Resumen El presente artículo de reflexión trata del reconocimiento del enfoque de desarrollo forestal peruano. Para el efecto se realizó una investigación bibliográfica desde una aproximación interdisciplinaria para dar cuenta de los diferentes aportes que se vienen haciendo desde una diversidad de disciplinas a los que el sector forestal peruano no accede por su perspectiva fuertemente disciplinaria. Los hallazgos indican que el desarrollo forestal en el Perú es concebido fundamentalmente como un aporte al crecimiento de la economía nacional, que apuesta por el incremento de la productividad y competitividad. Aunque se menciona la importancia del aprovechamiento sostenible con consideraciones sociales y ambientales, en la práctica prima la orientación economicista en el marco del sistema capitalista neoliberal en la que se inscribe la institucionalidad forestal peruana. Esta situación provoca que el desarrollo forestal sea considerado más una meta a alcanzar que un tema a reflexionar o repensar. Se concluye que el desarrollo forestal en el Perú está vinculado al desarrollo sostenible con fuerte relevancia de la dimensión económica en el marco de un enfoque antropocéntrico y de mercantilización de la naturaleza, cumpliendo así el rol asignado en la geopolítica global de abastecedores de materia prima.

Abstract This article deals with the recognition of the Peruvian forestry development approach. For this purpose, bibliographic research was carried out from an interdisciplinary approach to account for the different contributions being made from a variety of disciplines to which the Peruvian forestry sector does not have access due to its strongly disciplinary perspective. The findings indicate that forestry development in Peru is fundamentally conceived as a contribution to the growth of the national economy, and as a consequence, the focus is on increasing productivity and competitiveness. Although the importance of sustainable harvesting with social and environmental considerations is mentioned, in practice the economic orientation prevails within the framework of the neoliberal capitalist system in which the Peruvian forestry institutionality framework is inscribed. This situation means that forestry development is considered more a goal to be achieved than a subject to be reflected upon or rethought. It is concluded that forestry development in Peru is linked to sustainable development with a strong relevance of the economic dimension within the framework of an anthropocentric approach and commodification of nature, thus fulfilling the role assigned in the global geopolitics of raw material suppliers.

Abstract Taxodium huegelii (synonym: Taxodium mucronatum) is a tree that inhabits gallery forests; its common names are ahuehuete, Tule tree, Montezuma cypress or sabino. The objective of this research was to generate current and potential distribution maps for the species in the state of Hidalgo. The 56 records, obtained from field collections and a database search were used to prepare them. Records were pre-analyzed to avoid provenance errors and repeated data. The documented distribution map was generated with ArcGIS® version 10.3 and the potential distribution map with Maxent version 3.4.1. The biogeographic provinces (Zacatecan-Potosin) Southern Highlands, Eastern Sierra Madre, and the Gulf of Mexico were the only ones with records of presence, located in 23 of the 84 municipalities of Hidalgo; however, according to the results, there is 46 % suitability for the species to be distributed in 63 municipalities in the state. The potential distribution model is satisfactory, as it has a prediction of 92 %. The distribution of T. huegelii is favored in areas where the minimum temperature of the coldest month is not less than 3 °C, and in places with a precipitation range of 100 to 500 mm. The actual and potential distribution maps generated constitute the basis for future research on this emblematic taxon of Mexico.

Resumen Taxodium huegelii (sinónimo: Taxodium mucronatum) es un árbol que habita en bosques de galería; sus nombres comunes son ahuehuete, árbol de Tule, ciprés de Montezuma o sabino. El objetivo de esta investigación fue generar mapas de distribución actual y potencial para la especie en el estado de Hidalgo. Para elaborarlos se emplearon 56 registros, obtenidos de colectas en campo y una búsqueda en bases de datos. Los registros se analizaron previamente para evitar errores de procedencia y datos repetidos. El mapa de distribución documentada se generó con ArcGIS ® versión 10.3 y el mapa de distribución potencial mediante Maxent versión 3.4.1. Las provincias biogeográficas Altiplano Sur (Zacatecano-Potosino), Sierra Madre Oriental y el Golfo de México fueron las únicas que tuvieron registros de presencia, los cuales se localizaron en 23 de los 84 municipios de Hidalgo; sin embargo, de acuerdo con los resultados, existe 46 % de idoneidad para que la especie se distribuya en 63 municipios del estado. El modelo de distribución potencial es satisfactorio, ya que tiene una predicción de 92 %. La distribución de T. huegelii se favorece en zonas donde la temperatura mínima del mes más frío no es menor a 3 °C, y en lugares con un intervalo de precipitación de 100 a 500 mm. Los mapas de distribución real y potencial generados constituyen la base para futuras investigaciones sobre este taxon emblemático de México.

Resumen Rojas-Ilama, V., Castro-Ramírez, M.L., Víquez-Arce, R., Jiménez-Díaz. y Montero-Herrera, B. (2022). Efecto del HIIT en el estado anímico en personas con sobrepeso en un entrenamiento virtual y presencial. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(1), 1-17. El principal objetivo fue comparar los efectos de una sesión HIIT de 35 minutos, en modalidad virtual y presencial, en los estados anímicos y en el esfuerzo percibido en personas con sobrepeso. Se reclutaron un total de 13 personas (5 hombres y 8 mujeres) con una edad promedio de 37.85 ± 13.20 años (rango entre 17 y 60 años) los cuales fueron asignados a cada una de las tres condiciones de manera aleatoria (control, entrenamiento presencial y entrenamiento virtual). Previo a, e inmediatamente después de cada una de las intervenciones, se aplicó el test POMS para medir los estados anímicos. En lo que respecta al esfuerzo percibido (EP), su medición se llevó a cabo finalizado cada uno de los ejercicios HIIT (no se evaluó durante el calentamiento y el retorno a la calma). Al aplicar un ANOVA de 2 vías de medidas repetidas (condición (3) x medición (2)), se encontró que tanto la tensión como el vigor después de haber aplicado el tratamiento presencial presentaron un aumento significativo; además, la tensión aumentó en la sesión virtual. Por su parte, los valores de EP reportados en las mediciones de las sesiones presencial y virtuales estuvieron por encima de lo sugerido en la literatura. En conclusión, una sesión de HIIT para personas con sobrepeso de manera presencial o virtual presenta resultados similares en los estados de ánimo, excepto el vigor, el cual incrementa solo en la condición presencial; las otras variables mostraron un comportamiento similar.

Resumo Rojas-Ilama, V., Castro-Ramírez, M.L., Víquez-Arce, R., Jiménez-Díaz. e Montero-Herrera, B. (2022). Efeito do HIIT no estado anímico de pessoas com sobrepeso em um treinamento virtual e presencial. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(1), 1-17. O principal objetivo foi comparar os efeitos de uma sessão de HIIT de 35 minutos, em modalidades virtual e presencial, nos estados anímicos e no esforço percebido de pessoas com sobrepeso. Foram recrutadas um total de 13 pessoas (5 homens e 8 mulheres) com idade média de 37,85 ± 13,20 anos (faixa etária entre 17 e 60 anos) que foram designados a cada uma das três condições de maneira aleatória (controle, treinamento presencial e treinamento virtual). Antes e imediatamente depois de cada uma das intervenções, foi aplicado o teste POMS para medir os estados anímicos. Com relação ao esforço percebido (EP), a medição foi feita ao finalizar cada um dos exercícios HIIT (não foi avaliado durante o aquecimento e a volta à calma). Ao aplicar um ANOVA de 2 vias de medidas repetidas (condição (3) x medição (2)), observou-se que tanto a tensão quanto o vigor depois da aplicação do tratamento presencial aumentaram de maneira significativa; além disso, a tensão aumentou na sessão virtual. Por outro lado, os valores de EP relatados nas medições das sessões presenciais e virtuais estiveram acima do sugerido na literatura. Como conclusão, uma sessão de HIIT para pessoas com sobrepeso, seja presencial ou virtual, apresenta resultados semelhantes nos estados de ânimo, exceto o vigor, que aumento somente na condição presencial; as outras variáveis mostraram um comportamento semelhante.

Abstract Rojas-Ilama, V., Castro-Ramírez, M.L., Víquez-Arce, R., Jiménez-Díaz. & Montero-Herrera, B. (2022). Effects of HIIT on the mood of overweight people in virtual and face-to-face training. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(1), 1-17. The main objective was to compare the effects of 35-minute HIIT session, in both virtual and face-to- face modes, on the mood and the perceived effort of overweight people. A total 13 people (5 men and 8 women) were recruited, in an average age of 37.85 ± 13.20 years (17-60 year range), who were randomly assigned to each of the three conditions (control, face-to-face training, virtual training). Prior to and immediately after each of the interventions, the POMS test was applied in order to measure mood. The measuring of perceived effort (PE) was carried out at the end of each of the HIIT exercises (it was not assessed during warm-up or return to calm). When a 2-way repeated-measure ANOVA was applied (condition (3) x measurement (2)), it was found that both stress and vigor after applying face-to-face treatment showed a significant increase. In addition, stress increased in the virtual session. For their part, the PE values reported in the measurements of the face-to-face and virtual sessions were above those suggested in the literature. In conclusion, a HIIT session for overweight people, whether face-to-face or virtual, shows similar results in their moods, except for vigor, which only increases in the face-to-face situation. The other variables showed a similar behavior.

Abstract El cambio climático es catalogado como el principal problema que enfrenta la humanidad, paralelo a ello se les reconoce a los ecosistemas forestales la función como sumidero de carbono. El objetivo del trabajo fue desarrollar modelos predictivos de biomasa por unidad de área (hectárea) para Tectona grandis y Gmelina arborea, establecidas en plantaciones comerciales a partir de material clonal. La biomasa para cada componente del árbol (hojas, ramas, raíz, fuste) se calculó mediante modelos alométricos desarrollados para ambas especies en estudios anteriores. La información para aplicar dichos modelos se obtuvo de bases de datos sobre mediciones de árboles en parcelas permanentes de muestreo y para cada parcela permanente se calculó la biomasa y el área basal, que luego fueron extrapolados a hectárea. Posteriormente se desarrollaron modelos agregados para la biomasa por hectárea de hojas, ramas, raíces, fuste, para la biomasa leñosa y biomasa total. Todos los modelos mostraron un ajuste (R2) superior al 85 %, con cifras de RCME y EMA inferiores 0,23 y con errores o sesgos de estimación inferior a 2,5 %. Los modelos elegidos se caracterizan por su robustez, precisión y practicidad para su uso, convirtiéndolos en una herramienta muy útil para la predicción de la biomasa.

Resumen Actually, climate change is listed as the main problem facing humanity, parallel to this, forest ecosystems are recognized as carbon sinks. The objective of this work was to develop predictive models of biomass per unit area (hectare) for Tectona grandis and G. arborea arborea, established in commercial plantations from clonal material. The biomass of each component of the tree (leaves, branches, root, stem) was calculated using allometric models developed for both species. The information to apply those models was obtained from databases on tree measurements in permanent sampling plots and for each permanent plot, the biomass, and the basal área were calculated and then extrapolated to a hectare. Later, aggregate models were developed for the biomass per hectare of leaves, branches, roots, stems, for woody biomass and total biomass. All the models showed an adjustment (R2) greater than 85 %, with RCME and EMA values less than 0.23 and errors or estimation biases les than 2.5 %. The chosen models are characterized by their robustness, precision, and practicality of use, making them a very useful tool for predicting biomass.

Abstract Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) has glucose variability that is of such relevance that the appearance of vascular complications in patients with DM has been attributed to hyperglycemic and dysglycemic events. It is known that T1D patients mainly have glycemic variability with a specific oscillatory pattern with specific circadian characteristics for each patient. However, it has not yet been determined whether an oscillation pattern represents the variability of glycemic in T2D. This is why our objective is to determine the characteristics of glycemic oscillations in T2D and generate a robust predictive model. Results: Showed that glycosylated hemoglobin, glycemia, and body mass index were all higher in patients with T2D than in controls (all p < 0.05). In addition, time in hyperglycemia and euglycemia was markedly higher and lower in the T2D group (p < 0.05), without significant differences for time in hypoglycemia. Standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and total power of glycemia were significantly higher in the T2D group than Control group (all p < 0.05). The oscillatory patterns were significantly different between groups (p = 0.032): the control group was mainly distributed at 2–3 and 6 days, whereas the T2D group showed a more homogeneous distribution across 2–3-to-6 days. Conclusions: The predictive model of glycemia showed that it is possible to accurately predict hyper- and hypo-glycemia events. Thus, T2D patients exhibit specific oscillatory patterns of glycemic control, which are possible to predict. These findings may help to improve the treatment of DM by considering the individual oscillatory patterns of patients.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este artículo fue contribuir a la reflexión sobre los aportes de la complejidad al desarrollo forestal a partir del caso peruano, lo cual podría servir como orientación para otros países de América Latina. El artículo recoge las propuestas que surgieron en tres jornadas denominadas "Complejidad y desarrollo forestal" organizadas por el Capítulo de Ingenieros Forestales del Colegio Departamental de Lima, Colegio de Ingenieros del Perú, realizadas entre 2018 y 2019. Se concluye que el enfoque disciplinario y sectorial de la administración forestal es insuficiente para abordar la complejidad de la realidad; consecuentemente para tratar el desarrollo forestal desde una perspectiva innovadora, existe la necesidad de incorporar el enfoque de la complejidad desde las ciencias de la complejidad y el pensamiento complejo que se traduzca en nuevas maneras de pensar y actuar.

ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to contribute to the reflection on the contributions of complexity to forest development, based on the Peruvian case, which could serve as a guide for other Latin American countries. The article gathers the proposals that arose in three days called "Complexity and Forest Development", organized by the Chapter of Foresters of the Departmental College of Lima of the Association of Engineers of Peru, carried out between 2018 and 2019. It was concluded that the disciplinary and sectorial approach of forest administration is insufficient to address the complexity of reality. Consequently, in order to address forest development from an innovative perspective, there is a need to incorporate the approach to complexity from the sciences of complexity and complex thinking, which translates into new ways of thinking and acting.

Abstract This review article analyses the convergences and differences between complex thought and knowledge ecology with the aim of exploring possibilities of complementation and synergies within the framework of a critical epistemology. For this purpose, a bibliographical review has been carried out, supported by deductive and hermeneutic methods. For the characterization of complex thought, the work of Edgar Morin and other authors has been reviewed. For the characterization of complex thought, the work of Boaventura de Sousa de Santos has been reviewed. From the review we conclude that both complex thought and knowledge ecology have many similarities since they share to a greater or lesser extent the principles of organized systems, dialogicity, recursion and retroactivity. In addition they are explicit in overcoming the subject-object distinction to move to a subject-matter relationship. Both proposals constitute alternatives to hegemonic scientific thought and place value on cognitive pluralism and cognitive justice. The main difference is that knowledge ecology has a more explicit commitment to the knowledge of social movements in their resistance struggles against the various forms of colonialism in force, which have a correlation with an economic system that privileges the market to life. In this sense, it is possible to recognize in the ecology of knowledge a more political character. Both proposals, although with different degrees, stand as alternatives that transform social reality.

Resumen El presente artículo de revisión analiza las convergencias y diferencias entre el pensamiento complejo y la ecología de saberes con el propósito de explorar posibilidades de complementación y sinergias en el marco de una epistemología crítica. Para tal efecto se ha realizado una revisión bibliográfica apoyada por los métodos deductivo y hermenéutico. Para la caracterización del pensamiento complejo se ha revisado la obra de Edgar Morin y otros autores. Para la caracterización del pensamiento complejo se ha revisado la obra de Boaventura de Sousa de Santos. De la revisión se concluye que tanto el pensamiento complejo como la ecología de saberes tienen similitudes pues comparten en mayor o menor medida los principios de sistemas organizados, dialogicidad, recursividad y retroactividad. Además, son explícitos en superar la distinción sujeto-objeto para pasar a una relación sujeto-sujeto. Ambas propuestas constituyen alternativas al pensamiento científico hegemónico y ponen el valor el pluralismo cognitivo y la justicia cognitiva. La principal diferencia es que la ecología de saberes tiene una apuesta más explícita por los conocimientos de los movimientos sociales en sus luchas de resistencia frente a las diversas formas del colonialismo vigente, que tienen correlato con un sistema económico que privilegia el mercado a la vida. En tal sentido es posible reconocer en la ecología de saberes un carácter más político. Ambas propuestas, aunque con diferencia de grados, se erigen como alternativas transformadoras de la realidad social.

DRESS syndrome (Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms) is a severe, rare and potentially lethal idiosyncratic condition associated with the use of some drugs. Given its broad spectrum of presentation, clinical suspicion is essential for management, since it requires the immediate withdrawal of the culprit drug, support measures and the use of corticosteroids as the first line of treatment. We report a 24-year-old woman with a diagnosis of ulcerative colitis with joint involvement despite the use of infliximab, who presented symptoms, signs and laboratory compatible with DRESS syndrome on the third week after indicating sulfasalazine for her baseline disease.

Resumen: El presente artículo tiene como objetivo primario reflexionar sobre cómo la bioética puede dar luces para un desarrollo forestal más comprometido con la vida en general. El estudio se focaliza en el Perú; sin embargo, se toma en cuenta información bibliográfica especializada de otros países con bosques tropicales. Se concluye que, aunque hay importantes avances científicos en el conocimiento sobre los bosques tropicales y expectantes experiencias certificadas de manejo forestal, no existe suficiente certeza científica que garantice su sustentabilidad ecológica. Lo anterior es producto tanto de la propia complejidad ecológica de los bosques tropicales, como de la complejidad sociocultural del sector forestal; lo que demanda aproximaciones que complementen los enfoques disciplinarios con perspectivas interdisciplinarias y transdisciplinarias. La realidad de los bosques es multidimensional, interdimensional, multiescalar y multitemporal; esta condición no logra ser captada por los planes de manejo forestal que descansan en el paradigma de una ciencia racional y empírica. A pesar de que hay valiosas medidas orientadas a la conservación de la biodiversidad forestal y previsiones para luchar contra la tala ilegal, el comercio y tráfico ilegal de la fauna silvestre, estas medidas para reducir la ilegalidad aún no son suficientes. A la fecha no existe una orientación específica sobre el respeto a la vida en el bosque en todas sus manifestaciones; además, los intentos que buscan la conservación de las especies de flora y fauna son desarticulados.

Abstract: The main objective of this article is to reflect on how bioethics can shed light on forest development that is more committed to life in general. The study focuses on Peru; however, specialized bibliographic information from other countries with tropical forests is considered. It is concluded that, although there are important scientific advances in knowledge about tropical forests and expectant certified experiences in forest management, there is not enough scientific certainty to guarantee their ecological sustainability. This is a product of both the ecological complexity of tropical forests and the socio-cultural complexity of the forest sector; which demands approaches that complement disciplinary approaches with interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary perspectives. The reality of forests is multidimensional, interdimensional, multiscale and multitemporal; this condition cannot be grasped by forest management plans that lie on the paradigm of a rational and empirical science. Although there are valuable measures aimed at conserving forest biodiversity and provisions to combat illegal logging, illegal trade and trafficking of wildlife, these measures to reduce illegality are still not enough. To the date there is no specific guidance on respect to forest life in all its manifestations, and in addition to that, attempts seeking to conserve the species of flora and fauna are disarticulated.

Resumo: O objetivo principal deste estudo é refletir sobre como a bioética pode guiar um desenvolvimento florestal mais comprometido com a vida em geral. O estudo está focado no Peru; contudo, é considerada informação bibliográfica especializada de outros países com florestas tropicais. Conclui-se que, embora haja importantes avanços científicos no conhecimento sobre as florestas tropicais e esperadas experiências certificadas de gestão florestal, não existe suficiente certeza científica que garanta sua sustentabilidade ecológica. Isso é produto tanto da própria complexidade ecológica das florestas tropicais quanto da complexidade sociocultural do setor florestal, o que demanda aproximações que complementem as abordagens disciplinares com perspectivas inter e transdisciplinares. A realidade das florestas é multi e interdimensional, multiescalar e multitemporal. Essa condição não consegue ser captada pelos planejamentos de gestão florestal que se baseiam no paradigma de uma ciência racional e empírica. Apesar de haver valiosas medidas orientadas à conservação da biodiversidade florestal e previsões para lutar contra o desflorestamento ilegal, o comércio e o tráfico ilegal da fauna silvestre, as medidas para reduzir a ilegalidade ainda não são suficientes. Até o momento não existe uma orientação específica sobre o respeito à vida na floresta em todas as suas manifestações; além disso, as tentativas da conservação das espécies de flora e fauna são desarticuladas.

Biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease are an essential tool in clinical practice. They allow a non-invasive evaluation of patients and thus guide decision-making at different stages of the disease, including diagnostic suspicion, severity assessment, relapse prediction, and treatment response. Although biomarkers in blood such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein, are the most commonly used biomarkers, because their low cost and accessibility, they lack specificity. Currently, fecal biomarkers offer greater reliability, applicability, and specificity. Fecal calprotectin is the most commonly used marker. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease, as well as their clinical applications and new biomarkers currently under research.

RESUMEN Se reporta un caso de mortandad en juveniles de Nycticorax nycticorax en una colonia de reciente formación situada en una Reserva dentro de una matriz urbana lindante con el sistema de islas del río Paraná (Santa Fe, Argentina). Se monitorearon 138 nidos desde agosto a noviembre 2016. En agosto se registraron escasas muertes de pichones y juveniles. En septiembre, se registraron más de 800 pichones y juveniles muertos en el suelo, además de huevos abandonados por sus progenitores. No se evidenció mortandad inusual en otras especies de garzas que nidificaban en el área. Se tomaron muestras de seis individuos para realizar análisis de laboratorio y necropsias. Los individuos presentaron muy baja condición corporal y estómagos con escaso contenido, vesículas biliares distendidas e intestinos sin material sólido, con predominancia de contenido biliar (signo de ayuno), albúmina y otras proteínas séricas muy bajas, indicando muerte por inanición. Probablemente, esta mortandad se debió al abandono parental en edades donde las crías aún dependen de ellos para su alimentación. Se consideraron la interacción de múltiples causas, como la intervención humana, condiciones del hábitat, factores climáticos y densidad poblacional. No se conocen precedentes de tal magnitud de mortandad de aves acuáticas en el valle de inundación del Paraná Medio.

ABSTRACT We report a case of mortality in juvenile Nycticorax nycticorax in a new colony present at an urban reserve adjacent to the Paraná River (Santa Fe, Argentina). From August to November 2016, 138 nests were monitored. In August, there were few nestlings and juvenile deaths. In September, more than 800 nestlings and juveniles were found dead on the ground, as well as eggs abandoned by their parents. There was no evidence of unusual mortality in other egret species present in the area. We collected a sample of six individuals for laboratory analysis and necropsies. Individuals had very low body condition and almost empty stomachs, distended gallbladders intestines without solid material, predominantly filled with biliary liquid (fasting sign), and albumin and other serum proteins were found at very low levels, indicating starvation as the cause of death. Probably, this mortality was due to parental abandonment in ages at which the young birds still depend on external food provisioning. We considered the interaction of multiple causes, such as human intervention, habitat conditions, climatic factors, and population density. The magnitude of the reported waterfowl die-off is unprecedented in the Middle Paraná river valley.

RESUMO A melhor tomada de decisão é uma tarefa difícil no manejo florestal, pois envolve um grande número de variáveis de mercado e de produção. Simulou-se o crescimento e produção de Pinus taeda L. em sítios altamente produtivos, com objetivo de indicar regimes de desbaste e densidades de plantio que maximizam a produção de toras grossas (diâmetro da ponta fina >35 cm), bem como avaliá-los economicamente. O software OpTimber-LP para otimização de problemas florestais foi usado. As simulações envolveram quatro densidades de plantio (1.111; 1.600; 2.000; e 2.500 plantas/ha); três desbastes com diferentes pesos, frequências e idades de aplicação; e corte raso aos 25 anos. Essas combinações totalizaram em 2.916 regimes de manejo. VPLA foi calculado com variação de taxas de interesse e considerando custos de produção e retornos provenientes de desbastes e do corte raso. Os resultados indicaram maior produção de toras grossas em regimes com menores densidades de plantio. A intensidade de desbaste de 60% destacou-se por ter sido ideal para quase todos os processos, principalmente nas densidades de 2.000 e 2.500 plantas/ha. Essa intensidade também foi ideal para o primeiro desbaste, independentemente da densidade de plantas. A produção nos melhores regimes variou de 480 e 260 m3/ha, para as densidades de 1.111 e 2.500 plantas/ha, respectivamente. VPLA variou de ~1.300 a ~2.100 R$/ha. Como conclusão, regimes de manejo menos densos propiciaram maior produção de toras grossas, porém, menor em volume total; como consequência, o VPLA foi maior para os regimes mais densos, uma vez que a receita obtida pela produção de toras de alto valor não compensou a receita de toras mais finas (que também são mais baratas). Regimes com alta densidade podem fracassar com um único primeiro desbaste errado, enquanto regimes com menor densidade podem ter produção realmente prejudicada quando são sujeitos a consecutivos desbastes errados.

ABSTRACT The best decision-making is a difficult task in forest management because it involves a large number of market and production variables. We simulated the growth and yield of loblolly pine in high-quality sites, aiming to indicate thinning regimes and planting densities that maximize the production of large diameter logs (minor diameter >35 cm), as well as economically evaluating such regimes. We used the software OpTimber-LP for forest optimization problems. Simulations involved four planting densities (1,111; 1,600; 2,000; and 2,500 plants/ha); three thinnings with different weights, frequencies and ages of application; and clear cut at 25 years. Such combinations totalized in 2,916 simulated regimes. We computed ANPV assuming variations in interest rates, besides costs of production and returns resulting from thinnings and from clear cut. The findings indicated great productions of large diameter logs in regimes with low planting densities. Heavy thinnings (60% removal of trees) highlighted by being ideal to almost all regimes, mainly those ones with densities of 2,000 and 2,500 plants/ha. Heavy intensity also was ideal to the first thinning, regardless the planting density. The most productive regimes presented large diameter log volumes ranging from 480 to 260 m3/ha, for regimes with 1,111 and 2,500 plants/ha, respectively. ANPV ranged from ~1.300 to ~2.100 R$/ha. As conclusion, less dense regimes provide largest productions in large diameter log, but the lowest productions in total volume; as consequence, ANPV was larger in denser regimes, once the revenue obtained from high-value logs did not overcome that one obtained from finer (and consequently cheaper) logs. High-density regimes may produce less timber volume due to only one improper thinning, whereas low-density stands may have production really affected when are subjected to consecutive improper thinnings.