Garlic has great economic and social importance for the region of Curitibanos (SC). However, a number of factors has hindered production. One of these factors is the high cost of fertilizers, especially the nitrogenous ones, an element of which the crop is highly demanding. To reduce the impacts, the use of PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria), especially fluorescent Pseudomonas to induce plant development and their production has been widely studied. However, little is known about these microorganisms and garlic. Fluorescent Pseudomonas were isolated from rhizosphere of garlic cultivated in soil of the Curitibanos region (SC). Twenty-three isolates were phenotypical and genotypically analyzed. The phosphate solubiliziation, IAA (Indole Acetic Acid) production and Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) in vitro, besides the effect on plant under controlled conditions were evaluated. The phenotypic characteristics matched to those described for the group of fluorescent Pseudomonas. Fifty two percent of isolates solubilized Ca3(PO4)2, 69% presented FBN and 72% produced IAA. Genetically, all the isolates belonged to the genus Pseudomonas and resembled to Pseudomonas kribbensis, P. azotoformans or P. baetica. The strain CBSAL02 induced significant increase at fourth leaf size, having high correlation to the bulbification, suggesting its potential as a growth promoter and, consequently, production.

El ajo tiene una gran importancia económica y social para la región de Curitibanos (SC). Sin embargo, una serie de factores ha impedido la producción. Uno de estos factores es el alto costo de los fertilizantes, especialmente los nitrogenados, un elemento por el cual el cultivo es muy exigente. Para reducir los impactos, se ha estudiado ampliamente el uso de RPCP (Rizobacterias promotoras del crecimiento de las plantas), especialmente Pseudomonas fluorescentes para inducir el desarrollo de las plantas y su producción. Sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre estos microorganismos y el ajo. Las Pseudomonas fluorescentes se aislaron de la rizosfera de ajo cultivado en el suelo de la región de Curitibanos (SC). Veintitrés aislados fueron fenotípicos y genotípicamente analizados. Se evaluaron la solubilización de fosfato, la producción de AAI (ácido acético indol) y la fijación biológica de nitrógeno (FBN) in vitro, además del efecto en la planta bajo condiciones controladas. Las características fenotípicas coinciden con las descritas para el grupo de Pseudomonas fluorescentes. Cincuenta y dos por ciento de los aislados solubilizaron Ca3(PO4)2, 69% presentaron FBN y 72% produjeron AAI. Genéticamente, todos los aislados pertenecían al género Pseudomonas y se parecían a Pseudomonas kribbensis, P. azotoformans o P. baetica. La cepa CBSAL02 indujo un aumento significativo en el tamaño de la cuarta hoja, teniendo una alta correlación con la bulbificación, lo que sugiere su potencial como promotor del crecimiento y, en consecuencia, la producción.

Resumo O Brasil é o maior produtor mundial de café e diferentes sistemas de manejo têm sido aplicados para melhorar a sustentabilidade e a qualidade do solo. Pouco se conhece sobre os efeitos ambientais desses sistemas de manejo, assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi utilizar parâmetros biológicos do solo como indicadores de mudanças nos sistemas. Foram amostrados, na região sudeste do Brasil, solos com cultivo convencional (CC), orgânico (OC) e sistema integrado de cultivo consorciado com Brachiaria decumbens (IB) ou com Arachis pintoi (IA) na entrelinha. Foram avaliados o carbono orgânico total (TOC), carbono e nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana (MBC e MBN), atividade microbiana (C-CO2), quociente metabólico (qCO2), as enzimas desidrogenase, urease, fosfatase ácida e arilsulfatase, a colonização e número de esporos de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (AMF) e a fauna do solo. A maior diferença entre os sistemas de manejo foram verificadas no teor de matéria orgânica do solo. O maior teor de TOC foi encontrado no OC, e o menor teor encontrado no sistema IA. O teor de TOC influenciou os parâmetros biológicos e a diferenciação da fauna do solo. O uso combinado de todos os atributos foi necessário para diferenciar os quatro sistemas de cultivo. Cada manejo apresentou estruturas diferentes de fauna, e dados obtidos com o método de armadilhas tipo pitfall foi mais confiável do que o método TSBF (Solos Tropicais). A análise de correlação canônica mostrou que Isopoda foi correlacionado com TOC e a ordem mais abundante em OC. Isoptera foi a ordem da fauna mais abundante em IA e foi correlacionada com MBC. Em geral, OC apresentou os maiores valores para a maioria dos atributos biológicos, inclusive para abundância de indivíduos de Oligochaeta e Isopoda, corroborando com o conceito de que OC é um sistema mais sustentável.

Abstract Brazil is the biggest coffee producer in the world and different plantation management systems have been applied to improve sustainability and soil quality. Little is known about the environmental effects of these different management systems, therefore, the goal of this study was to use soil biological parameters as indicators of changes. Soils from plantations in Southeastern Brazil with conventional (CC), organic (OC) and integrated management systems containing intercropping of Brachiaria decumbens (IB) or Arachis pintoi (IA) were sampled. Total organic carbon (TOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN), microbial activity (C-CO2), metabolic quotient (qCO2), the enzymes dehydrogenase, urease, acid phosphatase and arylsulphatase, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization and number of spores and soil fauna were evaluated. The greatest difference between the management systems was seen in soil organic matter content. The largest quantity of TOC was found in the OC, and the smallest was found in IA. TOC content influenced soil biological parameters. The use of all combined attributes was necessary to distinguish the four systems. Each management presented distinct faunal structure, and the data obtained with the trap method was more reliable than the TSBF (Tropical Soils) method. A canonic correlation analysis showed that Isopoda was correlated with TOC and the most abundant order with OC. Isoptera was the most abundant faunal order in IA and correlated with MBC. Overall, OC had higher values for most of the biological measurements and higher populations of Oligochaeta and Isopoda, corroborating with the concept that the OC is a more sustainable system.

A protocol was applied that allowed the micropropagation of the ornamental species of Heliconia standleyi Macbride. Different variants of disinfestations of plants, culture medium and explants handling were studied during the different stages of the process and finally their acclimatization. The cultivar can be propagated in liquid medium using a disinfestations with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) 2% during 20 min, cultured medium supplemented with 6-BAP (2.0 mg·litro -1), AIA (0.65 y 1.3 mg·litro-1) and explants had a size bigger than 1.0 cm in semi liquid medium. The multiplication coefficient after subculture was 4.6 explants/meristems. Optimum results in the roots production for addition in medium of AIA 1.3 mg·litro-1 were obtained. The acclimatization was satisfactory in greenhouse always the size of plants were between 3 - 5 cm and until 45 days in controlled conditions.

Se aplicó un protocolo que permitió la micropropagación de la especie ornamental Heliconia standleyi Macbride. Se estudiaron variantes de desinfección, medios de cultivo y manejo de explantes durante las diferentes etapas del proceso y finalmente su aclimatación. Durante la fase de establecimiento in vitro de la especie, se logró una desinfección óptima con hipoclorito de sodio (NaOCl) al 2%, durante 20 min en medio liquido, y los mejores resultados durante la multiplicación se lograron con el medio suplementado con 6-BAP (2.0 mg·litro-1), AIA (0.65 y 1.3 mg·litro-1) y cuando las vitroplantas tenían un tamaño mayor de 1.0 cm en medio semisólido, mismas que alcanzan un coeficiente de multiplicación de 4.6 explantes por ápice. Éstos llegan a enraizar adecuadamente con la adición de ácido indolacético (1.3 mg·litro-1) al medio y se aclimatan satisfactoriamente a los 45 días siempre que las vitroplantas tengan entre 3 - 5 cm de altura.