RESUMO A anestesia locorregional reduz o requerimento de agentes inalatórios e diminui as respostas autonômicas a estímulos cirúrgicos nocivos. Objetiva-se descrever um bloqueio anestésico do plexo braquial guiado por neuroestimulador em jumento, submetido à amputação do membro anterior direito. Foi realizada medicação pré-anestésica com detomidina 0,01mg.kg-1, indução com diazepam 0,05mg.kg-1 e cetamina 2mg.kg-1, todos pela via intravenosa (IV), e a manutenção da anestesia com isoflurano. O plexo braquial foi bloqueado por acesso subescapular, sendo usado neuroestimulador. Utilizou-se 1mg.kg-1 de bupivacaína 0,5% sem vasoconstritor, associada a 1mg.kg-1 de lidocaína 2% sem vasoconstrictor. Os valores de FC e ƒ durante o procedimento cirúrgico variaram de 62 a 78bpm e de 24 a 32rpm, respectivamente. Foram coletadas quatro amostras de sangue para dosagem de cortisol. Este, antes da aplicação da medicação pré-anestésica, foi de 6,4μg/dL e, 30 minutos após a MPA, foi de 2,8μg/dL. A recuperação anestésica foi rápida e sem complicações. O bloqueio do plexo braquial guiado por neuroestimulador mostrou-se eficaz em jumentos, fornecendo analgesia e anestesia satisfatória.

ABSTRACT Locoregional anesthesia reduces the requirement for inhaled agents and reduces the autonomic responses to noxious surgical stimuli. The aim of this study was to describe an anesthetic block of the brachial plexus guided by a neurostimulator in a donkey submitted to right limb amputation. Preanesthetic medication was performed with detomidine 0.01mg.kg-1 induction with diazepam 0.05mg.kg-1 and ketamine 2mg.kg-1 all intravenously, and maintenance of anesthesia with isoflurane. The brachial plexus was blocked by subscapular access, using a neurostimulator. For this purpose, 1mg.kg -1 of bupivacaine 0.5%, without vasoconstrictor, and 1mg.kg- 1 of lidocaine 2%, without vasoconstrictor were used. The values of HR and ƒ during the surgical procedure ranged from 62 to 78bpm, and 24 to 32bpm, respectively. Four blood samples were collected for cortisol dosing. This, prior to the application of the pre-anesthetic medication was 6.4ug/dL and 30 minutes was 2.8ug/dL. Anesthesia recovery was rapid and uncomplicated. Neurostimulator-guided brachial plexus blockade proved to be effective in donkeys, providing satisfactory analgesia and anesthesia.

Abstract This paper presents the results of measurements of medium wave received field strength, HD Radio audio quality and maximum coverage distances in a dense urban region. Analog AM and digital HD Radio signals broadcasting the same content were simultaneously transmitted in São Paulo, the largest city in Brazil. The received signal intensity and the reception quality were recorded along radial routes of up to 45 km from the transmitter under both mobile and static conditions, enabling the comparative assessment of the digital and analog system performances.

ABSTRACT Eriosema campestre var. macrophylum (Grear) Fortunato, Fabaceae, is a native plant of the Brazilian Cerrado and the decoction of its roots has been used by folk medicine for the therapy of inflammatory diseases. In this study we aimed to investigate the effect of the dichloromethane–ethanolic extract of E. campestre roots on the proliferative response of lymphocytes and to examine the profile of IL-2 production. The effect of dichloromethane–ethanolic extract of E. campestre on the proliferation of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes was evaluated by using flow cytometry and the cell supernatants were assayed for IL-2 concentrations by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The phytochemical screening of E. campestre roots was performed to determine the main secondary metabolites through chromogenic and precipitation reactions and by using HPLC-PAD. In addition to the presence of subclasses of flavonoids (flavones and flavonols) in dichloromethane–ethanolic extract of E. campestre, we observed that the extract induced a concentration-dependent decrease in IL-2 levels on the supernatant of the cell cultures as well as an antiproliferative effect on T lymphocytes, including CD4+ and CD8+ cells. The anti-inflammatory effects attributed to E. campestre by folk medicine may partly be explained by its antiproliferative action on T lymphocytes.

Transtracheal puncture has long been known as a safe, low-cost procedure. However, with the advent of bronchoscopy, it has largely been forgotten. Two researchers have suggested the use of α-amylase activity to diagnose salivary aspiration, but the normal values of this enzyme in tracheobronchial secretions are unknown. We aimed to define the normal values of α-amylase activity in tracheobronchial secretions and verify the rate of major complications of transtracheal puncture. From October 2009 to June 2011, we prospectively evaluated 118 patients without clinical or radiological signs of salivary aspiration who underwent transtracheal puncture before bronchoscopy. The patients were sedated with a solution of lidocaine and diazepam until they reached a Ramsay sedation score of 2 or 3. We then cleaned the cervical region and anesthetized the superficial planes with lidocaine. Next, we injected 10 mL of 2% lidocaine into the tracheobronchial tree. Finally, we injected 10 mL of normal saline into the tracheobronchial tree and immediately aspirated the saline with maximum vacuum pressure to collect samples for measurement of the α-amylase level. The α-amylase level mean ± SE, median, and range were 1914 ± 240, 1056, and 24-10,000 IU/L, respectively. No major complications (peripheral desaturation, subcutaneous emphysema, cardiac arrhythmia, or hemoptysis) occurred among 118 patients who underwent this procedure. Transtracheal aspiration is a safe, low-cost procedure. We herein define for the first time the normal α-amylase levels in the tracheobronchial secretions of humans.

Abstract Ageratum fastigiatum (Gardner) R.M. King & H. Rob., a member of the Asteraceae family popularly known in Brazil as "matapasto", is indicated in folk medicine as anti-inflammatory and analgesic. Despite its popular use, little is known about its potential effect on the parameters involved in an inflammatory response. The objective of this study was to characterize the chemical composition of the essential oil from A. fastigiatum and to evaluate the frequency of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma producing cells in peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate in the presence of essential oil from A. fastigiatum. Non-toxic concentrations of essential oil from A. fastigiatum were evaluated in cultures of peripheral blood leucocytes using the trypan blue exclusion assay by flow cytometry. GC–MS analysis revealed that the prevalent compounds identified in the essential oil from A. fastigiatum sample were α-pinene, limonene, trans-caryophyllene, α-humulene, caryophyllene oxide, 1,2-humulene-epoxide, 1,6-humulanodien-3-ol, and α-cadinol. Results showed that exposure to essential oil from A. fastigiatum at concentrations of 0.5 × 10−2 and 1 × 10−2 µl/ml caused no alterations in leukocyte viability as compared to the control group. Both concentrations lowered the percentage of tumor necrosis factor alpha (+)-lymphocytes and neutrophils. There were no changes in the percentage of lymphocytes positive for the interferon gamma cytokine. Our results suggest that part of the anti-inflammatory activity attributed to A. fastigiatum may be due to the effect of some of its components in decreasing the number of cells that produce the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha.

RESUMO A papilomatose é uma doença de natureza crônica e pode causar tumores epiteliais e na mucosa. Não possui predileção por sexo, raça ou idade, mas comumente aparece em animais jovens. As lesões papilares ocorrem principalmente na mucosa bucal, nos lábios, língua e da faringe, além destes, também são encontradas na forma ocular e cutânea. Este estudo teve como objetivo relatar a eficácia da Thuya occidentalis CH12, uma medicação homeopática de uso comum, no tratamento de cães com papilomatose. Os resultados positivos puderam ser vistos, em alguns casos, já na primeira semana do tratamento, em outros, após vinte dias, e o desaparecimento total das lesões, na maioria dos casos, ocorreu com quinze dias. Alicerçada no princípio da similitude, a homeopatia apóia-se na observação experimental de que toda substância capaz de provocar determinados sintomas em uma pessoa sadia, é capaz de curar estes mesmos sintomas em uma pessoa enferma. A Thuya occidentalis provou ser eficiente contra lesões de papilomavírus canina, e apresentou resultados rápidos e com um valor econômico acessível.

ABSTRACT The papillomatosis is a disease of chronic nature and can cause epithelial and mucosa tumors. . It may affect any gender, race or age but is most common in young animals. The papillary lesions occur mainly on the oral mucosa, in the lips, tongue and pharynx, besides appearing also in the eeyes and skin. This study aimed to report the effectiveness of the Thuya occidentalis CH12 , a homeopathic medication commonly used in the treatment of dogs with papillomatosis . The positive results could be noticed, in some cases, even in the first week of treatment , or after twenty days, with the total remission of the lesions occurring in most of the cases within fifteen days . Founded based on the similarity principle, the homeopathy relies on the experimental observation that any substance capable of causing certain symptoms in a healthy person can cure these same symptoms in a sick person. The Thuya occidentalis proved to be effective against canine papillomavirus lesions, and with fast results at an affordable economic value.

Avaliaram-se dois protocolos para a produção de plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) com o sangue de 20 cães adultos. Foram coletados três frascos de sangue em que um deles foi usado para produção do PRP por meio do protocolo A - centrifugação única a 1200rpm/10min -, o outro para fabricação do PRP pelo protocolo B - primeira centrifugação a 1200rpm/10min e a segunda centrifugação a 1600rpm/10min - e o terceiro para realização da contagem plaquetária no sangue total, que serviu de parâmetro para os valores alcançados no PRP. O protocolo no qual foi possível alcançar maior concentração plaquetária foi testado em outros 20 cães para avaliar sua reprodutibilidade. Constatou-se que o protocolo B resultou em maior plaquetometria em 100% das amostras e concluiu-se ser ele eficiente para a produção do PRP em cães.

The objective of this paper was to analyze two protocols for the production of platelet rich plasma (PRP) in dogs. Peripheral blood of 20 adult dogs was collected into three tubes. The first was processed through protocol A - single centrifugation at 1200rpm for 10min - , the second was submitted to protocol B - a first centrifugation at 1200rpm for 10min and a second centrifugation at 1600rpm for 10min - and the third was used to perform platelet count in whole blood, which served as a parameter for values obtained in PRP. The protocol in which it was possible to achieve a higher platelet count was tested in other 20 dogs to evaluate its reproducibility. Protocol B resulted in a superior platelet count in 100% of the samples, concluding that the referred protocol is effective for PRP production in dogs.

Avaliou-se o fracionamento dos carboidratos e das proteínas das gramíneas tropicais tifton 85 (Cynodon dactylon cv Tiffon 85), braquiária (Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu) e tanzânia (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv Tanzânia), cortadas aos 28, 35 e 54 dias de idade. Determinaram-se os teores de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro corrigida para cinzas e proteína (FDN CP), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), lignina (LIG), nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente neutro (NIDN) e nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente ácido (NIDA). Para PB determinaram-se as frações A, B1+B2, B3 e C, e para os carboidratos as frações A+B1, B2 e C. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em arranjo em parcelas (gramíneas) subdivididas (idades de corte). Houve efeito significativo (P<0,05) da idade de corte sobre os teores de MS, FDN CP, NIDN e NIDA. Os teores de PB apresentaram declínio com o avanço da idade. O capim-marandu apresentou teores elevados para as frações A+B1 e B2 dos carboidratos (25,5 e 34,8% dos carboidratos totais, respectivamente) e para as frações A e B1+B2 das proteínas (28,1% aos 35 dias e 53,8% da PB aos 28 dias, respectivamente).

The carbohydrates and proteins fractions of tropical grasses Tifton 85 (Cynodon dactylon cv Tifton 85), brachiaria (Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu), and Tanzania (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv Tanzania) were evaluated at cut ages of 28, 35, and 54 days. Contents of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), fiber in neutral detergent corrected for ashes and protein (NDF CP), fiber in acid detergent (ADF), lignin (LIG), neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN), and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) were determined. For CP, the A, B1+B2, B3, and C fractions were determined. For carbohydrates, the fractions A+B1, B2, and C were measured. A completely randomized split-plot design was used. Effect of cut age on DM, NDF CP, NDIN and ADIN was observed. The CP contents decreased with the progress of the age for the three grasses. The Marandu grass presented high percentage of the fractions A+B1 and B2 for the total carbohydrate (25.5 and 34.8%, respectively) and of the fractions A and B1+B2 for the proteins (28.1% CP at 35 days and 53.8% CP at 28 days, respectively).

Sixteen heifers (¾ Holstein vs. ¼ Zebu) which were feed with elephant grass silage added with cassava hulls as only food and, later, the silage with concentrate. It was estimated the dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility and the fecal production using internal indicators neutral detergent fiber indigestible (NDFi) and acid detergent fiber indigestible (ADFi), which were compared to the total collection method. The use of the NDFi to estimate the fecal excretion and the silage DM and NDF digestibility showed statistical difference (p<0.05) relative to that obtained by the total collection. The NDFi overestimated the fecal production and underestimated the DM and NDF digestibility, what can be attributed to the experimental material inherent variability. The fecal excretion, estimated by the NDFi and ADFi, of the diets differed statistically (p<0.05) and was different to that obtained by total collection. The ADFi overestimated the fecal production and underestimated the DM and NDF digestibility, a result, different of that found when the fecal excretion was estimated and analised the digestibility of the silage with different levels of cassava hulls only in the present experiment. More studies with indicators should be realized.

Utilizaram-se 16 novilhas (¾ Holandês vs. ¼ Zebu), para as quais foi fornecida silagem de capim elefante acrescida de bagaço de mandioca como alimento único e, posteriormente, a silagem mais concentrado. Estimou-se a digestibilidade da matéria seca (MS) e da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) além da produção fecal por meio dos indicadores internos fibra em detergente neutro indigestíveis (FDNi) e fibra em detergente ácido indigestíveis (FDAi), os quais foram comparados ao método da coleta total. A utilização da FDNi para estimar a excreção fecal e digestibilidade da MS e da FDN da silagem apresentou diferença estatística (p<0,05) em relação àquela obtida pela coleta total. A FDNi superestimou a produção fecal e subestimou a digestibilidade da MS e da FDN, o que pode ser atribuído à variabilidade inerente ao material experimental. A excreção fecal estimada pela FDNi e pela FDAi das dietas diferiu estatisticamente (p<0,05) e foi diferente, da obtida pela coleta total. A FDAi superestimou a produção fecal e subestimou a digestibilidade da MS e da FDN e a FDNi subestimou a excreção fecal e superestimou a digestibilidade da MS e da FDN, resultado diferente ao encontrado quando foi estimada a excreção fecal e avaliada a digestibilidade apenas da silagem com diferentes níveis de bagaço de mandioca no presente experimento. Mais estudos com indicadores, devem ser realizados.

Utilizaram-se 16 novilhas ¾ Holandês-Zebu com idade média de 15 meses e peso médio inicial de 144kg, para avaliar o efeito da adição de diferentes níveis (5; 10; 15 e 20%) de bagaço de mandioca na ensilagem do capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum) sobre a qualidade e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes da dieta. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro dietas contendo, como volumoso, silagem de capim-elefante com quatro diferentes níveis de bagaço de mandioca, mais concentrado balanceado, com quatro repetições por tratamento. Avaliou-se a qualidade das silagens, os consumos de nutrientes das dietas e as digestibilidades dos nutrientes das silagens e das dietas totais. O bagaço de mandioca elevou o teor de matéria seca (MS) da silagem, preservando-a com o pH que variou de 3,85 a 4,07 e a relação N-NH3/NT de 6,2 a 7,85. Os consumos médios diários de MS e proteína bruta (PB) não diferiram entre os tratamentos (P>0,05). Os consumos médios de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) apresentaram comportamento linear decrescente (P<0,05) com o aumento dos níveis de bagaço de mandioca. Não foi detectada diferença entre os tratamentos (P>0,05) na digestibilidade da MS (DMS), da FDN (DFDN) e da FDA (DFDA) das silagens. Os nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) das silagens foram semelhantes em todos os tratamentos. A digestibilidade da PB (DPB), do extrato etéreo (DEE) e dos carboidratos não-fibrosos (DCNF) das silagens decresceu linearmente (P<0,05) com o aumento do nível do bagaço de mandioca nas silagens. Constatou-se que não houve diferença (P>0,05) na DMS, DPB, DFDN, DFDA, DEE, DCNF e NDT entre as dietas experimentais. O nível de adição de 5% de bagaço de mandioca à silagem de capim-elefante é satisfatório para sua preservação, propiciando boa digestibilidade.

Sixteen ¾ Holstein-Zebu heifers aging 15 month-old averaging 144kg were used to evaluate the effect of the additions of different levels of cassava bagasse (5; 10; 15 and 20%) to elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum) ensilage on the diet quality and nutrients digestibility. The treatments consisted of four diets containing, as roughage, elephant grass silage with four different levels of cassava bagasse plus balanced concentrate, with four repetitions per treatment. Silages quality, diet nutrients intake and nutrients digestibility of the silages and total diets were evaluated. Cassava bagasse increased the dry matter (DM) content, of the silages preserving them with a pH varying from 3.85 to 4.07 and N-NH3/NT ratio from 6.2 to 7.85. Daily dry matter and crude protein (CP) mean intakes did not differ among the treatments (P>0.05). Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) mean intakes showed a decreasing linear behavior (P<0.05) with the increase of cassava bagasse levels. There was no detected difference among the treatments (P>0.05) for DM (DMD), NDF (NDFD) and ADF digestibility (ADFD). The total digestible nutrients (TDN) of the silages were similar in all the treatments. The CP (CPD), ether extract (EED) and non-fiber carbohydrates digestibility (NFCD) of the silages decreased linearly (P<0.05) with the increase of cassava bagasse levels. There was no difference (P>0.05) in DMD, CPD, NDFD, ADFD, EED, NFCD and TDN among the experimental diets. The 5% cassava bagasse addition to its elephant grass silage was satisfactory to preservation resulting in good digestibility of the elephant grass silage.

Avaliou-se o efeito da adição de diferentes níveis (5; 10; 15 e 20%) de bagaço de mandioca na ensilagem do capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum) sobre o desempenho de novilhas leiteiras. Utilizaram-se 16 novilhas ¾ Holandês × Zebu, com idade média de 15 meses e peso vivo inicial de 144kg, com quatro repetições por tratamento. O experimento constou de 14 dias de adaptação, quando as novilhas receberam apenas silagem, e 56 dias de período experimental. Realizaram-se pesagens e tomadas as medidas da altura de cernelha e da circunferência torácica, após jejum de 16 horas, no início do experimento e no 28º e 56º dias. Os consumos médios diários de matéria seca (MS) e proteína bruta não diferiram entre tratamentos (P>0,05). Os consumos médios de fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido apresentaram comportamento linear decrescente (P<0,05). O desempenho foi verificado por meio das médias do peso vivo inicial, do peso vivo final, do ganho de peso médio diário, do aumento de perímetro torácico, do aumento de altura de cernelha e da conversão alimentar da MS. Não se observou influência dos tratamentos (P>0,05) sobre as características estudadas.

The effect of cassava bagasse addition levels (5, 10, 15 and 20%) to elephantgrass silage on dairy heifers performance was evaluated. Sixteen ¾ Holstein x Zebu heifers with 15 months of age and 144kg of initial body weight were used in a completely randomized block design with four replicates and four treatments. The experiment was carried out for 56 days after and adaptation period of 14 days in which the heifers were fed the respective treatment diets. Weight, withers height and thoracic circumference were recorded often 16 hours fasting at the beginning of the experiment and at days 28 and 56. No differences between treatments were observed for day mother (DM) and crude protein daily intake. The neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber showed a linear reduction behavior. No treatment effects were observed for final body weight, daily weight gain, thoracic perimeter, withers height and DM feed efficiency.

We evaluated the relationship of leptin with hypertension adjusted for body mass index (BMI) and/or waist circumference in a population of Japanese-Brazilian women aged > or = 30 years with centrally distributed adiposity. After excluding diabetic subjects, the study subjects - who participated in a population-based study on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome - showed prevalence rates of obesity (BMI > or = 25 kg/m²) and central adiposity (waist > or = 80 cm) of 32.0 and 37.8%, respectively. The hypertensive group (N = 162) was older, had higher BMI (24.9 ± 4.2 vs 23.3 ± 3.4 kg/m², P < 0.001), waist circumference (81.1 ± 10.1 vs 76.3 ± 8.2 cm, P < 0.001) and insulin levels (8.0 ± 6.2 vs 7.1 ± 4.9 µU/mL, P < 0.05) than the normotensive group (N = 322) and showed an unfavorable metabolic profile (higher 2-h plasma glucose, C-reactive protein and non-HDL cholesterol levels). Leptin did not differ between groups (8.2 ± 6.8 vs 7.2 ± 6.6 ng/mL, P = 0.09, for hypertensive vs normotensive, respectively) and its levels correlated significantly with anthropometric variables but not with blood pressure. Logistic regression analysis indicated that age and waist were independently associated with hypertension but not with homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance or leptin levels. The lack of an independent association of hypertension with metabolic parameters (2-h glucose, C-reactive protein and non-HDL cholesterol) after adjustment for central adiposity suggested that visceral fat deposition may be the common mediator of the disturbances of the metabolic syndrome. Our data indicate that age and waist are major determinants of hypertension in this population of centrally obese (waist > or = 80 cm) Japanese-Brazilian women, but do not support a role for leptin in the elevation of blood pressure.

Muscoid dipterous insects associated with pig carcass and their parasitoids collected in pasture and wood were collected from savanna (cerrado) at Goiás, Brazil. The species collected more often were: Chrysomya albiceps (89.5%), Ophyra sp. (6.9%) (flies) and Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (33.3%) and Spalangia endius (38.8%) (parasitoids). The parasitism rate was 0.4%.