This works presents free vibration analysis of laminated composite beam problems using Timoshenko beam finite elements formulated in strain gradient notation. The formulation in physically interpretable notation identifies precisely the one parasitic shear term present in the in-plane, two-node, six-degree-of-freedom Timoshenko beam element. The spurious term can be eliminated a-priori of implementation and analysis. An assessment of the deleterious effects of parasitic shear in the computation of natural frequencies and mode shapes of laminated composite beams is performed via convergence studies. Beams with different boundary conditions and lamination schemes are analyzed. Results from models containing parasitic shear and from models corrected for it are compared. It is seen that parasitic shear affects significantly the convergence characteristics of the model as it retards convergence. It is also observed that parasitic shear affects the shapes of vibration modes. After elimination of parasitic shear, convergence of natural frequencies is attained quite rapidly. Such result is most pronounced when computing the fundamental frequency. Further, convergent results are compared to results presented in the literature for accuracy assessment, and very good agreement is found.

Abstract An assessment of the efficiency and convergence characteristics of a four-node quadrilateral plate finite element in the analysis of laminated composites is performed. The element, which is suitable for global response analysis, is developed in the framework of the strain gradient notation such that its modeling capabilities as well as modeling deficiencies can be physically interpreted by the analyst during the formulation process. Thus, shear locking typically encountered in four-noded plate elements is identified as caused by spurious terms which appear in the shear strain polynomial expansions. These identified spurious terms are removed a priori such that shear locking does not occur during numerical analysis and numerical remedies do not need to be applied. Stress solutions for different laminated plates are presented to demonstrate that the corrected model converges well to reference solutions.

The objective of this paper is to provide an update to psychiatrists regarding the new Brazilian Law for the Inclusion of People with Disabilities (BLI, Law 13,146 of 2015), and, specifically, to discuss potential implications of situations in which examination by a forensic psychiatrist points toward civil incompetence, while the above-mentioned law mandates full civil capacity for disabled persons. A study of Law 13,146/2015 was conducted, including a comparative analysis of legal and psychiatric approaches on the subject. This analysis revealed that the BLI has generated differences of opinion among legislators. However, the greatest difference seems to arise between the justice system and psychiatric expertise in relation to the difference of criteria adopted in the two approaches. The BLI is very recent; it should be revised in response to debates among psychiatrists and the criminal justice system, and especially as jurisprudence is formed over time.

OBJETIVO: Apresentar as características básicas dos diversos transtornos específicos de personalidade, mas centrando-se no transtorno de personalidade anti-social, fazendo sua diferenciação com psicopatia. O estudo ainda se propõe a abordar a figura do serial killer, apontando a presença de aspectos psicopáticos no homicídio seriado. MÉTODO: Uma revisão bibliográfica foi feita no sentido de se abordar convergências e divergências entre diversos autores sobre um assunto tão polêmico, sobretudo quanto à viabilidade de tratamento dessa clientela forense. RESULTADOS: Enquanto o transtorno de personalidade anti-social é um diagnóstico médico, pode-se entender o termo "psicopatia", pertencente à esfera psiquiátrico-forense, como um "diagnóstico legal". Não se pode falar ainda de tratamento eficaz para os chamados "serial killers". CONCLUSÃO: Os transtornos de personalidade, especialmente o tipo anti-social, representam ainda hoje um verdadeiro desafio para a psiquiatria forense. O local mais adequado e justo para seus portadores, bem como recomendação homogênea e padronizada de tratamento são questões ainda não respondidas.

OBJECTIVE: To illustrate the basic characteristics of several specific personality disorders, focusing mainly in antisocial personality disorder. The differences between antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy are highlighted. Serial killers and its psychopathic aspects are also discussed. METHOD: A bibliographic review was completed in order to outline convergences and divergences among different authors about this controversial issue, especially those concerning the possibility of treatment. RESULTS: While anti-social personality disorder is a medical diagnosis, the term "psychopathy" (which belongs to the sphere of forensic psychiatry) may be understood as a "legal diagnosis". It is not still possible to identify an effective treatment for serial killers. CONCLUSION: Personality disorders, especially of the antisocial type, still represent a formidable challenge to forensic psychiatry today. Questions as yet unanswered include the best and most humane place for patients with this condition and the nature of a standardised treatment recommendation.

OBJETIVO: Este estudo visa a uma abordagem da psiquiatria forense dentro de diferentes contextos, no sentido de mostrar como essa ciência é influenciada por aspectos legais e culturais. MÉTODO: Foi feita uma revisão bibliográfica com o objetivo de apreender formas culturalmente diferentes de se lidar com a lei dentro do campo médico-psiquiátrico. RESULTADOS: Existe uma enorme gama de fatores, de diversas naturezas (legal, política, cultural, religiosa), que enriquece e, simultaneamente, dificulta um debate sobre o tema. CONCLUSÕES: Existem dois grandes obstáculos para se adquirir um conhecimento sobre a prática, em todo o mundo, da psiquiatria forense. O primeiro diz respeito a uma heterogeneidade que dificulta sua descrição de forma clara, e o segundo se refere ao próprio desconhecimento de realidades culturalmente muito diferentes. Por outro lado, essas mesmas dificuldades devem representar um estímulo para novos estudos dessa natureza, objetivando a alcançar, pouco a pouco, uma maior compreensão da matéria.

OBJECTIVE: The study aims to approach forensic psychiatry within different contexts. It endeavors to show how this specific psychiatry science area is influenced by legal and cultural aspects. METHOD: The bibliography reviewed had in view understanding the different ways of how to deal with law within the psychiatric sphere, from a cultural point of view. RESULTS: there is a great heterogeneity, of different nature (legal, political, cultural, and religious) that enrich, but at the same time makes difficult, a debate about this issue. CONCLUSIONS: there are two great obstacles to achieve a good knowledge about the practice of forensic psychiatry all over the world. The first one is represented by a heterogeneity that makes difficult its description in a comprehensible way. The second is the lack of knowledge of the cultural diverse realities. These difficulties should be a stimulus for newer studies of this characteristic. Only in this way it becomes possible to gradually increase the comprehension of this issue.

A relação entre transtorno psiquiátrico e comportamento violento vem sendo investigada de forma cada vez mais criteriosa e novos instrumentos de avaliação de risco de violência vêm sendo desenvolvidos nas últimas décadas. Este estudo apresenta um panorama atualizado dos recursos utilizados neste tipo de avaliação, tanto clínicos quanto sistematizados, enfatizando o surgimento de novos instrumentos padronizados. O objetivo maior não está concentrado na apresentação de dados matemáticos ou pontos de corte dos checklists desenvolvidos, mas, sim, nos fatores de risco, além do transtorno mental, levantados nestes instrumentos, o que permitirá uma melhor compreensão da complexidade de tal avaliação e do grau de participação da existência de doença mental. A conclusão aponta para a importância de uma avaliação equilibrada entre o exame clínico e os fatores citados nos instrumentos padronizados, bem como para a adoção de uma postura igualmente equilibrada no sentido de não supervalorizar nem tampouco negligenciar a relação que existe entre transtorno psiquiátrico e comportamento violento.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a new technique capable of stThe correlation between psychiatric disorder and violent behaviour has been investigated in an increasingly judicious manner and new tools of violence risk assessment have been developed in the last decades. The present study presents an updated overview of the resources used in such type of evaluation, both clinical and systematic ones, focusing on the development of new standardized tools. The main objective is not based on the presentation of mathematical data nor the cut-off scores from the developed checklists, but on the risk factors, beyond mental disorder, raised in such tools. This will allow an improved understanding of the complexity of such evaluation and the degree of participation of the existence of mental disease. The conclusion will emphasize the importance of a balanced evaluation between clinical examination and the factors mentioned by the standardized instruments. Equally important is the need for a balanced view, neither over-estimating nor overlooking the relationship between psychiatric disorder and violent behavior.

É desenvolvida uma análise comparativa entre a prática da Psiquiatria Forense na Inglaterra e no Brasil. O objetivo é promover reflexões sobre a condução desta especialidade psiquiátrica nos dois países. Trata-se de um estudo dirigido especificamente para a área criminal e sua abordagem é realizada sob os pontos de vista legal, clínico e ético. As observações realizadas na Inglaterra podem ser aplicadas também ao País de Gales, mas não ao Reino Unido como um todo, uma vez que legislações diferentes são adotadas na Escócia e Irlanda do Norte. Conclui-se que, enquanto no Brasil é necessário um relacionamento mais próximo e integrado entre Psiquiatria e Lei, é igualmente importante ter clareza do alcance e dos limites de cada um desses campos de abordagem para, assim, evitar o risco de se ignorar os limites dessa relação, que parece estar marcada por uma certa confusão no contexto inglês.

The authors make a comparative analysis between the practice of forensic psychiatry in England and in Brazil. The purpose is to stimulate the debare about the conduction of this psychiatric specialization in both countries. It is a study specifically addressed to the criminal area and its approach is carried out based on the legal, clinical, and ethical points of view. The observations made in England may be also applied to Wales, but not to the United Kingdom as a whole, since different legislation is adopted in Scotland and Northern Ireland. It concludes that while in Brazil there is a need for a closer and more integrated relationship between Psychiatry and Law, it is equally significant to clearly define the scope and the boundaries of each of these areas, as ignoring the boundaries between the two specialties could result in the risk of their relationship becoming confused, as appears to be the case in the English context.