0; IC del 95%, 1,6-74,7). La calificación sanitaria del agua fue de potabilidad. Se observó un defecto de situación del clorador en el depósito, que fue corregido. Se recomendó incrementar aún más las concentraciones de cloro, lo cual se acompañó de una disminución de los casos. Los coprocultivos de los 4 enfermos fueron negativos para las enterobacterias investigadas. Conclusiones: El estudio demuestra la posibilidad de presentación de brotes hídricos por agua cualificada como potable y sugiere la necesidad de mejorar la investigación microbiológica (determinación de protozoos y virus) en este tipo de brotes.

Foram analisadas sete variedades de P. purpureum, tais como: Anão, Bajra, Cameroon, Guaçu, Roxo, Taiwan A-144 e Uruckwami, através de testes bioquímicos determinando a concentração de proteínas, glicose e frutose, além de observar, através de gel de eletroforese, as bandas de esterase. Os extratos protéicos foram preparados amostrando-se folhas com 30, 60, 90, 120 e 150 dias. Os números de nós por colmo e a porcentagem de brotamento das gemas foram também avaliados. A variedade Taiwan A-144 apresentou o maior número de nós por colmo e porcentagem de brotamento das gemas. Com relação à concentração de proteínas, esta decresceu gradualmente após 60 dias para todas as variedades, com exceção da Anão. A maior concentração de glicose foi apresentada pela variedade Guaçu aos 90 dias e pela Cameroon aos 120 e 150 dias. Os padrões eletroforéticos da esterase se alteraram com a idade da planta para todas as variedades, mostrando tendência a aumentar o número de bandas com o tempo. A melhor idade para discriminar as variedades de capim elefante foi aos 120 dias, onde foi encontrada maior variação.

This study characterized seven Pennisetum purpureum varieties, namely v. Anão, Bajra, Cameroon, Guaçu, Roxo, Taiwan A-144 and Uruckwami, through biochemical analyses, including protein, glucose and fructose contents, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using the esterase system, by sampling 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 day-old leaves. The number of nodes per stem and the percentage of bud emergence were also recorded. Variety Taiwan A-144 presented the highest number of nodes per stem and percentage of emerging buds. Protein concentration decreased gradually after 60 days for all varieties, except for Anão. Variety Guaçu presented the highest level of glucose in 90 day-old plants, whereas Cameroon presented the highest levels at 120 and 150 days. The esterase band patterns changed with plant age for all varieties, showing a tendency to increase the number of bands with time. The best age for discriminating between esterase bands of P. purpureum varieties was at 120 days, when most variation could be observed.