ABSTRACT Objective: Diabetes mellitus (DM) has a high healthcare system cost worldwide. Educational strategies are important to improve self-care and control this disease. This study aimed to evaluate satisfaction and clinical efficacy of a Short Message Service (SMS) educational intervention in self-care and nutrition at a Brazilian university hospital. Materials and methods: We conducted a trial of educational intervention and assigned eligible patients with DM to either receive weekly educational SMS for 6 months (intervention group [IG]) or no SMS at all (control group). A satisfaction questionnaire was applied before and after the intervention in both groups. Laboratory (fasting glucose, hemoglobin [Hb] A1c, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein) and clinical (blood pressure) data were also collected. Data were analyzed using nonparametric tests with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Results: We included 128 patients (64 in each group). Responses to the satisfaction questionnaire with self-care and healthcare professionals from 112 patients revealed an improvement in the perception of receiving information regarding helpful eating habits and in healthy eating behavior and an improvement in satisfaction with their diabetes care in the IG. In the post-intervention period, improved systolic blood pressure and HbA1c levels were observed in the IG as illustrated by delta % (post-intervention minus pre-intervention data divided by pre-intervention data multiplied by 100) reductions of 2.3% and 3.9%, respectively Conclusion: SMS intervention was useful as an educational tool for improving satisfaction and glycemic and blood pressure control of patients with DM observed at a Brazilian university hospital.

ABSTRACT Objective The consequences of sleep deprivation in type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients are poorly understood. Our aim was to determine how sleep disorders influence lipid profile and insulin sensitivity in T1D patients. Materials and methods This was a cross-sectional study at a public university hospital. Demographic information and medical histories were obtained during regular scheduled visit of T1D patients to the outpatient clinic. Insulin sensitivity was obtained using the estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR) formula. Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Berlin Questionnaire. Results The adult participants (n = 66, 62% women) had a median age of 28.0 years (interquartile range 21.8-33.0). Six patients (9%) had metabolic syndrome according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria. Thirty patients (46%) were considered poor sleepers according to the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The LDL-c and total cholesterol levels of poor sleepers were higher than those of good sleepers (103 v. 81; p = 0.003 and 178.0 v. 159.5 mg/dL; p = 0.009, respectively). Three patients (4%) were at high risk of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) according to the Berlin Questionnaire. The eGDR was lower in the group of patients with high probability of having OSAS (6.0 v. 9.1 mg.kg-1.min-1;p = .03). Conclusions Poor subjective quality of sleep and higher risk of OSAS were correlated with a worsened lipid profile and decreased insulin sensitivity, respectively. Therefore, T1D patients with sleep disturbances might have an increased cardiovascular risk in the future.

Resumo: O presente estudo investigou a correlação da circunferência do pescoço (CP) e outras medidas antropométricas com os fatores de risco cardiovasculares e resistência insulínica (RI) em idosos de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Foi realizado estudo transversal com 411 pacientes na atenção primária de saúde. Medidas antropométricas como CP, índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência da cintura (CC) e razão cintura-quadril (RCQ) foram aferidas. A bioimpedância elétrica (BIA) estimou o percentual da gordura corporal total (%GC). A resistência à insulina foi estimada pelo HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment IR index). Os dados foram analisados utilizando o teste de Mann-Whitney e a correlação entre as variáveis numéricas pelo teste de Spearman. A curva ROC (receiver operating characteristic) foi utilizada para avaliar a capacidade preditiva das medidas antropométricas no diagnóstico de RI. A CP foi positivamente correlacionada com a CC, o IMC, RCQ, %TBF e com o HOMA-IR em ambos os sexos. Nas mulheres, a CP apresentou a maior AUC (área sob a curva) para RI. Nos homens, a CC apresentou a maior AUC, seguido pelo IMC e CP. O presente estudo realizado no Sudeste do Brasil sugere que a CP pode predizer a RI, importante marcador de risco cardiovascular, na população idosa atendida na atenção primária de saúde.

Abstract: This study focused on the correlation between neck circumference and other anthropometric measurements and cardiovascular risk factors and insulin resistance in the elderly in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. This was a cross-sectional study in 411 patients seen in primary care. Anthropometric measurements including neck circumference, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-hip ratio (WHR) were recorded. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) estimated the percentage of total body fat (%TBF). Insulin resistance was estimated by HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment IR index). The data were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney test and the correlation between numerical variables by Spearman’s test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) was used to assess the anthropometric measurements’ predictive capacity to diagnosis insulin resistance. Neck circumference was positively correlated with WC, BMI, WHR, %TBF, and HOMA-IR in both sexes. In women, neck circumference showed higher AUC (area under the curve) for insulin resistance. In men, WC showed higher AUC, followed by BMI and neck circumference. The current study in Southeast Brazil suggests that neck circumference can predict insulin resistance, an important marker of cardiovascular risk in the elderly population treated in primary care.

Resumen: El presente estudio investigó la correlación de la circunferencia del cuello (CP) y otras medidas antropométricas con los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares y resistencia a la insulina (RI) en ancianos de Niterói, Río de Janeiro, Brasil. Fue realizado estudio transversal con 411 pacientes en la atención primaria de salud. Medidas antropométricas como CP, índice de masa corporal (IMC), circunferencia de la cintura (CC) y razón cintura-cadera (RCC) fueron tomadas con precisión. La bioimpedancia eléctrica (BIA) estimó el porcentaje de la grasa corporal total (%GC). La resistencia a la insulina se estimó por el HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment IR index). Los datos se analizaron utilizando el test de Mann-Whitney y la correlación entre las variables numéricas por el test de Spearman. La curva ROC (receiver operating characteristic) fue utilizada para evaluar la capacidad predictiva de las medidas antropométricas en el diagnóstico de RI. La CP fue positivamente correlacionada con la CC, el IMC, RCC, %TBF y con el HOMA-IR en ambos sexos. En las mujeres, la CP presentó la mayor AUC (área bajo la curva) para RI. En los hombres, la CC presentó la mayor AUC, seguido por el IMC y CP. El presente estudio realizado en el sudeste de Brasil sugiere que la CP puede predecir la RI, importante marcador de riesgo cardiovascular, en la población anciana atendida en la atención primaria de salud.

Resumo: O presente estudo investigou a correlação da circunferência do pescoço (CP) e outras medidas antropométricas com os fatores de risco cardiovasculares e resistência insulínica (RI) em idosos de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Foi realizado estudo transversal com 411 pacientes na atenção primária de saúde. Medidas antropométricas como CP, índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência da cintura (CC) e razão cintura-quadril (RCQ) foram aferidas. A bioimpedância elétrica (BIA) estimou o percentual da gordura corporal total (%GC). A resistência à insulina foi estimada pelo HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment IR index). Os dados foram analisados utilizando o teste de Mann-Whitney e a correlação entre as variáveis numéricas pelo teste de Spearman. A curva ROC (receiver operating characteristic) foi utilizada para avaliar a capacidade preditiva das medidas antropométricas no diagnóstico de RI. A CP foi positivamente correlacionada com a CC, o IMC, RCQ, %TBF e com o HOMA-IR em ambos os sexos. Nas mulheres, a CP apresentou a maior AUC (área sob a curva) para RI. Nos homens, a CC apresentou a maior AUC, seguido pelo IMC e CP. O presente estudo realizado no Sudeste do Brasil sugere que a CP pode predizer a RI, importante marcador de risco cardiovascular, na população idosa atendida na atenção primária de saúde.

Abstract: This study focused on the correlation between neck circumference and other anthropometric measurements and cardiovascular risk factors and insulin resistance in the elderly in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. This was a cross-sectional study in 411 patients seen in primary care. Anthropometric measurements including neck circumference, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-hip ratio (WHR) were recorded. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) estimated the percentage of total body fat (%TBF). Insulin resistance was estimated by HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment IR index). The data were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney test and the correlation between numerical variables by Spearman’s test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) was used to assess the anthropometric measurements’ predictive capacity to diagnosis insulin resistance. Neck circumference was positively correlated with WC, BMI, WHR, %TBF, and HOMA-IR in both sexes. In women, neck circumference showed higher AUC (area under the curve) for insulin resistance. In men, WC showed higher AUC, followed by BMI and neck circumference. The current study in Southeast Brazil suggests that neck circumference can predict insulin resistance, an important marker of cardiovascular risk in the elderly population treated in primary care.

Resumen: El presente estudio investigó la correlación de la circunferencia del cuello (CP) y otras medidas antropométricas con los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares y resistencia a la insulina (RI) en ancianos de Niterói, Río de Janeiro, Brasil. Fue realizado estudio transversal con 411 pacientes en la atención primaria de salud. Medidas antropométricas como CP, índice de masa corporal (IMC), circunferencia de la cintura (CC) y razón cintura-cadera (RCC) fueron tomadas con precisión. La bioimpedancia eléctrica (BIA) estimó el porcentaje de la grasa corporal total (%GC). La resistencia a la insulina se estimó por el HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment IR index). Los datos se analizaron utilizando el test de Mann-Whitney y la correlación entre las variables numéricas por el test de Spearman. La curva ROC (receiver operating characteristic) fue utilizada para evaluar la capacidad predictiva de las medidas antropométricas en el diagnóstico de RI. La CP fue positivamente correlacionada con la CC, el IMC, RCC, %TBF y con el HOMA-IR en ambos sexos. En las mujeres, la CP presentó la mayor AUC (área bajo la curva) para RI. En los hombres, la CC presentó la mayor AUC, seguido por el IMC y CP. El presente estudio realizado en el sudeste de Brasil sugiere que la CP puede predecir la RI, importante marcador de riesgo cardiovascular, en la población anciana atendida en la atención primaria de salud.

RESUMO: CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: A prevalência de deficiência de vitamina B12 varia de 5,8% a 30% nos pacientes em tratamento a longo prazo com metformina. Devido à escassez de dados em pacientes brasileiros, este estudo determinou a frequência de deficiência de B12 e fatores relacionados em pacientes brasileiros com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) usando metformina. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal em hospital público universitário. MÉTODOS: Pacientes com DM2 e um grupo controle de não diabéticos foram incluídos. Os níveis séricos de vitamina B12 foram dosados e deficiência bioquímica de B12 foi definida como níveis séricos < 180 pg/ml. Foi investigada a associação entre deficiência de B12 e idade, duração do DM2, duração do uso e dose de metformina, uso de inibidores de bomba de prótons (IBP) ou antagonistas dos receptores histamínicos H2 (antagonistas-H2). RESULTADOS: 231 pacientes DM2 usando metformina (DM2-met) e 231 controles foram incluídos. Não houve diferença na frequência de uso de IBP/antagonistas-H2 entre os grupos. Deficiência de B12 foi mais frequente no grupo DM2-met (22,5% versus 7,4%) e essa diferença persistiu após exclusão dos usuários de IBP/antagonistas-H2 (17,9% versus 5,6%). Fatores que interferiram nos níveis séricos de B12 foram: uso de IBP/antagonistas-H2 e duração do uso de metformina ≥ 10 anos. O uso de IBP/antagonistas-H2 associou-se com deficiência de B12, com um risco relativo de 2,60 (95% intervalo de confiança, 1,34-5,04). CONCLUSÕES: Considerando pacientes com DM2, o tratamento com metformina e uso concomitante de IBP/antagonistas-H2 estão associados com maior chance de desenvolver deficiência de B12 quando comparado aos não diabéticos.

ABSTRACT: CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency varies from 5.8% to 30% among patients undergoing long-term treatment with metformin. Because of the paucity of data on Brazilian patients, this study aimed to determine the frequency of B12 deficiency and related factors among Brazilian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using metformin. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study at a public university hospital. METHODS: Patients with T2DM and a control group of non-diabetics were included. Serum B12 levels were measured and biochemical B12 deficiency was defined as serum levels < 180 pg/ml. Associations between B12 deficiency and age, duration of T2DM, duration of use and dosage of metformin, and use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or histamine H2 antagonists were determined. RESULTS: 231 T2DM patients using metformin (T2DM-met) and 231 controls were included. No difference in the frequency of PPI or H2-antagonist use was seen between the groups. B12 deficiency was more frequent in the T2DM-met group (22.5% versus 7.4%) and this difference persisted after excluding PPI/H2-antagonist users (17.9% versus 5.6%). The factors that interfered with serum B12 levels were PPI/H2-antagonist use and duration of metformin use ≥ 10 years. Use of PPI/H2-antagonists was associated with B12 deficiency, with an odds ratio of 2.60 (95% confidence interval, 1.34-5.04). CONCLUSIONS: Among T2DM patients, treatment with metformin and concomitant use of PPI/H2-antagonists are associated with a higher chance of developing B12 deficiency than among non-diabetics.

Fundamento: A Síndrome Metabólica (SM) é uma agregação de fatores de risco que aumenta a incidência de eventos cardiovasculares e Diabete Melito (DM). O envelhecimento da população vem acompanhado de maior prevalência de SM, que varia dependendo da população estudada e do critério diagnóstico utilizado. Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de SM em idosos por quatro critérios diagnósticos e a concordância entre esses. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado em 243 indivíduos acima de 60 anos (180 mulheres) em Niterói (RJ). Foram avaliados através de exame clínico glicemia jejum, insulinemia jejum, perfil lipídico e medidas antropométricas - peso, estatura, circunferência abdominal e relação cintura/quadril. A prevalência de SM foi estimada utilizando critérios diagnósticos da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) modificado, National Cholesterol Education Program - Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATPIII), International Diabetes Federation (IDF) e Joint Interim Statement (JIS). Resultados: A prevalência foi elevada pelos quatro critérios, OMS (51,9%), NCEP-ATPIII (45,2%), IDF (64,1%) e JIS (69,1%), e a concordância entre os critérios diagnósticos pelo índice kappa foi moderada em quase todas as comparações OMS vs. IDF (k = 0,47; intervalo de confiança (IC) 95%, 0,35 - 0,58); OMS vs. NCEP-ATPIII (k = 0,51; IC 95%, 0,40 - 0,61); OMS vs. JIS (k = 0,45; IC 95%, 0,33 - 0,56); IDF vs. NCEP-ATPIII (k = 0,55, IC 95%, 0,45 - 0,65) e NCEP-ATPIII vs. JIS (k = 0,53; IC 95%, 0,43 - 0,64), exceto entre IDF vs. JIS (K= 0,89; IC 95%, 0,83 - 0,95), considerada boa. Conclusão: A prevalência de SM foi elevada pelos quatro critérios diagnósticos, principalmente pelo JIS. Houve uma boa concordância entre os critérios JIS e IDF e moderada entre os outros.

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is an aggregation of risk factors that increase the incidence of cardiovascular events and diabetes mellitus (DM). Population aging is accompanied by higher prevalence of MS, which varies depending on the population studied and the diagnostic criteria used. Objective: To determine prevalence of MS in the elderly using four diagnostic criteria and agreement between them. Methods: Cross-sectional study on 243 patients older than 60 years (180 women) in Niterói, RJ. They were evaluated by clinical examination, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, lipid profile and anthropometric measurements - weight, height, waist circumference and waist/hip ratio. Prevalence of MS was estimated by World Health Organization (WHO) modified, National Cholesterol Education Program - Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III), International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and Joint Interim Statement (JIS) criteria. Results: Prevalence was high with the four criteria WHO (51.9%), NCEP-ATPIII (45.2%), IDF (64.1%) and JIS (69.1%), and agreement between criteria by kappa was moderate in almost all comparisons WHO vs. IDF (k = 0.47;95% confidence interval (CI), 0.35 to 0.58); WHO vs. NCEP-ATPIII (k = 0.51; 95% CI, 0.40 to 0.61); WHO vs. JIS (k = 0.45; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.56); IDF vs. NCEP-ATPIII (k = 0.55; 95% CI, 0.45 to 0.65) and NCEP-ATPIII vs. JIS (k = 0.53; 95% CI, 0.43-0.64), except between IDF vs. JIS (K = 0.89;95% CI, 0.83 to 0.95), which was considered good. Conclusion: Prevalence of MS was high with the four diagnostic criteria, mainly by JIS. There was good agreement between JIS and IDF criteria and moderate among the others.

OBJETIVO: O presente estudo visa testar a possibilidade de que indivíduos não diabéticos, com glicemia de jejum < 126 mg/dL e com HbA1c alterada, já apresentem diminuição na filtração glomerular estimada (FGe) e aumento do MCP-1, em comparação com aqueles com HbA1c normal, independente de outras alterações metabólicas. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Este estudo utilizou dados do Estudo CAMELIA (cardiometabólico renal familiar), de julho de 2006 a dezembro de 2007, com visitas aos módulos do Programa Médico de Família (PMF) de Niterói, RJ. RESULTADOS: Verificamos associação independente entre a alteração da HbA1c (≥ 5,7 e < 6,5% versus < 5,7%) e diminuição da taxa de filtração glomerular estimada. A HbA1c mostrou ser um marcador subclínico de alterações metabólicas em pacientes não diabéticos e com glicemia de jejum < 126 mg/dL, em especial na população de mulheres e de indivíduos com a cor da pele preta. CONCLUSÃO: Essas observações indicam a possibilidade de se utilizar a HbA1c no intuito de se triar grupos de risco, visando propor estratégias de intervenção precoce e, assim, promover a prevenção de doenças crônicas, como diabetes e doença renal crônica.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims investigate if nondiabetic subjects with fasting glucose < 126 mg/dL but altered HbA1c already have lower estimated glomerular filtration (eGFR) and high serum MCP-1 levels in comparison to nondiabetics with normal HbA1c, independent of other metabolic changes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were derived from the database of the CAMELIA (cardio-metabolic-renal family) study, a cross sectional study performed between July 2006 and December 2007, with participants recruited from the Family Doctor Program, Niterói, RJ. RESULTS: An independent association between changes in HbA1c (≥ 5.7 and < 6.5% versus < 5.7%) and decreased eGFR rate was found. The HbA1c was shown to be a marker of metabolic changes in nondiabetic subjects with fasting glucose < 126 mg/dL, particularly in women and blacks. CONCLUSION: These observations support the use of HbA1c levels in strategies for early intervention and prevention of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease.