Abstract Fresh vegetables and fruits need oxygen (O2) to carry out their metabolic activities, particularly respiration. The procedure where the actively respiring commodity is sealed in film packages made of polymer to change the CO2 and O2 levels of concentration inside the package environment required to increase shelf-life and preserve freshness is referred to as modified atmosphere packaging (MAP). To affect the product's metabolism being packaged or the activity of organisms that cause degradation to extend the time of preservation, it is frequently desired to create an environment high in CO2 and low in O2. MAP changes the environment and increases moisture preservation that has a bigger impact on quality preservation. Moreover, packing separates the product from the surrounding environment, assisting in the creation of circumstances that, if not hygienic, at the very least minimize exposure to infections and pollutants, as well as physiological damage. MAP is a dynamic mechanism that occurs concurrently throughout permeation and respiration. As a result, MAP design necessitates the assessment of the product's intrinsic features, such as film permeability, optimal O2 and CO2 gas concentrations, and respiration rate. The goal of MAP design is to specify parameters that will provide the greatest feasible environment within the package for increasing the product's shelf-life in the quickest possible time. This is accomplished by synchronizing the packed produce's respiration rate with O2 and CO2 gas penetration rate through the film. The current study contains a detailed discussion of all of these elements of MAP.

Abstract This research focuses on the delivery of fresh fruits and veggies via a third-party carrier. Despite the fact that the major concern is transportation, a different fitness function was presented to maximize the transporter's revenues by taking into account specific constraints. The major goal of this study is to figure out how much vegetables and fruit should be bought in order to transport them to various locations at the highest potential profit. Traditional problem-solving techniques are used to address the issue. Furthermore, the simplex approach used allows for the identification of restrictions and the determination of the best solution to the issue that meets transportation needs while also generating the most profit. Overall, the findings show that the greatest profit that can be made in a single trip is $1,840.00, fulfilling three distinct firms' requirements. Research has discussed several ways to solve maximization and transport problems. Nevertheless, this research views them as two separate elements since the transportation method is normally used for minimization. Hence, both this method and the simplex method are coupled to maximize resources.

Abstract As long as they are provided in appropriate proportions, probiotics can be beneficial to the host. These bacteria are increasingly used in food to balance intestinal microbiota and relieve gastrointestinal disorders. However after traveling through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, surviving probiotic bacteria comprise 10 to 30 % of this population. It is a probiotic bacterium found in many probiotic foods. As a result of its inability to hydrolyze proteins and macromolecule carbs, L. acidophilus grows poorly in cereal products. The goal of the present investigation was a synbiotic beverage made from corn mash and Rhizopus oryzae-fermented corn mash. Starting culture concentration is one such element. Milk powder and Corn mash that had been fermented with Rhizopus oryzae were both researched in depth. Fermented cornflour with R. oryzae had just enough nutrients to support L. acidophilus' survival, but not its development. The proliferation of Lactobacillus acidophilus was not improved by adding sugar (1 or 2 %, w/v). However, once milk powder (1 % or 2 %, w/v) was put in, L. acidophilus developed rapidly. After 10 hours of fermentation using 5.5 % Rhizopus oryzae -fermented corn mash and 2 % Cell counts for skim milk powder were about. 9.0 log CFU/mL. During fermentation, the content of -glucans (approximately 781 mg/L) did not change considerably.

Abstract Fermentation is a popular food preservation process that improves nutritional and organoleptic qualities, shelf life, and food safety. Fermented fish is produced and consumed in many regions of the world, and it is an integral element of many cuisine traditions. Fermented fish is also a substantial industry in several countries and a rich source of intriguing bacteria. Most of the end product quality of wine and meat, including taste, texture, and nutritional content, is determined by the main and secondary microbial metabolism formed during fermentation. A standard procedure in the food industry is the addition of salt to thermally processed meat and fish products in order to avoid weight loss that may otherwise have occurred due to the decreased water retaining capability caused by heat treatment. This article aims to bring you up-to-date on the different varieties of fermented fish and their production processes around the world. As a result, new methods that focus on limiting or accelerating fish products' heating are essential. Alternative heat transfer technology, such as combi-steamers or water baths, is used in both situations to increase heat transfer, allowing for faster heating and minimizing excessively heavy heat loads on parts of the product.

Abstract Vegetable oils (VOs) come in a wide range of flavors and trademarks. VOs are very similar in appearance, flavor, and taste, and it's frequently difficult to tell them from just by looking at them. Approaches for classifying these oils are sometimes expensive and time-intensive, and they frequently include analytical chemical techniques as well as mathematical algorithms like as Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), Properties of Partial Least Squares (PLS), Principal Components Regression (PCR), and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to enhance their effectiveness. Because of the large range of goods available, more productive techniques for qualifying, characterizing, and classifying these substances are required, as the ultimate cost should indicate the quality of the commodity that reaches the user. This study provides a technique for classifying VOs such as different manufacturers' soybean, corn, sunflower, and canola. This method utilized a Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) array sensor, a light emission diode, and a straightforward mathematical approach to capture the generated fluorescence spectrum (FS) in diluted oil. The spectrum classifications are performed using an ANN with three layers, each having four neurons. The approach can categorize VO and enables rapid network training with a 72% success rate utilizing only a few mathematical changes in the spectra data.

Abstract While new types of consumer services emerge to fulfill people's diverse requirements, one of the most pressing societal concerns is how to improve the health of the elderly and allow them to live their golden years in good physical and mental health. This research is based on the Whole Systems Research (WSR) method, which expands and improves the theoretical research field of delivery service. The planning and service process of healthy diet opens up new service content and service system for the logistics and delivery industry; the research results of this paper are based on the innovation of systematic service model in three levels: physical, physical, and human, which can broaden the service model for related logistics enterprises and new retail market. The research results of this paper, which are based on the innovation of systematic service model from physical and human levels, can broaden the marketing mode and funding source for related logistics enterprises and new retail market; the overall research process and the application of research method can provide theoretical reference for related research institutions.

Abstract The food industry (FI) is one of the most important parts of any country's industry when it comes to food safety and security. A new approach that can be considered is the use of new technologies in this area. Given the rise in population and per capita food consumption, this sector of the industry should pursue sustainable development through the use of nanotechnologies and increased productivity. In the FI, a number of nanostructured materials (NSMs) have been used, ranging from inorganic metals, metal oxides, and their nanocomposites to nano-organic materials comprising bioactive agents. Given the various advantages of nanotechnology, there are increasing questions concerning its application, as the aggregation of nanoscale materials (NSMs) in human bodies and the atmosphere may pose a variety of health and safety risks. As a result, when producing, handling, intelligently and actively packaging, and using nano-processed food items, safety, and health risks, as well as regulatory policies, must be taken into account. The aim of this analysis is to provide a basic understanding of nanotechnology applications in the food packaging (FP) and processing industries, as well as to recognize possible opportunities and potential risks associated with the usage of NSMs.

Abstract Food safety is enhanced by the use of antimicrobials that prevent or delay spoilage and ensure widespread use of pesticides with drawbacks such as increased costs, concerns about food residues and toxins. This study evaluated the production capacity of antimicrobial proteins by two Enterococcus strains (Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus hirae). After the cultures of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus hirae in BHI agar medium, the antimicrobial compounds of the strains were purified by dialyzing, and the amount of produced protein was determined by a Lowry test. Further, SDS-PAGE electrophoresis was used to estimate molecular weight. The well-diffusion method was used to test the antimicrobial properties of the compounds studied. Before and after dialysis, factors related to protein activity were determined. Additionally, compounds were evaluated for their minimum inhibitory concentrations. The results show that the most antimicrobial effect of antimicrobial species on the Bacillus cereus and more antimicrobial effects on the hirae species on Staphylococcus aureus.

Abstract This study aims to review the effects of conventional and organic diet on the diversity of rat intestinal microbiota and look at how intestinal microbiota composition changes the following moxibustion at the Piyu and Zusanli points. A total of twenty-four Sprague Dawley (SD) rats of the Specific-Pathogen-Free (SPF) grade were haphazardly assigned to one of 3 groups: conventional food + moxibustion, conventional food, and organic food. For 12 weeks, organic food was given to the organic category, and typical food was prepared for the conventional category of mices, and mices in the combination category received typical food for eight weeks and administered moxibustion at the Piyu and Zusanli points for another four weeks. Polymerase Chain Reaction-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) was used to assess alterations in intestinal flora. The content of intestinal microbiota differed significantly across the three groups, according to the similarity clustering analysis. In the combination group, the intestinal bacterial diversity index rose considerably (P < 0.05). Moxibustion at Zusanli and Piyu points enhanced Bacteroides stercoris and Barnesiella intestinihominis growth, according to DNA sequencing. It was concluded that moxibustion has a greater influence on intestinal bacterial diversity than an organic diet.

Abstract In this research, the quality properties of persimmon were predicted using artificial intellect techniques. The persimmon samples were transferred to a computer vision lab, room temperature of 24 °C and 22% RH. The samples were divided into three groups for temperature treatment. They were kept at three temperature levels of 5 °C, 15 °C, and 24°C (control group) for 72 hours. The sample was then placed at room temperature and was imaged every second day for a 14 day period. After imaging, each sample underwent destructive tests to determine their quality attributes, including sugar content, firmness, and pH. The results indicate that the neural network's predicted values of acidity, firmness, and sugar of persimmon were not statistically significant differences from their actual values. In predicting the acidity of persimmon, the sugar RMSE is more than the two factors of firmness and acidity. For this reason, the accuracy of firmness and acidity is higher than sugar. MAPE is 10.11, 20.81, and 6.03 for acidity, firmness, and sugar, respectively. The model for sugar indicates a high difference between the actual values and the predicted values.

Abstract Infrared waves have found a special place in the food industry as one of the new sources of heat production. Infrared heating technology transfers large amounts of energy to the environment or material being processed in a short time. Also improves the quality of the product and makes the product produced by this method have a higher quality than the product produced by traditional methods. Applying modern methods of heating food achieves high-quality processed products and also reduces energy consumption. One of these methods is infrared heating, which can replace many other processes in the industry as an effective method in food processing. Infrared heating has many advantages over conventional heating in similar conditions, including reduced heating time, uniform heating, high heat transfer coefficient, reduced quality loss, significant energy savings, and environmental friendliness. This paper investigates heating using infrared radiation at temperatures of 55, 65, 75, and 85 °C, and its effect on pumpkin drying. The studied parameters include moisture ratio, drying rate, effective diffusion coefficient, and activation energy. According to the results, with increasing temperature from 55 to 85 °C, the drying time decreases by about 60%, and the effective diffusion coefficient has increased by 140%.

Abstract Propylene glycol (PG) is a substance commonly used in many cosmetic products or as an additive in foods. Food officials in the United States and Europe have stated that oral consumption of this substance is generally safe. However, there is a lot of discussion about PG. Reports of PG poisoning are mostly related to inappropriate intravenous use or accidental overuse by children. Because of its low risk of food poisoning, it is recognized by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a relatively safe substance as a food additive such as frozen desserts, ice cream and frozen foods. This article examines what is oral propylene glycol and why is it used? Also, in the current study, it was tried to answer this question: Is it dangerous for the body or not? It’s found that while there have been incidents of intoxication from this material due to the usage of extremely high doses, it is not regarded a harmful or poisonous substance in general.

Abstract One way to use food industry wastes is to feed the livestock and poultry. Applying appropriate management methods for the optimal use of agricultural waste in the preparation of livestock and poultry feed increases productivity and reduces damage to agricultural and conversion industries and the use of new resources in animal and poultry feed. In this paper, in order to investigate the possibility of recycling food waste as poultry feed, the waste produced in a restaurant has been used. The parameters of fat percentage were measured using Soxhlet extractor, percentage of dry matter using the oven, percentage of protein in it using Kjeldahl method, and also the percentage of calcium and phosphorus with the standard beard. Comparing them with the usual diet used in poultry feed shows that the average values of calcium, protein, and fat content of food waste are 0.14%, 5.65%, 7.34% higher than the average diet of poultry, respectively. Also, the average amount of phosphorus and dry matter of food waste is 0.48% and 60% less than the average diet of poultry, respectively.

Abstract One of the most significant nanobiotechnology and nanomaterial science areas today is the production of novel sensors and biosensors with applications in the food industry. Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are a new generation of carbon nanoparticles with a lot of potential for food analysis. CQDs with robust physicochemical properties are one of the most recently researched carbon nanomaterials. This material has outstanding optical properties such as light persistence, photobleaching tolerance, photoluminescence, and the advantages of fast functionalization and strong biocompatibility, rendering it an excellent raw material for sensing devices. Thanks to its considerable features such as fast result outputs, low expense, ease of service, and high sensitivity, fluorescence analysis has tremendous potential for food protection. The aim of this article is to familiarise yourself with carbon points, their synthesis methods, and their optical properties. Finally, fluorescence sensors can be used to detect food additives, heavy metals, bacteria, insecticide residues, antibiotics, and nutritional components in food samples. CQDs' problems and opportunities in the area of food safety were also addressed.

Abstract Green tea is high in polyphenols - compounds that have a variety of physiological functions. Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was used in this study to extract polyphenols from green tea. The MAE of the phenols in green tea was studied using an orthogonal configuration. As a result of UV/vis spectrophotometric methods, the total phenol content of tea infusions was determined. Polyphenols are plant-based chemicals that we acquire from specific foods. They may provide health advantages and are high in antioxidants. Polyphenols are considered to enhance or aid in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative illness, diabetes, weight management concerns, and digestive problems. Each of the following factors has an impact on extraction: microwave intensity, microwave irradiate time, and frequency of microwave irradiation, as well as the tea/water ratio. Microwave radiation at 600 watts for 3 minutes at a frequency of once produced the best extraction results with a tea/water ratio of 1:20. As compared to traditional methods, MAE has a number of advantages. These include shorter extraction times, energy savings, and reduced environmental impact. A significant source of worry for food suppliers and users is the oxidation of dietary lipids. Antioxidant compounds have been used to prevent the oxidation of lipids. Synthetic antioxidant additions used today include C11H16O2 (BHA), C10H14O2 (TBHQ), and C15H24O (BHT). Toxicological and nutritional concerns, on the other hand, restrict their use. A variety of foods use green tea as a natural preservative because of its powerful antioxidant and antibacterial properties.