ABSTRACT Vegetative tissues are viscoelastic materials and suffer from internal and external interferences to obtain data for the characterization of their mechanical properties. Quality control tools are likely to detect internal and external problems in processes and indicate anomalies in the system or sampling points analyzed. This research aims to analyze the use of quality control tools to detect problems in experimental procedures and in sampling data to determine mechanical properties of plant tissues. Uniaxial compression tests were performed to determine the modulus of elasticity and tensile strength under three compression ratios of 0.2 mm/s, 0.4 mm/s, and 0.6 mm/s. Shewart individual and moving range charts were used to analyze internal and external problems, respectively, obtained in the MINITAB software. The results showed that the quality control charts were able to detect sample points that negatively impacted the characterization data.

RESUMO O manejo florestal sustentável é uma estratégia importante para a conservação de florestas tropicais secundárias. No entanto, o conhecimento sobre o potencial dessas florestas para a produção de madeira é escasso, especialmente na Amazônia Central. Nós realizamos o diagnóstico silvicultural em florestas secundárias da Amazônia Central para analisar seu potencial para o manejo florestal. O diagnóstico foi conduzido em duas florestas secundárias em estágio avançado de regeneração, localizadas a 38 km ao norte e 75 km ao nordeste de Manaus. Nós quantificamos as espécies arbóreas comerciais, classificamos a qualidade do fuste e condições de crescimento (exposição da copa e infestação por lianas) de seus indivíduos e relacionamos o tamanho dos indivíduos com as condições de crescimento. Nós encontramos 46 espécies arbóreas comerciais. Goupia glabra, uma espécie madeireira muito importante, teve a maior densidade (acima de 95 indivíduos ha-1). 87% dos indivíduos das espécies comerciais possuem fustes de qualidade boa (45%) ou razoável (42%). As florestas secundárias estudadas possuem composição de espécies e qualidade de fustes que apoiam a produção de madeira através do manejo sustentável. Predominantemente, os indivíduos possuem copas pouco expostas à luz (63% delas com Índice de Dawkins abaixo de 4) e estavam infestados por lianas (62% com lianas em alguma parte da árvore), demandando tratamentos silviculturais para melhorar as condições de crescimento. A quantidade de indivíduos em condições suprimidas de crescimento (pouco iluminadas e infestadas com lianas) variou de acordo com as espécies e o tamanho do indivíduo, embasando recomendações específicas para tratamentos silviculturais. Esses resultados demonstram o potencial de florestas secundárias para a produção de madeira e fornecem valiosas informações para a formulação de estratégias de manejo, buscando promover o manejo sustentável como forma de evitar o desmatamento de florestas secundárias.

ABSTRACT Sustainable forest management is an important strategy for the conservation of tropical secondary forests. However, knowledge about their potential for timber production is scarce, especially in the Central Amazon. We performed a silvicultural diagnosis in Central Amazon secondary forests to understand their potential for forest management. The diagnosis was carried out in two secondary forest patches at advanced successional stages located 38 km north and 75 km northeast of Manaus. We quantified the commercial tree species, classified their stem quality and growth conditions (crown exposure and liana infestation), and related tree size (diameter at breast height-DBH) to growth conditions. We identified 46 commercial tree species. Goupia glabra, a very important timber species, exhibited the highest density of individuals (more than 95 individuals ha-1). Good and reasonable quality stems accounted for 87% of the commercial trees, with 45 and 42% classified as of good and reasonable quality, respectively. The species composition and stem quality of the examined secondary forests support timber production through sustainable management. Commercial trees predominantly had crowns with low light exposure (63% with a Dawkins index lower than 4) and were liana infested (62% with lianas on some part of the tree), requiring silvicultural treatments to improve growth conditions. The number of trees under suppressed growth conditions (low light and liana-infested) varied according to species and tree size, requiring specific recommendations for silvicultural treatments. These results demonstrate the potential of secondary forests for timber production and provide valuable insights for management strategies aiming at promoting sustainable management to prevent secondary forest deforestation.

ABSTRACT Deformation intensity analysis for mechanical parts are very important data for machine design. For farm machines, these parameters present difficulties for determination due to its particularities. The Machinery industry searches for advanced technologies to determine the mechanical behavior of parts. This article shows the analysis of the reliability in the application of the laser triangulation technique (LTT) to determine the deformation of the mechanical elements of farm machines. A flat cutting disc with standardized dimension was selected as the object of study, as it is commonly used in farm machines, exhibiting a simple geometry made of steel, making the analysis procedure easier both for experimental execution and for data validation. Displacements of 1.0 mm to 10 mm were applied on the specimen. The theoretical behavior of specimen displacement was defined by finite element modelling with same condition of loading and dimension to compare the generated data by the experimental tests. Results indicated a displacement with maximum variation of 2.56% between experimental data and theoretical results and were considered satisfactory. LTT was able to determine deformation curve behavior of machine elements. It was concluded that Laser Triangulation Technique (LTT) was satisfactory to determine the deformation of a specimen.

ABSTRACT: This study reviewed the advancements of Agriculture 4.0 in mechanized sugarcane harvesting, analyzing the efficiency of the mechanized harvesting system and evaluating the impact of the harvesting, loading, and transportation process costs. The mechanized sugarcane harvesting system in the 2020/21 harvest reached 91.6% or approximately 588 Mg in Brazil. As this activity demands a high amount of capital - assets, labor, inputs - the cost of the harvesting, loading, and transporting process represents 40% of the sugarcane production cost. The continuous delivery of raw material to the industrial processing unit is essential to ensure stability and maximum yield for obtaining sugar and ethanol, especially in an environment with geographical dispersion of harvesting fronts and agronomic factors linked to crop management. Therefore, tools that enable real-time equipment tracking benefit process management. Digital agriculture, defined as the application of technologies that seek to add intelligence and process automation, allows for improved agricultural management of farms, making it possible to reach new productivity levels in the field. The data generated through digital agriculture allows for the creation of models to construct scenarios that improve decision-making, both in terms of operational strategies - distribution of resources by harvesting front - and long-term strategies - the adoption of new technologies in the process.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar os avanços da Agricultura 4.0 na colheita mecanizada de cana-de-açúcar, analisando a eficiência do sistema de colheita mecanizada e avaliando o impacto dos custos do processo de colheita, carregamento e transporte. O sistema de colheita mecanizada de cana-de-açúcar na safra 2020/21 alcançou 91,6% ou aproximadamente 588 Mg no Brasil. Como essa atividade demanda uma grande quantidade de capital - ativos, mão de obra, insumos - o custo do processo de colheita, carregamento e transporte representa 40% do custo de produção de cana-de-açúcar. A entrega contínua de matéria-prima à unidade de processamento industrial é essencial para garantir estabilidade e rendimento máximo na obtenção de açúcar e etanol, especialmente em um ambiente com dispersão geográfica de frentes de colheita e fatores agronômicos ligados ao manejo da cultura. Portanto, ferramentas que permitem rastreamento em tempo real dos equipamentos beneficiam o gerenciamento do processo. A agricultura digital, definida como a aplicação de tecnologias que buscam adicionar inteligência e automação de processos, permite melhorar o manejo agrícola das fazendas, possibilitando alcançar novos níveis de produtividade no campo. Os dados gerados por meio da agricultura digital permitem a criação de modelos para construir cenários que melhorem a tomada de decisões, tanto em termos de estratégias operacionais - distribuição de recursos por frente de colheita - quanto em estratégias de longo prazo - a adoção de novas tecnologias no processo.

ABSTRACT Objective: Herein, we compared ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) between young adults with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase enzyme (21OHase) deficiency and a control group. Additionally, we analyzed correlations between the glucocorticoid dose and androgen levels and ABP parameters. Subjects and methods: This case-control study included 18 patients (6 males and 12 females) and 19 controls (8 males and 11 females) matched by age (18-31 years). ABP monitoring was used to estimate blood pressure (BP) over a 24-h period. Results: No difference was noted between patients and controls in terms of systolic BP (males, 115.5 ± 5.6 vs. 117.0 ± 9.3, P = 0.733; and females, 106.4 ± 7.9 vs. 108.4 ± 7.6, P = 0.556, respectively) and diastolic BP during 24 h (males, 62.8 ± 7.5 vs. 66.2 ± 5.6, P = 0.349; and females, 62.7 ± 4.9 vs. 62.3 ± 4.9, P = 0.818, respectively). Systolic and diastolic BP and pulse pressure during daytime and nocturnal periods were similar between patients and controls. Furthermore, no differences were detected in the percentage of load and impaired nocturnal dipping of systolic and diastolic BP between patients and controls during the 24-h period. Additionally, the glucocorticoid dose (varying between r = −0.24 to 0.13, P > 0.05) and androgens levels (varying between r = 0.01 to 0.14, P > 0.05) were not associated with ABP parameters. Conclusion: No signs of an elevated risk for hypertension were observed based on ABP monitoring in young adults with CAH attributed to 21OHase deficiency undergoing glucocorticoid replacement therapy. Objective Herein (ABP (CAH 21hydroxylase hydroxylase 21 OHase (21OHase group Additionally parameters methods casecontrol case 1 6 ( females 8 1831 31 (18-3 years. years . years) (BP 24h period Results males, (males 1155 115 5 115. 56 5. vs 1170 117 0 117. 93 9 3 9.3 0.733 0733 733 1064 106 4 106. 79 7 7. 1084 108 108. 76 7.6 0556 556 0.556 respectively 2 628 62 62. 75 662 66 66. 0.349 0349 349 627 49 4. 623 0818 818 0.818 respectively. Furthermore varying 024 −0.2 013 13 0.13 0.05 005 05 001 01 0.0 014 14 0.14 Conclusion therapy 183 (18- 9. 0.73 073 73 10 055 55 0.55 0.34 034 34 081 81 0.81 02 −0. 0.1 00 0. (18 0.7 07 0.5 0.3 03 08 0.8 −0 (1 −

ABSTRACT This paper proposes geothermal energy as an alternative solution to the water–energy dilemma in the northeastern region of Brazil (NEB). The main application of this study was to provide a theoretical basis to support a different approach to policies minimizing water scarcity and ensuring sustainability. The analysis developed in this study compares the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) for many different energy sources. The novelty of this study is the use of geothermal energy in the context of the Brazilian Northeast, focusing on water desalination processes, which are expensive in terms of energy. Therefore, this study is highly important because it offers the potential of addressing the energy/economic barrier related to water desalination in environments with economically viable geothermal energy. This is the case in Northeast Brazil with potential for reuse of abandoned oil wells. In the form of enhanced geothermal systems (EGS), geothermal energy is a competitive energy source compared to other sources in the Brazilian Energy Matrix, especially when considering factors in addition to the economic benefits. In the form of EGS, geothermal energy is a suitable option for addressing water scarcity in the northeast region in a sustainable and low-emission manner. This is a strategic opportunity for NEB in the context of energy production and freshwater production through desalination. waterenergy NEB. . (NEB) sustainability LCOE (LCOE processes Therefore energyeconomic wells EGS , (EGS) Matrix benefits lowemission low emission manner (NEB (EGS

RESUMO A atividade de experimentação agrícola pode exigir alto orçamento e longos períodos de tempo para obtenção de dados. Devido às características de produção, os processos decisórios em unidades agroindustriais que utilizam a cana-de-açúcar como matéria-prima devem ser otimizados. Nesse cenário, a modelagem de sistemas operacionais que utilizam tecnologia embarcada como automação agrícola possibilita a otimização da tomada de decisões e influencia o desempenho operacional e os custos. Este artigo apresenta um modelo de recebimento e processamento de cana-de-açúcar baseado em sua capacidade de colheita, considerando o índice de colheita e a capacidade nominal da colhedora. A análise de sensibilidade permite a avaliação de potenciais infratores e a realocação de ativos, otimizando recursos e garantindo a operação da planta. Essa análise também possibilita novas possibilidades, como colher em diferentes espaçamentos entre linhas e colheita simultânea de linhas. dados produção canadeaçúcar cana açúcar matériaprima matéria prima otimizados cenário custos colhedora ativos planta possibilidades

ABSTRACT The activity of agricultural experimentation may require high budget and long periods of time for obtaining data. Due to production features, decision-making processes within agro-industrial mills that use sugarcane as raw material must be optimized. In this scenario, modeling operating systems that use embedded technology as agricultural automation enables the optimization of decision-making and influences operational performance and costs. This article presents a model for receiving and processing sugarcane based on its harvesting capacity, considering the harvestability index and the nominal capacity of the harvester. Sensitivity analysis enables the assessment of potential offenders and the reallocation of assets, thus optimizing resources and ensuring plant operation. This analysis also enables new possibilities, such as harvesting under different row spacings and harvesting simultaneously different rows. data features decisionmaking decision making agroindustrial agro industrial optimized scenario costs harvester assets operation possibilities rows

ABSTRACT: Currently, there is a growing need to develop machines that replace human work efficiently and effectively in horticulture with the same sensibility of the human hand, since horticultural foods are notably very fragile to handle and process, especially considering machinery and systems. This work aimed to determine the mechanical properties of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) variety Crispa. For that, two methodologies were used in the field of material engineering: one specific for polymers and composites – the standard ASTM D3039 – Standard test method for tensile properties of polymer matrix composite materials (ASTM, 2002a) and the other specific for plastic films – the ASTM 882 – Standard test method for tensile properties of thin plastic sheeting (ASTM, 2002b). The tests were adapted for lettuce samples. The mechanical properties for the leaf and stem of head lettuce (var. Crispa) were obtained with appropriate statistical rigor, which can be considered valid initial estimates for dimensioning mechanisms and systems of machines for horticultural works specialized in lettuce. These properties provide fundamental engineering parameters to design machine elements that interact with biological materials, allowing to develop devices that generate minor damage to biological structures in lettuce.

ABSTRACT Recently, Brazilian agriculture and the mechanization process have been improved and developed, particularly in sugarcane cultivation. The developed processes should adopt suitable management practices in terms of the technical, economic, and operational logistical aspects. As a management tool, the present study aimed to measure the impact of the accumulated use of harvesters (life in h) and agricultural productivity (Mg · ha−1) on the harvesting operational capacity (HOC). Mathematical modeling was performed on data obtained from eight sugarcane production units, and equations corresponding to the HOC as a function of the harvester's life and the crop agricultural productivity were developed. The equation that best represented the phenomenon was selected. The values of the HOC depend on operational conditions and range from (17 to 44) Mg · h−1, thereby demonstrating significant operational and economic discrepancies. When the mean life of the harvester was 10,000 h and the mean productivity of the cane field was 80.0 Mg · ha−1, an HOC of 31.7 Mg · h−1 was obtained. It was found that agricultural productivity is directly proportional to the HOC, whereas the harvester's life is inversely proportional to the HOC; the parameters are not linear in both cases.

RESUMO O conceito de conservação de precisão pode ser definido como um conjunto de tecnologias espaciais e outros procedimentos ligados as variáveis ambientais mapeáveis, que podem ser utilizadas para programar práticas de gestão da conservação recursos naturais que levam em consideração a variabilidade dessas variáveis no espaço e tempo dentro de sistemas naturais ou agrícolas. Nesse contexto, considera-se a perda estrutural do solo por meio de atividades antrópicas, como com um processo com variação espacial e temporal. A gestão da condição de agregação do solo pode contribuir para processos agrícolas mais regenerativos e sustentáveis, pois permite a utilização das tecnologias de análise espacial, por meio de indicadores visuais georreferenciados ou mesmo a utilização de sistemas com aprendizado automático, conhecidos como deep learning. Nesse sentido, foi desenvolvido um método visual justaposto com uma análise de lógica fuzzy para a classificação dos agregados quanto à forma, rugosidade superficial e estruturas biogênicas. Assim, numa segunda etapa foi desenvolvido um modelo de rede neural artificial capaz de detectar e classificar diferentes formas de agregados do solo, permitindo dessa maneira, uma breve discussão da temática e seu potencial de aplicação na gestão conservacionista por meio da análise de agregados via sistemas automáticos de classificação. Dessa maneira, são apresentados elementos para a motivação de pesquisas e desenvolvimento em tecnologias adaptativas, no apoio à decisão que possam auxiliar a integração de informações dinâmicas e espaciais no entendimento da condição estrutural do solo com a finalidade de uma conservação dos solos com mais precisão.

ABSTRACT The concept of precision conservation can be defined as a set of space technologies and other procedures linked to mappable environmental variables, which can be used to program conservation management practices for natural resources that consider the variability of these variables in space and time within of natural or agricultural systems. In this context, structural loss of soil through human activities is considered, as with a process with a spatial and temporal variation. The management of soil aggregation conditions can contribute to more regenerative and sustainable agricultural processes. It allows spatial analysis technologies through georeferenced visual indicators or even the use of systems with automatic learning, known as deep learning. In this sense, a fair visual method was developed with an analysis of fuzzy logic to classify aggregates in terms of shape, surface roughness, and biogenic structures. Thus, in a second stage, a model of the artificial neural network was developed, capable of detecting and classifying different forms of soil aggregates, thus allowing a brief discussion of the theme and its potential for application in conservation management through the analysis of aggregates via systems automatic sorting. In this way, elements are presented for the motivation of research and development in adaptive technologies in supporting decision-making that can help integrate dynamic and spatial information in the understanding of the soil’s structural condition to preserve the soil more precisely.

RESUMO Este paper pretende apresentar uma delimitação terminológica para a Agricultura 4.0 por meio da análise de artigos no estado da arte que abordam esta temática. Os fundamentos da Agricultura 4.0 que podem ser elencados como a Internet of Things, Conectividade e Computação em Núvem, Big Data e Inteligência Artificial e uma breve introdução à cada um deles é realizada. Como conclusão pode-se declarar que a Agricultura 4.0 é uma tendência irrefreável e sem volta no mundo agrícola moderno.

ABSTRACT This paper presents a terminological delimitation of Agriculture 4.0 by analyzing relevant articles on the state of the art in this field. The fundamentals of Agriculture 4.0, which include the application of the Internet of Things, big data, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and connectivity, is presented. In conclusion, it can be stated that Agriculture 4.0 is an inevitable and irreversible trend in modern agriculture.

RESUMO Máquinas agrícolas terrestres transitam em terrenos não estruturados, ou seja, um terreno cujas condições não se pode prever com exatidão ao longo de seu deslocamento. Tal característica restringe a aplicação de robôs em campo uma vez que a estabilidade pode ser comprometida por sua interação com o terreno. Por não contar com um operador capaz de observar, prever e controlar a interação do veículo com o terreno, um robô deve ser dotado da habilidade de lidar com as imprevisibilidades provocadas pela interação com o terreno, tarefa esta que era antes executada pelo operador. Dada a relevância do tema, o presente trabalho faz uma revisão da literatura sob o ponto de vista da estabilidade, além de apresentar critérios para o projeto e seleção de robôs agrícolas no que diz respeito à estabilidade.

ABSTRACT Agricultural ground vehicles often have to traverse unstructured terrain, i.e., terrain whose conditions cannot be precisely predicted during its displacement. Such characteristics restrict the use of robots in the agricultural field because their stability could be compromised by their interaction with the terrain. As it does not have a human operator capable of observing, predicting, and controlling the interaction of the vehicle with the terrain. Therefore, a robot must deal with the unpredictability caused by this interaction, a task that was previously performed by the human operator. Given the relevance of the topic, this study investigates the literature on agricultural unmanned ground vehicles from the stability point of view, and also presents relevant criteria for dealing with the stability of agricultural robots in terms of their design and selection.

RESUMO A agricultura familiar busca utilizar práticas agrícolas menos agressivas, entretanto existem poucas máquinas adequadas à realidade deste segmento, isso tem levado ao uso de práticas tecnicamente incorretas, que vem contribuindo para o empobrecimento, compactação e desertificação dos solos agrícolas. Diante disso, as semeadoras puncionadoras apresentam-se como uma possibilidade promissora para realizar o processo de semeadura para agricultura familiar, visto que realiza a distribuição de semente de forma pontual, contribuindo para a menor mobilização do solo e consequente preservação e conservação da estrutura do mesmo. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade de distribuição de sementes por uma semeadora puncionadora para a agricultura familiar. O ensaio foi realizado em um solo classificado como Argissolo Vermelho-amarelo. Foi utilizada a estatística descritiva para avaliar a qualidade da distribuição de sementes pelo sistema puncionador. O Controle Estatístico do Processo foi adotado para avaliar o controle de qualidade do processo de distribuição de sementes. Os resultados demostraram que a semeadora puncionadora apresentou desempenho semelhante à semeadora de precisão pneumática, obtendo 90,2% de espaçamentos aceitáveis, sendo uma alternativa viável para realizar o processo de semeadura para a agricultura familiar, fato comprovado pelo estudo do CEP que indicou a adequação do processo de semeadura aos padrões de qualidade, pois obteve 88,4% de precisão no processo, possibilitando a elevação da qualidade de semeadura. O sistema puncionador proporcionou menor mobilização do solo quando comparado ao sulcador de disco e semeadora manual, mostrando-se como uma solução eficaz para a agricultura conservacionista.

ABSTRACT Family farming seeks to use less-aggressive agricultural practices, however, there is little machinery available that is suitable for the reality of this sector. This has led to the use of technically incorrect practices, which have contributed to the impoverishment, compaction and desertification of agricultural soils. Punch seeders are seen as a promising alternative for carrying out sowing in family farming, as they employ localised seed distribution with less disturbance of the soil and the consequent preservation and conservation of its structure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of seed distribution by a punch seeder used in family farming. The experiment was carried out in a soil classified as a Red-Yellow Argisol. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the quality of seed distribution by the punch system. Statistical Process Control was adopted to evaluate quality control in the seed distribution process. The results showed that the performance of the punch seeder was similar to that of the precision pneumatic seeder, with 90.2% acceptable spacing. As demonstrated by the SPC study that showed the process to be compatible with quality standards, the punch seeder is therefore a viable alternative in the sowing process for family farming, since an improvement in sowing quality, with a precision of 88.4% was obtained. The punch system resulted in less soil disturbance when compared to the disc harrow and manual seeder, and proved to be an effective solution for conservation agriculture.

RESUMO A agricultura brasileira tem expandido e melhorado suas técnicas nas últimas décadas, assim como a mecanização da cultura de cana-de-açúcar. Em geral, o custo da mecanização dessa cultura é o mais elevado dentre o custo total de produção em relação a outras culturas. Este custo é composto de vários componentes, tais como o custo da colhedora. Este trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver um modelo matemático que represente o custo operacional da colhedora em função de sua vida e da produtividade agrícola, parâmetros esses associados à capacidade operacional da colhedora. Foram realizadas simulações deste custo, variando a vida útil das colhedoras entre 0 e 17.900 h e a produtividade agrícola da cultura variou de 50 a 130 Mg ha-1. Os resultados apresentaram um custo operacional entre R$ 7,23 e R$ 26,43 Mg-1. Verificou-se que o custo operacional é inversamente proporcional e não linear à produtividade e também diretamente proporcional e não linear à idade da colhedora.

ABSTRACT The brazilian agriculture has expanded and improved its techniques in the last decades as well as the mechanization of sugarcane cultivation. Overall, the mechanization cost of this cultivation is the highest of the total cost of production in relation to other crops. That cost consists of several elements such as the cost of the harvester. This study aimed to develop a mathematical model that represents the operational cost of the harvester in relation to its operating life and agricultural productivity, parameters that are associated with its operational capacity. Simulations of this cost were conducted, raging the operating life of harvesters between 0 and 17,900 h, and the agricultural productivity of the cultivation from 50 to 130 Mg ha-1. The results indicated an operating cost between R$ 7.23 (BRL) and R$ 26.43 Mg-1. It was verified that the operational cost is inversely proportional and nonlinear to productivity, and also directly proportional and nonlinear in relation to the age of the harvester.