Objective: To detect latent patterns of drug-related problems and their predictors among adolescents. Methods: A three-wave randomized controlled trial was conducted among 6,391 7th and 8th graders (51.02% girls) at 72 public schools in six Brazilian cities to evaluate the #Tamojunto school-based drug prevention program. Patterns of drug use and behavior problems were identified through latent class analysis, and logistic regression analyses were used to detect predictors of high-risk and low-risk groups. Results: Two groups were found that best explained the patterns of drug use and problem behaviors: high drug use/high problems and low drug use/low problems, representing 36.7 and 63.3% of the sample, respectively. No program effect was a determinant of the risk of belonging to these groups. Any reported problem behavior in the year preceding baseline assessment increased the likelihood of belonging to the high-risk group at the 21-month follow-up by 16 times. Alcohol use at baseline and female gender increased the likelihood of belonging to the high-risk group by 70%. Conclusion: Previous behavior problems and alcohol use were the strongest predictors of higher risk, suggesting that effective earlier interventions and early screening for alcohol use and behavioral problems are needed at schools, particularly for girls. Clinical trial registration: Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos (REBEC), RBR-4mnv5g

Objectives: To study the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in adolescents with and without type 1 diabetes, the factors associated with its presence, and to test the reliability of a screening tool for use in clinical settings. Methods: Eighty-one adolescents were enrolled in this case-control study, including 36 diabetic participants and 45 controls. Clinical and sociodemographic data were collected and psychiatric symptoms and diagnoses were obtained from adolescents and their parents using a screening tool (Strengths & Difficulties Questionnaire) and a semi-structured interview (Development and Well-Being Assessment). Results: Psychiatric disorders were identified in 22.2% of the sample (30.56% among diabetic adolescents vs. 15.56% of controls: OR = 2.39, 95%CI 0.82-6.99; p = 0.11). Overweight (body mass index percentile ≥ 85) was the only factor associated with psychiatric disorder (OR = 3.07; 95%CI 1.03-9.14; p = 0.04). Compared to the semi-structured interview, the screening instrument showed 80% sensitivity, 96% specificity, 88.9% positive predictive value and 92.3% negative predictive value for the presence of psychiatric diagnoses in adolescents. Conclusion: Psychiatric morbidity was high in this sample of adolescents, especially among those with diabetes. Routine use of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire can help with early detection of psychiatric disorders in this at-risk group.

Abstract Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nail caused by high densities of filamentous fungi and yeasts. Treatment for this illness is long-term, and recurrences are frequently detected. This study evaluated in vitro antifungal activities of 12 organic compounds derived from amino alcohols against standard fungal strains, such as Trichophyton rubrum CCT 5507 URM 1666, Trichophyton mentagrophytes ATCC 11481, and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. The antifungal compounds were synthesized from p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (4a-4f) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (9a-9f). Minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum fungicidal concentrations were determined according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute protocols M38-A2, M27-A3, and M27-S4. The amine series 4b-4e, mainly 4c and 4e compounds, were effective against filamentous fungi and yeast (MIC from 7.8 to 312 µg/mL). On the other hand, the amide series (9a-9f) did not present inhibitory effect against fungi, except amide 9c, which demonstrated activity only against C. albicans. This allowed us to infer that the presence of amine group and intermediate carbon number (8C-11C) in its aliphatic side chain seems to be important for antifungal activity. Although these compounds present cytotoxic activity on macrophages J774, our results suggest that these aromatic compounds might constitute potential as leader molecules in the development of more effective and less toxic analogs that could have considerable implications for future therapies of onychomycosis.

Diaminas N-monoalquiladas foram sintetizadas e tratadas com D-ribonolactona ou D-gliconolactona. As aldonamidas resultantes foram avaliadas para atividade antimicrobiana contra S. aureus, E. coli, M. tuberculosis and C. albicans. Duas hidrazidas foram também preparadas a partir da ribonoidrazida e suas atividades biológicas comparadas com aquelas de análogos amida. Todos os derivados da ribonolactona mostraram ter atividade antitubercular moderada, alguns foram ativos também contra S. aureus.

N-monoalkylated diamines were synthesised and treated with D-ribonolactone or D-gluconolactone. The resulting aldonamides were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, E. coli, M. tuberculosis and C. albicans. Two hydrazides were also prepared from ribonohydrazide and their biological activity was compared to their amide analogues. All the ribono-derivatives displayed moderated antitubercular activity, and some of them were also active against S. aureus.