Objective: To ascertain whether sociodemographic and health-related characteristics known from previous research to have a substantive impact on recovery from depression modified the effect of a digital intervention designed to improve depressive symptoms (CONEMO). Methods: The CONEMO study consisted of two randomized controlled trials, one conducted in Lima, Peru, and one in São Paulo, Brazil. As a secondary trial plan analysis, mixed logistic regression was used to explore interactions between the treatment arm and subgroups of interest defined by characteristics measured before randomization – suicidal ideation, race/color, age, gender, income, type of mobile phone, alcohol misuse, tobacco use, and diabetes/hypertension – in both trials. We estimated interaction effects between the treatment group and these subgroup factors for the secondary outcomes using linear mixed regression models. Results: Increased effects of the CONEMO intervention on the primary outcome (reduction of at least 50% in depressive symptom scores at 3-month follow-up) were observed among older and wealthier participants in the Lima trial (p = 0.030 and p = 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: There was no evidence of such differential effects in São Paulo, and no evidence of impact of any other secondary outcomes in either trial. Clinical trial registration: NCT02846662 (São Paulo, Brazil – SP), NCT03026426 (Lima, Peru – LI). Funded by the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health (grant U19MH098780). Objective healthrelated health related CONEMO. . (CONEMO) Methods trials Paulo analysis ideation racecolor race color race/color age gender income phone misuse use diabeteshypertension diabetes hypertension models Results reduction 50 3month month 3 followup follow up follow-up 0030 0 030 0.03 0001 001 0.001 respectively. respectively respectively) Conclusion registration NCT NCT0284666 SP, SP , SP) NCT0302642 (Lima LI. LI LI) US U S U.S grant U19MH098780. U19MH098780 UMH MH U19MH098780) (CONEMO 5 003 03 0.0 000 00 0.00 NCT028466 NCT030264 U19MH09878 0. NCT02846 NCT03026 U19MH0987 NCT0284 NCT0302 U19MH098 NCT028 NCT030 U19MH09 NCT02 NCT03 U19MH0 NCT0 U19MH

Resumen Este proyecto simuló escenarios de confinamiento que buscan analizar diferentes formas de la sección transversal del plasma y de esta manera prever el parámetro beta óptimo en un tokamak esférico de baja razón de aspecto como lo es MEDUSA-CR. Además, se busca diseñar sistemas para operación y diagnóstico en este dispositivo. Finalmente, en este proyecto proponemos un experimento único como prueba de principio utilizando antenas RF para inducir ondas de Alfvén en un Tokamak esférico. Las simulaciones de las interacciones del plasma con las ondas electromagnéticas RF y ECRH permiten explorar en este dispositivo escenarios de calentamiento optimizado que también son del interés de la comunidad científica debido a que la alta temperatura es un requisito indispensable para procesos de fusión.

Abstract This project simulated confinement scenarios that seek to analyze different shapes of the plasma cross section and thus affect the beta parameter in a low aspect ratio spherical tokamak such as MEDUSA-CR. In addition, it seeks to design systems for operation and diagnosis in this device. Finally, in this project we propose a unique proof-of-principle experiment using RF antennas to induce Alfvén waves in a spherical Tokamak. Simulations of plasma interactions with RF and ECRH electromagnetic waves allow exploring optimized heating scenarios in this device that are also of interest to the scientific community because high temperature is an essential requirement for fusion processes.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la relación entre las características sociodemográficas, los síntomas depresivos, la tenencia de teléfono celular y los diferentes usos de WhatsApp entre los ancianos inscritos en unidades básicas de salud en Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brasil. Este es un análisis de datos secundarios, que recopiló la información del triaje de los participantes a ser incluidos en este estudio aleatorio en un clúster PROACTIVO. Se evaluaron las características sociodemográficas, los síntomas depresivos según el PHQ-9, la tenencia de celular y el uso de WhatsApp de los participantes de 60 años o más, registrados en unidades básicas de salud de Guarulhos. Se utilizaron los modelos de regresión logística múltiple para identificar las características de los potenciales usuarios de las intervenciones digitales. De los 3.356 ancianos deprimidos, el 45,7% utilizaba WhatsApp para recibir/enviar mensajes. En la submuestra que presentó síntomas depresivos (n = 1.020), el 41,9% dijo usar WhatsApp. Los adultos más jóvenes con mejor nivel socioeconómico usaban más WhatsApp y tenían más probabilidades de tener un teléfono celular. Los participantes con niveles más altos de síntomas de depresión tenían menos probabilidades de usar WhatsApp. El sexo, la edad, la educación, la renta y los síntomas depresivos fueron las variables asociadas a la tenencia de celular y al uso de WhatsApp por parte de los ancianos de la población estudiada. Estos hallazgos pueden ayudar a implementar programas de salud digital que sean más adecuados para las poblaciones desfavorecidas en Brasil y en otros países de bajos y medianos ingresos, en particular las intervenciones de telesalud mental que utilizan WhatsApp y servicios de salud móviles para ancianos. sociodemográficas Guarulhos Paulo secundarios PROACTIVO PHQ9, PHQ9 PHQ 9, 9 PHQ-9 6 digitales 3356 3 356 3.35 deprimidos 457 45 7 45,7 recibirenviar recibir enviar mensajes n 1.020, 1020 1.020 , 1 020 1.020) 419 41 41,9 sexo edad educación estudiada ingresos PHQ- 335 35 3.3 4 45, 102 1.02 02 41, 33 3. 10 1.0 0 1.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics, depressive symptomatology, mobile phone ownership, and different uses of WhatsApp among older adults enrolled in primary care clinics in Guarulhos, São Paulo State, Brazil. This is a secondary data analysis, using data collected in the screening of participants to be included in the PROACTIVE cluster randomized trial. Individuals aged ≥ 60 years, registered in primary care clinics in Guarulhos, were assessed for sociodemographic characteristics, depressive symptoms according to the PHQ-9, mobile phone ownership, and use of WhatsApp. We performed multiple logistic regression models to investigate characteristics of the potential users of digital interventions. Of 3,356 older adults screened for depression, 45.7% said they use WhatsApp to receive/send messages. In the subsample that presented depressive symptomatology (n = 1,020), 41.9% stated using WhatsApp. Younger older adults and those with better socioeconomic status used more WhatsApp and were more likely to own a mobile phone. Participants with higher levels of symptoms of depression were less likely to use WhatsApp. Gender, age, schooling level, income, and depressive symptomatology are variables associated with the possession of a cell phone and with the use of WhatsApp by the older adults of the sample. These findings can help to implement digital health programs better suited to disadvantaged populations in Brazil and other low- and middle-income countries through mental telehealth interventions using WhatsApp and mobile health services to the older people. ownership Guarulhos State analysis trial 6 years PHQ9, PHQ9 PHQ 9, 9 PHQ-9 3356 3 356 3,35 457 45 7 45.7 receivesend receive send messages n 1,020, 1020 1,020 , 1 020 1,020) 419 41 41.9 Gender age level income sample low middleincome middle people PHQ- 335 35 3,3 4 45. 102 1,02 02 41. 33 3, 10 1,0 0 1,

Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a relação entre características sociodemográficas, sintomatologia depressiva, posse de telefone celular e diferentes usos do WhatsApp entre idosos cadastrados em unidades básicas de saúde de Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brasil. Trata-se de uma análise de dados secundários com informações coletadas na triagem dos participantes a serem incluídos neste estudo randomizado em cluster PROATIVO. Indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais, cadastrados em unidades básicas de saúde de Guarulhos, foram avaliados quanto a características sociodemográficas, sintomas depressivos, de acordo com o PHQ-9, posse de telefone celular e uso do WhatsApp. Foram utilizados modelos de regressão logística múltipla para investigar as características dos potenciais usuários de intervenções digitais. Dos 3.356 idosos depressivos, 45,7% usavam o WhatsApp para receber/enviar mensagens. Na subamostra que apresentou sintomatologia depressiva (n = 1.020), 41,9% disseram usar o WhatsApp. Adultos mais jovens e com melhor status socioeconômico usavam mais o WhatsApp e eram mais propensos a possuir um telefone celular. Participantes com níveis mais altos de sintomas de depressão eram menos propensos a utilizar o WhatsApp. Sexo, idade, escolaridade, renda e sintomatologia depressiva são variáveis associadas à posse de telefone celular e ao uso do WhatsApp pelos idosos da população estudada. Esses achados podem ajudar a implementar programas de saúde digital mais adequados para populações desfavorecidas no Brasil e em outros países de baixa e média renda, principalmente intervenções de telessaúde mental que utilizem o WhatsApp e serviços móveis de saúde para idosos. sociodemográficas Guarulhos Paulo Tratase Trata se PROATIVO 6 depressivos PHQ9, PHQ9 PHQ 9, 9 PHQ-9 digitais 3356 3 356 3.35 457 45 7 45,7 receberenviar receber enviar mensagens n 1.020, 1020 1.020 , 1 020 1.020) 419 41 41,9 Sexo idade escolaridade estudada PHQ- 335 35 3.3 4 45, 102 1.02 02 41, 33 3. 10 1.0 0 1.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics, depressive symptomatology, mobile phone ownership, and different uses of WhatsApp among older adults enrolled in primary care clinics in Guarulhos, São Paulo State, Brazil. This is a secondary data analysis, using data collected in the screening of participants to be included in the PROACTIVE cluster randomized trial. Individuals aged ≥ 60 years, registered in primary care clinics in Guarulhos, were assessed for sociodemographic characteristics, depressive symptoms according to the PHQ-9, mobile phone ownership, and use of WhatsApp. We performed multiple logistic regression models to investigate characteristics of the potential users of digital interventions. Of 3,356 older adults screened for depression, 45.7% said they use WhatsApp to receive/send messages. In the subsample that presented depressive symptomatology (n = 1,020), 41.9% stated using WhatsApp. Younger older adults and those with better socioeconomic status used more WhatsApp and were more likely to own a mobile phone. Participants with higher levels of symptoms of depression were less likely to use WhatsApp. Gender, age, schooling level, income, and depressive symptomatology are variables associated with the possession of a cell phone and with the use of WhatsApp by the older adults of the sample. These findings can help to implement digital health programs better suited to disadvantaged populations in Brazil and other low- and middle-income countries through mental telehealth interventions using WhatsApp and mobile health services to the older people.

Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a relação entre características sociodemográficas, sintomatologia depressiva, posse de telefone celular e diferentes usos do WhatsApp entre idosos cadastrados em unidades básicas de saúde de Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brasil. Trata-se de uma análise de dados secundários com informações coletadas na triagem dos participantes a serem incluídos neste estudo randomizado em cluster PROATIVO. Indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais, cadastrados em unidades básicas de saúde de Guarulhos, foram avaliados quanto a características sociodemográficas, sintomas depressivos, de acordo com o PHQ-9, posse de telefone celular e uso do WhatsApp. Foram utilizados modelos de regressão logística múltipla para investigar as características dos potenciais usuários de intervenções digitais. Dos 3.356 idosos depressivos, 45,7% usavam o WhatsApp para receber/enviar mensagens. Na subamostra que apresentou sintomatologia depressiva (n = 1.020), 41,9% disseram usar o WhatsApp. Adultos mais jovens e com melhor status socioeconômico usavam mais o WhatsApp e eram mais propensos a possuir um telefone celular. Participantes com níveis mais altos de sintomas de depressão eram menos propensos a utilizar o WhatsApp. Sexo, idade, escolaridade, renda e sintomatologia depressiva são variáveis associadas à posse de telefone celular e ao uso do WhatsApp pelos idosos da população estudada. Esses achados podem ajudar a implementar programas de saúde digital mais adequados para populações desfavorecidas no Brasil e em outros países de baixa e média renda, principalmente intervenções de telessaúde mental que utilizem o WhatsApp e serviços móveis de saúde para idosos.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la relación entre las características sociodemográficas, los síntomas depresivos, la tenencia de teléfono celular y los diferentes usos de WhatsApp entre los ancianos inscritos en unidades básicas de salud en Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brasil. Este es un análisis de datos secundarios, que recopiló la información del triaje de los participantes a ser incluidos en este estudio aleatorio en un clúster PROACTIVO. Se evaluaron las características sociodemográficas, los síntomas depresivos según el PHQ-9, la tenencia de celular y el uso de WhatsApp de los participantes de 60 años o más, registrados en unidades básicas de salud de Guarulhos. Se utilizaron los modelos de regresión logística múltiple para identificar las características de los potenciales usuarios de las intervenciones digitales. De los 3.356 ancianos deprimidos, el 45,7% utilizaba WhatsApp para recibir/enviar mensajes. En la submuestra que presentó síntomas depresivos (n = 1.020), el 41,9% dijo usar WhatsApp. Los adultos más jóvenes con mejor nivel socioeconómico usaban más WhatsApp y tenían más probabilidades de tener un teléfono celular. Los participantes con niveles más altos de síntomas de depresión tenían menos probabilidades de usar WhatsApp. El sexo, la edad, la educación, la renta y los síntomas depresivos fueron las variables asociadas a la tenencia de celular y al uso de WhatsApp por parte de los ancianos de la población estudiada. Estos hallazgos pueden ayudar a implementar programas de salud digital que sean más adecuados para las poblaciones desfavorecidas en Brasil y en otros países de bajos y medianos ingresos, en particular las intervenciones de telesalud mental que utilizan WhatsApp y servicios de salud móviles para ancianos.

Abstract: This paper examines the colonial representations of the Chilean traditionist writer Enrique del Solar in «El ermitaño de Potosí» (1875), to determine if his project dialogues with Ricardo Palma’s model. To do so, this paper will describe the editorial context of Solar’s writing and its intertextual relationships, as well as analyze the narrative strategies that distinguish his approach to the colonial past when confronted with the palmista model. It is concluded that the colonial past’s fictionalization takes the form of a selection and connection with the past process, whose meaning is linked to specific political and cultural projects.

Resumen: Este artículo examina las representaciones coloniales elaboradas por el escritor tradicionista chileno Enrique del Solar en su obra «El ermitaño de Potosí» (1875) para determinar cómo su proyecto converge y a la vez diverge del modelo palmista. Para ello, se describirán el contexto editorial de su escritura y sus relaciones intertextuales, y se analizarán las estrategias narrativas que distinguen su aproximación al pasado colonial frente al modelo palmista. Se concluye que la ficcionalización del pasado colonial se configura como un proceso de selección y conexión del pasado con el presente, cuyo sentido se vincula a proyectos político-culturales específicos.

Abstract Objective: The aims of this study were twofold. First, to provide evidence of the validity and reliability of the Adolescent Lifestyle Profile-Revised 2 (ALP-R2) among adolescents in Chile; and second, to examine the relationship between the health-promoting behaviors measured by this scale and several demographic variables. Methods: Cross-sectional survey. Students attending grades 9 through 12 from schools representing low-, middle-, and high-income families were included. All schools were in the city of San Felipe, Chile. Students completed the ALP-R2, a fourty-four-item scale aiming to assess health-promoting behaviors. To evaluate validity and reliability, confirmatory factor analysis and omega coefficient calculation were conducted, respectively. Results: The sample size was 572 students (82.5% of the eligible population). More males (56.6%) than females (43.4%) participated in the study, and the mean age was 16.4 (SD, 1.3) years. The ALP-R2 had adequate adjustment indicators in the confirmatory factor analysis, which means that the data supports the original theoretical model (seven subscales). The highest internal consistency was obtained for the total scale (Ω = 0.87); and (among the subscales), physical activity (Ω = 0.85) and spiritual health (Ω = 0.78) had the highest reliability. Conclusions: The ALP-R2 appears to be a valid and reliable instrument to assess health-promoting behaviors among adolescents attending secondary schools.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this sutudy dental considerations and an oral cavity maintenance and care protocol in patients on invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) in hospital intensive care units. Since the development of COVID-19 in the world, cases of prolonged IMV have increased and together with them, the complications of this type of therapy have been made visible, among which we find those that affect the oral cavity. Hospital centers normally have dental services made up of different specialties, which in a joint effort can provide tools and educate the personnel in charge of the care of the oral cavity in these patients if they are required, being the dentist the one in charge of evaluating and deliver guidelines for the prevention and treatment of pathology of the oral cavity. This work describes the steps to be followed to carry out correct oral hygiene in these patients and the management of the different complications that may be observed, along with local experience on how to best solve them. We consider important that the intensive care units (ICU) get to know the role of the dentist in the hospital environment and that they become part of the care of hospitalized patients to reduce the risks associated with prolonged ventilation, based mainly on oral hygiene management and associated injuries.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este artículo es presentar algunas consideraciones odontológicas y un protocolo de mantención para el manejo y cuidado de cavidad oral en pacientes en ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI) en unidades de cuidados intensivos hospitalarios. Además, presentar recomendaciones para la implementación de estas. Desde el desarrollo del COVID-19 en el mundo, los casos de VMI prolongada han aumentado y junto con ellos, se ha visibilizado las complicaciones propias de este tipo de terapia, dentro de las cuales encontramos aquellas que afectan la cavidad oral. Los centros hospitalarios normalmente cuentan con servicios dentales conformados por distintas especialidades, las cuales en un trabajo mancomunado pueden entregar herramientas y educar al personal encargado para el cuidado de la cavidad oral en estos pacientes si es que son requeridos, siendo el odontólogo el encargado de evaluar las distintas situaciones clínicas y entregar directrices para la prevención y tratamiento de patología de la cavidad oral. En este trabajo se describen los pasos a seguir para realizar una correcta higiene oral de estos pacientes y el manejo de las distintas complicaciones posibles de observar, junto con la experiencia local de cómo solucionarlos de la mejor manera. Consideramos importante que las unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI) conozcan el rol del odontólogo y las acciones que este equipo puede aportar en el cuidado de los pacientes hospitalizados para disminuir los riesgos asociados a ventilación prolongada, basados principalmente en el manejo de la higiene oral y lesiones asociadas.

Abstract We provide the first estimates of gender income and land inequality in Chile during the first decades after independence, when Chile was a predominantly agrarian society. We have used a new source: the records of the first agricultural censuses ever made for any Latin American republic. We found that there were over six times more male landowners than women, and that male owners gathered up to 87% of total agricultural income (of those paying the catastro). On the positive side, we found that female landownership was more widespread than has previously been assumed by Chilean historians, although it was declining in relative terms. We have also identified the main elite women agrarian entrepreneurs, finding that one of the biggest landowners of this period was a woman, who has been ignored in the historiography. We have documented her economic activities, as well as those of many other prominent women agricultural entrepreneurs, thus showing that women’s involvement in crucial entrepreneurship activities started earlier than previously been acknowledged, from colonial times.

Resumen En este artículo entregamos las primeras estimaciones de desigualdad de género del ingreso y de la tierra en Chile durante las primeras décadas que siguieron a la independencia, cuando Chile era predominantemente una sociedad agraria. Para ello hemos utilizado una nueva fuente: los primeros censos agrícolas de cualquier república latinoamericana. Hemos encontrado que había seis veces más propietarios de tierra varones que mujeres, y que los hombres acaparaban un 87% del ingreso agrícola (de entre todos los que pagaban el catastro). En el lado positivo encontramos que la propiedad de la tierra por parte de mujeres era un fenómeno mucho más diseminado de lo que creíamos, aunque el mismo iba declinando. También hemos identificado a las principales mujeres dentro de la élite agraria, encontrando que uno de los grandes terratenientes del periodo era mujer, la que ha sido ignorada por la historiografía. Hemos documentado sus actividades económicas, junto a la de muchas otras empresarias agrícolas del periodo, demostrando así que la participación de mujeres en actividades empresariales cruciales comenzó mucho antes de lo que creíamos, desde el periodo colonial.

ABSTRACT: Objective: The main objective of this investigation was to determine the incidence of postoperative complications in oral surgery. Materials and methods: An observational and descriptive study was developed with the use of the prospective registry of the patients admitted for oral surgery in the San Borja Arriarán Hospital Complex for a twelve-month period of observation (April 2017 to March 2018). Results: The sample consisted of 532 patients undergoing surgical procedures of oral surgery and 29 cases of postoperative complications. The incidence of complications reached 5,5% and it was observed predominantly in interventions of tooth extraction. The most commonly observed complication was dry socket, reaching 2,5% of third molar surgeries and 3,7% of extractions of other teeth. Postoperative hemorrhages were observed in 1,1% of third molar surgeries. Other postoperative complications were facial spaces abscesses, paresthesia of the inferior alveolar nerve, bruising, ecchymosis and periostitis. Conclusions: The results were similar to those reported in the literature both in their frequency and in the type of complication.

RESUMEN: Objetivo: El objetivo principal de este estudio fue determinar la incidencia de complicaciones post cirugía bucal. Metodología: Se desarrolló un estudio observacional, descriptivo, con el uso del registro prospectivo de la totalidad de pacientes ingresados para cirugía bucal del Complejo Hospitalario San Borja-Arriarán durante doce meses de observación (abril 2017 a marzo 2018). Resultados: La muestra estuvo conformada por 532 pacientes sometidos a procedimientos quirúrgicos de cirugía bucal y 29 casos de complicación postquirúrgica. La incidencia de complicaciones alcanzó un 5,5% y se observó de manera predominante en intervenciones de tipo exodoncia. La complicación mayormente observada fue la alveolitis alcanzando un 2,5% de las cirugías de terceros molares y un 3,7% de las exodoncias de otros dientes. Las hemorragias postoperatorias se observaron en un 1,1% de las cirugías de terceros molares. Otras complicaciones postquirúrgicas fueron abscesos de espacios faciales, parestesia del nervio alveolar inferior, hematomas, equimosis y periostitis. Conclusión: Los resultados fueron similares a los reportados en la literatura tanto en su frecuencia como en el tipo de complicación.

Resumen En este trabajo se presenta el análisis del índice de área foliar (LAI) la fracción absorbida de la radiación fotosintéticamente activa (fPAR) y el índice normalizado de vegetación (NDVI) para cuatro ecorregiones en la provincia de Guanacaste. Estas variables biofísicas son elementos esenciales para comprender los procesos fenológicos de los ecosistemas en el marco del cambio climático. Los análisis por ecorregión se basaron en la descomposición de las series de tiempo en tres componentes: estacionalidad, tendencia y residuos. Estas series se procesaron de los productos de la plataforma del Espectroradiómetro de imágenes de resolución media “Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer”, MODIS y se usó la plataforma Earth Engine con una resolución temporal de 16 días y con un tamaño de píxel de 500 m. Las curvas de tendencia de fPAR, LAI y NDVI son muy similares para las ecorregiones, por lo que para futuros estudios no es necesario analizar las tres variables. Estas muestran una homogeneidad internamente y se diferencian bien unas de otras, sin embargo, tanto los bosques húmedos estacionales como los bosques secos del pacífico, se comportan en forma muy similar en cuanto a los máximos y mínimos con relación a la tendencia. El descomponer las series de tiempo en tendencia y estacionalidad es una buena forma de análisis para realizar monitoreo, relacionar las variables biofísicas y su productividad con otros elementos climáticos, como por ejemplo, el efecto ENOS.

Abstract In this work, the analysis of the Leaf Area Index (LAI), the Fraction of Observed Photosinthetically Active Radiation (fPAR), and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is presented for four ecoregions in the Guanacaste province. These biophysical variables are key elements for understanding the phenological processes of the ecosystems under the climate change frame. Nowadays, the usage of data coming from remote sensors are the primary source for the estimation of environmental and vegetation variables at different levels (local, regional and global). The data come from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The analysis is based on the decomposition of each series in three components: stationarity, trend and residuals. The analysis was performed using the Earth Engine platform with a time resolution of 16 days and a pixel size of 500 m. Trends for fPAR, LAI and NDVI are very similar for three ecoregions, which suggests that it will not be necessary to perform independent analysis for these variables in the future. On the other hand, the ecoregions show internal homogeneity, but heterogeneity among them; however, seasonal moist forest and Pacific dry forest have very similar maximum and minimum values in their trends. Thus, it seems that the decomposition of the series in trend and stationarity brings good inside for monitoring changes, but also it is a valuable tool for relating biophysical variables and their productivity with other climatic elements, such as ENOS effect.

ABSTRACT The laryngeal trauma constitutes a group of infrequent lesions, but with great clinical importance, given its high morbidity and mortality. It requires a high level of suspicion, since many of these injuries may go unnoticed at the initial evaluation. It should be suspected in every patient presenting with cervical trauma and symptoms ranging from dysphonia and anterior cervical pain, to dyspnea or even severe respiratory distress, due to obstruction of the airway. The approach of these patients should begin with the evaluation of the airway and ensure its stability, to then focus on the diagnosis and specific management of the lesions. We present an updated literature review regarding the mechanisms of trauma, clinical presentation, diagnosis, classification and management.

RESUMEN El trauma laríngeo constituye un grupo de lesiones infrecuentes, pero de gran importancia clínica dada su alta morbimortalidad. Requiere un alto nivel de sospecha, puesto que muchas de estas lesiones pueden pasar desapercibidas en la evaluación inicial. Se debe sospechar en todo paciente que se presenta con traumatismo cervical y síntomas que van desde la disfonía y el dolor cervical anterior, a la disnea e incluso el compromiso respiratorio severo por obstrucción de la vía aérea. El abordaje de estos pacientes debe iniciar con la evaluación de la vía aérea y asegurar su estabilidad, para luego enfocarse en el diagnóstico y manejo específico de las lesiones. Presentamos a continuación una revisión bibliográfica en cuanto a los mecanismos de trauma, presentación clínica, diagnóstico, clasificación y manejo.

Resumen El anexo documental que hemos seleccionado para este dossier se compone de tres textos producidos en el último cuarto del siglo XVIII: las Instrucciones para los nuevos relojes astronómicos (ca. 1785-1790); el Informe del relojero de cámara Manuel Zerellay Ycoaga sobre el estado de la Real Escuela de Relojería de Madrid (1784); y la Real Cédula para la reforma del toque de campanas (1794). Ponemos entonces a disposición del público especializado este material inédito que sintetiza muy bien cómo suceden los cambios sobre un fenómeno continuo como es el tiempo, textos que nos muestran las vías por las cuales una sociedad objetiva el tiempo según las necesidades y los parámetros de su presente.

Abstract To conclude this dossier, we have selected, presented and transcribed three texts produced in the last quarter of the 18th century: The Instructions for the new astronomical clocks (c. 1785-1790); the Report of the camera watchmaker Manuel Zerella and Ycoaga on the status of the Royal School of Watchmaking in Madrid (1784); and the Real Cédula to reform the ringing of bells (1794). This unpublished material is now available to the specialized public as an example of how changes occur in a continuous phenomenon such as time. Three documents that show us some possibilities of how a society objectifies time according to the needs and parameters of its present.

Resumo O anexo documental que selecionamos para este dossiê é composto por três textos produzidos no último quartel do século XVIII: as Instruções para os novos relógios astronômicos (ca. 1785-1790); o Relatório do relojoeiro Manuel Zerella e Ycoaga sobre o status da Escola Real de Relojoaria em Madri (1784); e o Decreto Real para a reforma do toque dos sinos (1794). Colocamos então à disposição do público especializado esse material inédito que sintetiza muito bem como ocorrem as mudanças em um fenômeno contínuo como o tempo, textos que nos mostram os modos pelos quais uma sociedade objetifica o tempo de acordo com as necessidades e parâmetros de sua atualidade.

ABSTRACT Xanthogaleruca luteola (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is an aggressive defoliating pest on elms (Ulmus sp.) worldwide. We evaluated the antifeedant and insecticidal effects of ethanolic and aqueous extracts from Melia azedarach L. green fruits and leaves of Peumus boldus Molina, on X. luteola third instar larvae, the most harmful stage. Five doses of the extracts were applied to fresh elm leaves to determine antifeedant effect evaluating consumed foliar area at 24 h. Insecticidal activity was assessed through daily mortality for 14 d. For each extract an antifeedant index, relative to respective control, and mean lethal concentrations (LC50) were calculated. We found a direct relationship between concentration and both antifeedant and insecticidal effects for all extracts. A dose of 6.1% w/v of ethanolic extract of M. azedarach green fruits significantly inhibited larvae feeding behavior by 91% with a LC50 1.49% at day 8. On the other hand, 3.4% w/v of ethanolic extract of P. boldus inhibited larvae feeding behavior by 81% and LC50 at day 8 was 0.92% w/v. All extracts showed insecticidal effect on X. luteola larvae, and the highest mortalities observed were 79% and 71% with ethanolic and aqueous extracts of P. boldus, respectively. Antifeedant and insecticidal effects observed with M. azedarach green fruits and P. boldus leaf extracts on X. luteola third instar larvae, support the development of botanical insecticides from both tree species in order to contribute to its integrated management.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and obesity are a public health problem in Chile. Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment alternative to achieve a significant and sustained weight reduction in patients with morbid obesity. The results of controlled clinical trials indicate that, compared to medical treatment, surgery for obese patients with DM2 allows a better control of blood glucose and cardiovascular risk factors, reduces the need for medications and increases the likelihood for remission. Consensus conferences and clinical practice guidelines support bariatric surgery as an option to treat DM2 in Class III Obesity (Body Mass Index (BMI) > 40) regardless of the glycemic control and the complexity of pharmacological treatment and in Class II Obesity (BMI 35-39,9) with inadequate glycemic control despite optimal pharmacological treatment and lifestyle. However, surgical indication for patients with DM2 and BMI between 30-34.9, the most prevalent sub-group, is only suggested. The Chilean Societies of Endocrinology and Diabetes and of Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery decided to generate a consensus regarding the importance of other factors related to DM2 that would allow a better selection of candidates for surgery, particularly when weight does not constitute an indication. Considering the national reality, we also need a statement regarding the selection and characteristics of the surgical procedure as well as the role of the diabetologist in the multidisciplinary team.

SUMMARY: It is known that chronic gestational stress alters the pulmonary immune response predisposing to chronic pulmonary pathologies such as asthma, which occur with morphological alterations in both conduction and exchange airways. However, it is still unknown whether chronic gestational stress generates alterations in pulmonary morphology, specifically in the airway conduction, which predisposes to hyperreactivity or other alterations of the airway, in early postnatal stages. The aim of this work was to analyze the effects of prenatal stress on the development of pulmonary conduction airway. Eight pregnant females were randomly assigned to one control group and one group submitted to restriction of movement during the last gestational week. The offspring were sacrificed on postnatal days 0 (P0) and 14 (P14), extracting the lung to conduct a histomorphological analysis of the conduction airway. In P0 an increase in the peribronchiolar smooth muscle in stressed males was observed in the conduction airway in comparison to the control (p = 0.0002); no significant differences were observed in the female or in the P14 stage. Prenatal stress produces histomorphologic changes in the conduction airway in the offspring at early postnatal stages.

RESUMEN: Se sabe que el estrés crónico gestacional altera la respuesta inmune pulmonar, predisponiendo a patologías crónicas pulmonares como el asma, que cursan con alteraciones morfológicas tanto en la vía aérea de conducción como de intercambio. Sin embargo, se desconoce aún si el estrés crónico gestacional genera alteraciones en la morfología pulmonar, específicamente en la vía aérea de conducción, que predisponga a hiperreactividad u otras alteraciones de la vía aérea, en etapas postnatales tempranas. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en analizar los efectos del estrés prenatal sobre el desarrollo de la vía aérea de conducción pulmonar. Ocho hembras preñadas fueron divididas aleatoriamente en un grupo control y otro grupo sometido a estrés por restricción de movimiento durante la última semana gestacional. Las crías fueron sacrificadas en los días postnatal 0 (P0) y 14 (P14), extrayendoles el pulmón para realizar un análisis histomorfológico de la vía aérea de conducción. En P0 se observó en la vía aérea de conducción un aumento en la musculatura lisa peribronquiolar en machos estresados en comparación al control (p=0,0002). No se observaron diferencias significativas en la crías hembra, ni en la etapa de P14. El estrés prenatal produce cambios histomorfológicos en la vía aérea de conducción en las crías de hembras estresadas, en etapas postnatales tempranas.