ABSTRACT Potassium (K) and B are important for phloem translocation, reproductive growth, and grain formation. A 2-yr field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of K and B applied through the soil and foliar application on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Experiments included the soil application of K (62 kg ha-1) and B (5 kg ha-1) and foliar spray of K (1%) and B (0.1%). Furthermore, the soil-applied K and B was supplemented with three foliar sprays of either K, B, or both at 45, 60 and 75 d after sowing. The results revealed that K and B fertilization improved the agronomic parameters of sunflower, including plant height, head diameter, achenes per head, achene weight, yield, seed oil contents and oil quality. The soil applied K at 62 kg ha-1 followed by foliar spray of 1% K + 0.1% B at 45, 60 and 75 DAS resulted in production of taller plants (192 and 172 cm), head diameter (23 and 28 cm), achene per head (954 and 1063), 1000 achene weight (68 and 67.58 g), achene yield (2976 and 2621 kg ha-1), biological yield (11363 and 8430 kg ha-1), oil contents (43.37% and 41.87%), and oleic acid (70.33% and 80.83%) over 2 yr of study. Hence it can be concluded that soil application of 62 kg ha-1 K followed by foliar application of 1% K + 0.1% B is the preferable fertilization strategy for sunflower for improved yield, seed oil contents, and oil quality.

ABSTRACT The goal of this research is to investigate new oxazole derivative from designed series (A1-7; B1-8 & C1-8) in order to find new drug molecules for treatment of Diabetes Mellitus (DM). The PPAR receptor was chosen as the target of molecular docking investigations, which were executed using PyRx software. In silico analyses, including physicochemical properties, drug score, drug likeness, solubility, and toxicity prediction, were conducted using software such as Swiss ADME, Osiris property explorer, Lipinski filter and Toxtree method. All molecules passed the Lipinski rule with the zero violations and synthetic score was also found to be in the easy limit. All ligands showed drug score values ranging from 0.11 to 0.9 (no negative value). Compounds A6, C2, C5, C6, C7 and C8 were shown drug score from 0.91 to 0.80, which is closer to 1 and therefore considered as druggable ligands, when compared with the standard drug, Rosiglitazone and Pioglitazone also found non-toxic. All compounds shown logP values between −0.25 to 4.58. The RMSD value of receptor and receptor-ligand complexes was analyzed, and it revealed the stability of binding interactions and remained stable throughout the simulation. Compound C8 was found highest RMSD score (67.34Å) in compare to other compounds and standard drug Rosiglitazone (64.31Å). The TPSA were found within the range 35.26 to 128.60 and MR also were in the range 32.21-113.62. Compounds were found to be non-substrate for p glycoprotein except C4, high GIA% (>90%), also displayed negative permeability across the BBB, and most of compounds were found inhibitor of CYP 1A2 and CYP 2C19 and non-inhibitor of CYP 2C9, CYP 2D6 and CYP 3A4. Compound C5 was exhibited higher drug score (0.91), bioactivity score and revealed good drug relevant properties, ADME and no toxicity profile in compared to other ligands and standard drugs. The most active compound of the series was found C5 and C8 therefore further studies on this compound continue in our research laboratory to acquire more information about SAR and QSAR. Finally, it is conceivable that further derivatization of these compounds could result in obtaining more selective lead compounds.

Divine revelations in Islam are not restricted to the spiritual well-being of its followers but aim to guide them towards the realisation of a socio-political organisation, a polity, wherein they can achieve spiritual as well as socio-political excellence. Because of the immense significance of socio-political organisation in Islam, the governance of socio-political organisation is one of the key topics in Islam. The principles of the governance of socio-political organisation in Islam are based on certain divine traditions. This article focusses on five major Islamic divine traditions outlined in Islamic revelatory culture: firstly, the divine tradition of guidance and misguidance; secondly, the divine tradition of Ni'mat [Blessings] and their reversal; thirdly, the divine tradition of the triumph of Haqq' [Truth] over Báṭil [Falsehood]; fourthly, the divine tradition of the destruction of the oppressors and fifthly, the divine tradition of trial. This article attempts to show that these five Islamic divine traditions form the foundation for the structure and function of the governance system of the first Muslim polity, the city-state of Medina. CONTRIBUTION: This article highlights the role of Islamic divine traditions in the structure and function of the governance system of the first Muslim polity, the city-state of Medina

Abstract As dams play a very important role in the optimum use of water resources, it is very important to keep them stable and the water stored in the reservoir. It is particularly important to investigate how water moves through rocks and the permeability and quality of the rock mass in structures like dams. Therefore, one of the issues considered in dam stability is monitoring the quantity of leaks. In this research, the engineering geological and geotechnical parameters of the rock mass for the construction of the Kurit Dam located in the city of Tabas in eastern Iran were evaluated. Initially, following the determination of geotechnical parameters, the engineering classification of the rock mass of the study area was carried out. In addition, in order to study and trace the water evacuation routes of the dam construction, two parameters of the RQD and Lugeon were studied and modelled. Analyses have been conducted to examine the permeability and rock quality index in three parts of the left and right abutment, the dam's axis and reservoir with geostatistics and kriging methods. Three-dimensional model of the construction of the Kurit dam was presented and the results were analyzed. Based on the results, the quality of the rock mass in the right and left abutments is arguably better than the dam axis and reservoir. Additionally, as the depth increases, the permeability decreases and the permeability is higher at shallow depths. The highest level of permeability is located at the surface and near the B H 4 borehole.

RESUMEN En el presente estudio examinamos el impacto del calentamiento climático en la variabilidad de los principales impulsores climáticos en el hemisferio norte, utilizando 40 años (1979-2018) de datos de reanálisis de ERA-Interim. Para identificar regiones con variabilidad significativa de espesor de 500-1000 hPa, aplicamos el estimador de pendiente de Sen y la prueba de significancia de Mann-Kendall. Los hallazgos revelan que el calentamiento climático es particularmente pronunciado en latitudes que fluctúan entre 80º y 90º y también en regiones subtropicales. El aumento de espesor es más notable en las latitudes medias durante el verano, debido al calentamiento climático. La pendiente más pronunciada observada en otoño indica un ritmo de calentamiento más rápido en comparación con otras estaciones. A pesar del calentamiento climático, tendencias significativas en los sistemas de circulación atmosférica a gran escala demuestran el fortalecimiento de la alta presión siberiana en invierno y otoño; además, un segmento del núcleo del sistema de alta presión de las Azores también se fortalece durante el invierno. Por el contrario, los sistemas de baja presión del monzón y de las Aleutianas se debilitan en primavera e invierno, respectivamente. El sistema subtropical de alta presión exhibe una tendencia positiva y significativa en invierno, primavera y verano, alineándose con las tendencias positivas significativas observadas en el espesor atmosférico, lo cual confirma los efectos del calentamiento climático.

ABSTRACT In the present study, we examine the impact of climate warming on the variability of the main climatic drivers in the northern hemisphere, using 40 years (1979-2018) of ERA-Interim reanalysis data. We applied Sen’s slope estimator and the Mann-Kendall significance test to identify regions with significant variability of 500-1000 hPa thickness. The findings reveal that climate warming is particularly pronounced at latitudes ranging from 80º to 90º and also in subtropical regions. The increase in thickness is most notable in mid-latitudes during the summer season, owing to climate warming. The steeper trend slope observed in autumn indicates a faster warming rate compared to other seasons. Moreover, despite climate warming, significant trends in large-scale atmospheric circulation systems demonstrate the strengthening of the Siberian high-pressure in winter and autumn. Additionally, a segment of the core of the Azores high-pressure system has also experienced strengthening during winter. Conversely, the monsoon and Aleutian low-pressure systems have weakened in spring and winter, respectively. The subtropical high-pressure system exhibits a positive and significant trend in winter, spring, and summer, aligning with the positive significant trends observed in atmospheric thickness, thereby confirming the effects of climate warming.

Abstract Anatomically, the digestive system of oxudercinae lacks a distinct stomach, and that is why this group of fish is classified as stomachless. Since the environment, dietary requirements, and eating habits strongly influence the anatomy of the fish's digestive system, mudskippers (Periophthalmus waltoni) appear to have a stomach due to their carnivorous nature. The present study was undertaken to confirm the presence of stomach in P. waltoni and for this purpose, histological and immunohistochemical methods were used in this study. The results of this study showed that despite absence of an anatomical and distinct stomach, histological point of view the digestive system of this species was divided into 4 distinct parts; esophagus, stomach, intestine, and rectum. The stomach consisted of tubular glands in which the oxynticopeptic cells were present. In an immunohistochemical examination, the observation of the protein channels H+/K+ ATPase and Na+/K+/Cl cotransporter in the membrane of the oxynticopeptic cells confirmed the function of the stomach. In conclusion, the digestive system of P. waltoni is consist of the esophagus, stomach, intestines, and rectum, anatomically. Microscopic evaluation of digestive system indicated that unlike some other species, the Stomach is existed in P. waltoni, but has not any secretion of acid. Anatomically stomachless environment requirements fishs s Periophthalmus nature P purpose parts esophagus intestine rectum examination HK H K H+/K NaKCl Na Cl conclusion intestines anatomically acid

Abstract Introduction Psoriasis (PsO) is an immune-mediated chronic inflammatory disease that results in severe outcomes that impact the patient's quality of life and work productivity. We investigated the effectiveness of secukinumab in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) over a 12-month period. Methods This was a longitudinal, retrospective study of the medical records of 81 patients with psoriasis and/or psoriatic arthritis who had been treated with secukinumab for at least 12 weeks. Results The Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI), Body Surface Area (BSA) percentage, and Dermatology Quality of Life Index (DLQI) among patients with PsO and PsO-PsA showed a statistically significant decrease from baseline over 12 months by approximately 9.86, 19.3%, and 9.7, respectively (p values < 0.001 for each). Moreover, there was a statistically significant decrease in the overall Disease Activity in Psoriatic Arthritis score (DAPSA) by approximately 22.35 from baseline over 12 months of treatment (p < 0.001). Considering the patients who started secukinumab 12 months or more prior to the study cutoff date, the 12-month retention rate was 85%. Conclusion In a Saudi real-world setting, secukinumab proved to be an efficient medication with high efficacy and retention rates. (PsO immunemediated immune mediated patient s productivity PsA (PsA 12month month period longitudinal 8 andor 1 weeks PASI, PASI , (PASI) BSA (BSA percentage DLQI (DLQI PsOPsA 986 9 86 9.86 193 19 3 19.3% 97 7 9.7 p 0001 0 001 0.00 each. each . each) Moreover DAPSA (DAPSA 2235 22 35 22.3 0.001. 0.001) date 85 85% realworld real world setting rates (PASI 98 9.8 19.3 9. 000 00 0.0 223 2 22. 19. 0.

Abstract: Background: Increased energy consumption in agriculture has led to growing environmental concerns and higher costs. The evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds may affect the herbicide application rate, energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Objective: This study investigated the effect of herbicide resistance in weeds on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in wheat fields of Golestan province, Iran. Methods: The data were collected from 351 wheat fields in Golestan province with respect to the proper distribution of sampling points. The farms were categorized into four classes according to the previous studies: 1) non-resistant fields; 2) fields with resistance to ACCase (acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase) inhibitors; 3) fields with resistance to ALS (acetolactate synthase) inhibitors; and 4) fields with resistance to both ACCase and ALS inhibitors. Then, input and output energy, energy use efficiency, energy productivity, specific energy, net energy, percentage of direct, indirect, renewable and non-renewable energies, and greenhouse gas emission during wheat production were calculated. Results: Compared to non-resistant fields, evolution of resistance to herbicides led to increased energy consumption (5.7-8.2%) and yield loss (21.8-25.6%) and consequently, there was a decrease in net energy (25.6-31.3%), energy productivity (27.2-31.8%) and energy use efficiency (24.7-30.4%). Also, greenhouse gas emissions from the non-resistant fields were 7.4-10.0% lower than in the fields with herbicide-resistant weeds. Conclusions: Noting the negative effect of herbicide resistance in terms of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission, efforts to properly manage herbicide-resistant weeds are essential both economically and ecologically. Abstract Background costs rate Objective Iran Methods 35 points studies 1 nonresistant non resistant 2 acetylcoenzyme acetyl coenzyme carboxylase inhibitors 3 acetolactate synthase 4 Then direct indirect nonrenewable energies calculated Results 5.78.2% 5782 5.7 8.2% 5 7 8 (5.7-8.2% 21.825.6% 218256 21.8 25.6% 21 25 6 (21.8-25.6% consequently 25.631.3%, 256313 25.6 31.3% , 31 (25.6-31.3%) 27.231.8% 272318 27.2 31.8% 27 (27.2-31.8% 24.730.4%. 247304 24.7 30.4% . 24 30 (24.7-30.4%) Also 7.410.0% 74100 7.4 10.0% 10 0 7.4-10.0 herbicideresistant Conclusions ecologically 78 5.78.2 578 57 5. 82 8.2 (5.7-8.2 825 21.825.6 21825 218 21. 256 (21.8-25.6 631 25.631.3% 25631 25. 313 31.3 (25.6-31.3% 231 27.231.8 27231 272 27. 318 31.8 (27.2-31.8 730 24.730.4% 24730 247 24. 304 30.4 (24.7-30.4% 410 7.410.0 7410 74 7. 100 10.0 7.4-10. 5.78. 8. (5.7-8. 21.825. 2182 (21.8-25. 63 25.631.3 2563 31. (25.6-31.3 23 27.231. 2723 (27.2-31. 73 24.730.4 2473 30. (24.7-30.4 41 7.410. 741 10. 7.4-10 5.78 (5.7-8 21.825 (21.8-25 25.631. (25.6-31. 27.231 (27.2-31 24.730. (24.7-30. 7.410 7.4-1 (5.7- 21.82 (21.8-2 25.631 (25.6-31 27.23 (27.2-3 24.730 (24.7-30 7.41 7.4- (5.7 (21.8- 25.63 (25.6-3 (27.2- 24.73 (24.7-3 (5. (21.8 (25.6- (27.2 (24.7- (5 (21. (25.6 (27. (24.7 ( (21 (25. (27 (24. (2 (25 (24

Abstract Background Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) are involved in osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis through pro-inflammatory cytokine production. TAK-242, a TLR4 blocker, has been found to have a significant impact on the gene expression profile of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL1-β, IL-6, TNF-α, and TLR4, as well as the phosphorylation of Ikβα, a regulator of the NF-κB signaling pathway, in OA-FLSs. This study aims to investigate this effect because TLR4 plays a crucial role in inflammatory responses. Materials and methods Ten OA patients’ synovial tissues were acquired, and isolated FLSs were cultured in DMEM in order to assess the effectiveness of TAK-242. The treated FLSs with TAK-242 and Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were analyzed for the mRNA expression level of IL1-β, IL-6, TNF-α, and TLR4 levels by Real-Time PCR. Besides, we used western blot to assess the protein levels of Ikβα and pIkβα. Results The results represented that TAK-242 effectively suppressed the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines IL1-β, IL-6, TNF-α, and TLR4 which were overexpressed upon LPS treatment. Additionally, TAK-242 inhibited the phosphorylation of Ikβα which was increased by LPS treatment. Conclusion According to our results, TAK-242 shows promising inhibitory effects on TLR4-mediated inflammatory responses in OA-FLSs by targeting the NF-κB pathway. TLR4 inhibitors, such as TAK-242, may be useful therapeutic agents to reduce inflammation and its associated complications in OA patients, since traditional and biological treatments may not be adequate for all of them. Fibroblastlike Fibroblast like (FLSs (OA proinflammatory pro production TAK242, TAK242 TAK 242, 242 TLR blocker IL1β, IL1β ILβ IL1 β, β IL IL1-β IL6, IL6 6, 6 IL-6 TNFα, TNFα TNF α, α TNF-α NFκB NF κB pathway OAFLSs. OAFLSs FLSs. patients acquired TAK242. 242. TAK-24 (LPS RealTime Real Time PCR Besides pIkβα treatment Additionally TLR4mediated TLRmediated mediated inhibitors them TAK24 24 IL- TAK-2 TAK2 2 TAK-

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide. Fifty million people today are affected by this disease globally. AD has had a tremendous impact on the affected individual, caregiver, and society, in both developed and developing nations. Donepezil—chitosan-gold nanocomposite (Donz-CS-AuNPs) was prepared by co-precipitation technique. Placket-Burman experimental design was used in this work to estimate the effect of the three independent variables (concentration of chitosan, gold, and donepezil) on the dependent variables (loading efficiency, and particle size) by using Minitab 18.1 software. The quantities for the independent variables used were: 10 and 40 mg of donepezil, 24.6 and 73.8 mg of gold, and 500 and 1500 mg of chitosan. The Donz-CS-AuNPs were characterized using energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis spectroscopy and release study. The results of EDX showed strong signals of Au (1.5–2, 2–2.5 and 9.5–10 keV), which confirmed the specific gold peaks from the Donz-CS-AuNPs. The XRD pattern of Donz-CS-AuNPs nanocomposites showed the existence of AuNPs peak at 2θ= 38.2°, 43.8° and 64.5°. The SEM images demonstrated spherical shapes of the AuNPs. In the in vitro release study, the release increased steeply and reached 75% after 1440 min. Alzheimers Alzheimer s (AD worldwide globally individual caregiver society nations Donepezilchitosangold Donepezil chitosan DonzCSAuNPs Donz CS (Donz-CS-AuNPs coprecipitation co precipitation technique PlacketBurman Placket Burman concentration donepezil loading efficiency size 181 18 1 18. software 4 246 24 6 24. 738 73 8 73. 50 150 Xray X ray (EDX analysis XRD, , (XRD) SEM, (SEM) FTIR, FTIR (FTIR) UVVis UV Vis study 1.5–2, 152 5 2 (1.5–2 225 2–2. 9510 9 9.5–1 keV, keV keV) DonzCSAuNPs. 2θ θ 382 38 38.2° 438 43 43.8 645 64 64.5° 75 144 min 7 15 (XRD (SEM (FTIR 1.5–2 (1.5– 22 2–2 951 9.5– 3 38.2 43. 64.5 14 1.5– (1.5 2– 95 9.5 38. 64. 1.5 (1. 9. 1. (1 (

Objectives: Evidence from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and postmortem studies has demonstrated white-matter (WM) deficits in bipolar disorder (BD). Changes in peripheral blood biomarkers have also been observed; however, studies evaluating the potential relationship between brain alterations and the periphery are scarce. The objective of this systematic review is to investigate the relationship between blood-based biomarkers and WM in BD. Methods: PubMed, Embase, and PsycINFO were used to conduct literature searches. Cross-sectional or longitudinal studies reporting original data which investigated both a blood-based biomarker and WM (by neuroimaging) in BD were included. Results: Of 3,750 studies retrieved, 23 were included. Several classes of biomarkers were found to have a significant relationship with WM in BD. These included cytokines and growth factors (interleukin-8 [IL-8], tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 [IGFBP-3]), innate immune system (natural killer cells [NK]), metabolic markers (lipid hydroperoxidase, cholesterol, triglycerides), the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway (5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, kynurenic acid [Kyna]), and various gene polymorphisms (serotonin-transporter-linked promoter region). Conclusion: This systematic review revealed that blood-based biomarkers are associated with markers of WM deficits observed in BD. Longitudinal studies investigating the potential clinical utility of these specific biomarkers are encouraged. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42021279246. Objectives DTI (DTI whitematter white matter (WM . (BD) however scarce bloodbased based Methods PubMed Embase searches Crosssectional Cross sectional by neuroimaging Results 3750 750 3,75 retrieved 2 interleukin8 interleukin 8 (interleukin- IL8, IL8 IL , [IL-8] TNFα, TNFα TNF α [TNF-α] insulinlike insulin like IGFBP3, IGFBP3 IGFBP [IGFBP-3]) natural NK, NK [NK]) lipid hydroperoxidase cholesterol triglycerides, triglycerides triglycerides) Kyn (Kyn 5hydroxyindoleacetic hydroxyindoleacetic 5 Kyna, Kyna [Kyna]) serotonintransporterlinked serotonin transporter linked region. region region) Conclusion encouraged registration CRD42021279246 CRD (BD 375 75 3,7 (interleukin [IL-8 [TNF-α [IGFBP-3] [NK] [Kyna] CRD4202127924 37 7 3, [IL- [IGFBP-3 [NK [Kyna CRD420212792 [IL [IGFBP- CRD42021279 [IGFBP CRD4202127 CRD420212 CRD42021 CRD4202 CRD420 CRD42 CRD4

Abstract Introduction Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery (TEM) is a minimally invasive method for management of different proctologic conditions. Despite widespread use of this method, it is not used widely in Iran. This report is about to describe the application of TEM in managing different proctologic conditions in a tertiary colorectal referral center in Iran regarding methods and complications. Methods All of the patients' documents such as procedure, method, early postop complications and further operations were actively reviewed and the data were entered in to the database. Results Since 2012 till the end of 2020 chart review was done and 150 cases of TEM operation were found. The most frequent procedure that was done was resection procedure. Using different energy devices during surgery or suturing versus not suturing the defect were not associated with complication. There was a case of in hospital mortality and one case delayed perianal fistula following TEM. Measurement of lesion distance from anal verge was not significantly different using TEM or colonoscopy. Villous adenomas detected in colonoscopy were mostly associated with malignancy. In evaluated resected lesions most of cases had free base and distance from anal verge or using different energy devices were not associated with obtaining free base. Conclusion TEM is a safe minimal invasive procedure with acceptable complications that could be helped in managing different proctologic conditions and the results of reviewing our patients revealed the same results that is reported from other colorectal centers.

SUMMARY: The livers of reptiles are being studied as a model for the link between the environment and hepatic tissue. There have been few investigations on the histology of reptile livers, and very few or no studies have examined the histology of liver of veiled chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus). This paper describes the histomorphological, histochemical and ultrastructural characterization of the liver of veiled chameleons in southern Saudi Arabia. Seven Chamaeleo calyptratus were captured in the summer season in Abha City, Aseer region, southern Saudi Arabia. Chamaeleon liver samples were processed for histomorphology, histochemistry and ultrastructure analyses. Morphologically liver of Chamaeleo calyptratus was observed as a large dark brown organ with lighter speckles, which represent melanin deposits. It located at the ventral part of abdominal cavity forward of the stomach. Its dimensions approximately were 3.7 x 2 cm. The liver was a bilobed organ divided into two lobes, right and left lobes. The right one was bigger than the others. The gallbladder was well developed and had an elongated shape, situated between the two lobes and contained the bile for the digestion. Microscopically, the liver was found to be covered by a thick layer of connective tissue, which formed the hepatic capsule. Hepatic parenchyma probably appeared in cross sections as hepatic glandular-like alveoli “acini” or follicular structures with various diameters, each acinus contains approximately four to six hepatocytes, surrounded by sinusoidal capillaries filled with abundant melanomacrophages, which are absent in birds and mammals. Melanomacrophages are common in the hepatic parenchyma's perisinusoidal areas, particularly near portal spaces. Hepatocytes are polyhedral or pyramidal with and mostly contained large, rounded nuclei mostly peripherally located, with prominent dark oval nucleoli. Some of nuclei are eccentric or central position. The cytoplasm appeared spongy or vacuolated and more eosinophilic when stained by hematoxylin-eosin and strongly reactive to PAS staining technique, indicating abundant glycogen content. The reticular fibers that surround hepatocytes, blood arteries, and sinusoids supported the hepatic parenchyma. The blood sinusoids are seen interspersed among hepatocytes of varying sizes. The sinusoidal lumen was bordered by flattened endothelial cells and includes elliptical nucleated erythrocytes and liver macrophages as phagocytes, which are also known as Kupffer cells. Branches of the portal vein, hepatic artery, small bile duct, and lymph vessels were detected in the hepatic portal area “tract” or triad which made up of connective. Hematopoietic tissue was observed in subcapsular region and portal triads. Ultrastructurally, the hepatocyte appeared polyhedric containing a single large rounded basal or eccentric vesicular nucleus with prominent nucleolus. Extensive network of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) often arranged in an array parallel to the nuclear membrane with many mitochondria, and Golgi apparatus were described. The cytoplasm contained glycogen granules, vesicles or vacuoles scattered throughout the cytoplasm especially at the apical region were reported. The bile canaliculi and the hepatic "Kupffer" cells were also discussed. This is the first study on the histological characterization of the healthy liver of Yemen veiled chameleon in southern Saudi Arabia. The findings reported here should be used as a reference to compare with the pathological abnormalities of the liver in this animal.

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ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the effect of breeding programs on the functional longevity of Iranian Holstein cows. For this purpose, records of 538,873 animals collected by the Animal Breeding Center of Iran from 1990 to 2013 were used. Functional longevity was calculated from the difference between the first calving date and the last recording date. Animals that were alive in the herd or their culling date was unavailable, and less than one year had passed from their last recording were considered censored data, accounting for 34.23% of the records. The effect of milk production, herd size, interaction between lactation period and stage, herd-year-season of calving, Holstein gene percentage, and age at first calving were evaluated, and significant effects were included in the maternal grandsire model on genetic evaluation of longevity. The survival probability in different levels of effects was calculated by cmprsk package, and genetic evaluation of longevity was performed using Survival kit software. All effects were significant on the functional longevity, and thus the culling risk had a decreasing trend with increasing herd size changes and age at first calving, which increases with the increment of Holstein gene percentage. The culling risk decreased with increasing lactation, and animals were more likely to be culled in the first lactation. Direct heritability of longevity was estimated at 0.15, indicating good genetic diversity for breeding this trait. The effect of breeding programs with estimated breeding values for milk, fat, and protein production showed that the culling risk for higher genetic production potential tended to increase.