Analysis of variance (ANOVA)-simultaneous component analysis (ASCA) is a method of choice for factorial design studies of environmental impacts on plant metabolomes and can be used to quantitatively carry out this comparative analysis. The impacts of seven mixture design extractor systems made up of ethanol, dichloromethane, and hexane and their 1:1 binary and 1:1:1 ternary solvents for several replicate experiments (n = 3, 4, 5) were assessed using ASCA models determined from Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), near-infrared (NIR), and UV-Vis spectroscopic measurements on yerba mate leaf extracts. This analysis considered two-factor effects: secondary sexual dimorphism (male and female plants) and cultivation systems (monoculture and agroforestry), as well as their interaction effect. The three binary solvents were found to be more efficient extractor systems for all four detectors as they found 83 main and interaction effects significant at or above the 95% confidence level compared with only 47 for the pure solvent extracts. Binary solvent extracts resulted in averages between 44.04 and 86.61% for the ASCA total effect variances compared with 40.62 to 71.07% for pure extractors. Of the 60 significant effects found for experiments with 5 repetitions 53 or 88% were obtained with only triplicate determinations. The choice of spectroscopic technique and solvent system have large impacts on metabolomic analysis results. ANOVAsimultaneous ANOVA simultaneous (ASCA ethanol dichloromethane 11 1 1: 111 1:1: n 3 4 Fouriertransform Fourier transform FTIR, FTIR , (FTIR) nearinfrared near NIR, NIR (NIR) UVVis UV Vis twofactor two factor male plants monoculture agroforestry, agroforestry agroforestry) 8 95 4404 44 04 44.0 8661 86 61 86.61 4062 40 62 40.6 7107 71 07 71.07 extractors 6 88 determinations results (FTIR (NIR 9 440 0 44. 866 86.6 406 40. 710 7 71.0 86. 71.

ABSTRACT: In Brazil, the optimal dose of phosphorus in the cultivation of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) clones has yet to be defined. This study verified the productivity of yerba mate clones in response to the application of P doses and determined the critical level of the nutrient in soil and yerba mate leaves. The experiment was developed in Itaiópolis-SC, in humic cambisol, from 2013 to 2020. Five doses of the nutrient were evaluated in two clones (BRS-BLD Aupaba and F2) of yerba mate. Fertility was defined by planting/post-planting (0, 2.3; 4.5; 6.8, and 9.0 g plant-1), canopy formation 1 (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 g plant-1), canopy formation 2 (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 g plant-1), and production (0, 16.7; 33.3; 50.0; 66.7 kg ha-1). Harvests took place between July 2015 and January 2020, at 18-month intervals. The productivity of leaves, fine branches, and thick branches was evaluated. In the 2020 harvest, soil and leaf samples were collected to determine the critical level of P. The productivity of clone components increased with phosphate fertilization in all evaluated harvests. The critical levels of P for clones, Aupaba and F2, were 5.2 and 6.3 mg dm-3 in soil and 1.03 and 1.11 g kg-1 in leaves, respectively. Yerba mate is demanding of P, expressing maximum productivity in the planting phase, canopy formation 1 and 2, and production when doses of 5, 25, 40 g plant-1, and 35 kg ha-1 of P2O5 are applied, respectively.

RESUMO: No Brasil, a dose de fósforo no cultivo de clones de erva-mate ainda não está definida. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a produtividade de clones de erva-mate em resposta a aplicação de doses de P e determinar o nível crítico do nutriente no solo e folhas de erva-mate. O experimento foi implantado em Itaiópolis-SC, em Cambissolo Húmico, em 2013. Foram avaliadas cinco doses do nutriente em dois clones (BRS-BLD Aupaba e F2) de erva-mate. As adubações foram definidas como de plantio/pós-plantio (0, 2,3; 4,5; 6,8 e 9,0 g planta-1), formação de copa 1 (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50 g planta-1), formação de copa 2 (0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 g planta-1) e produção (0, 16,7; 33,3; 50,0; 66,7 kg ha-1). As colheitas ocorreram entre julho de 2015 e janeiro de 2020, com intervalos de 18 meses. Avaliou-se produtividade de folhas, galhos finos e galhos grossos. Na safra de 2020, foram coletadas amostras de solo e folhas para determinação do nível crítico de P. A produtividade dos componentes dos clones aumentou com a adubação fosfatada em todas as safras avaliadas. Os níveis críticos de P para os clones Aupaba e F2 foram 5,2 e 6,3 mg dm-3 no solo e 1,03 e 1,11 g kg-1 nas folhas, respectivamente. A erva-mate é exigente em P, expressando produtividade máxima na fase de plantio, formação de copa 1 e 2 e produção, quando aplicado doses de P2O5 em torno de 5, 25, 40 g planta-1 e 35 kg ha-1, respectivamente.

ABSTRACT Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (paricá) is an economically and environmentally important leguminous tree in the Brazilian Amazon, primarily used for wood. No efficient cloning techniques are available for this species, therefore we evaluated the effectiveness of grafting and mound-layering techniques for vegetative propagation of paricá. We carried out two field experiments. The grafting experiment utilized cleft grafting on rootstocks with scion diameters of 0.8 ± 0.2 and 1.5 ± 0.2 cm, collected from basal epicormic sprouts, in a completely randomized design. The mound-layering experiment involved basal epicormic sprouts induced by coppicing, with a randomized complete block design and five concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (0, 6, 12, 24, 48 g kg-1). Scions with larger diameter resulted in significantly higher survival rates, and greater shoot diameter and length. Grafted plants showed high vegetative vigor and weakly visible callus formation. With mound-layering, rooting of basal epicormic sprouts increased significantly with IBA concentrations up to 12 g kg-1, but decreased at higher concentrations. The high survival rate of grafted plants indicated successful graft union, differentiation of new vascular tissue and the formation of a vascular system for vegetative growth. Mound-layering was also successful as shown by the increase in rooting when treated with IBA. The decline in rooting at higher IBA concentrations suggests that excessive auxin may inhibit root formation. Our results indicate that cleft grafting and mound-layering have potential to be used in the vegetative propagation of paricá. var paricá (paricá Amazon wood species moundlayering mound layering experiments 08 0 8 0. 02 2 15 1 5 1. cm coppicing indole3butyric indolebutyric indole 3 butyric (IBA 0, (0 6 24 4 kg1. kg1 kg . kg-1) rates length moundlayering, layering, kg1, 1, kg-1 union growth Moundlayering Mound ( kg-

RESUMO Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (paricá) é uma árvore leguminosa de importância econômica e ambiental na Amazônia brasileira, principalmente utilizada para produção madeireira. Não existem técnicas de propagação vegetativa eficientes para paricá, portanto avaliamos a eficácia das técnicas de enxertia e mergulhia-de-cepa na propagação vegetativa de paricá. Conduzimos dois experimentos de campo. No experimento de enxertia em fenda cheia utilizamos porta-enxertos e diâmetros de enxertos de 0,8 ± 0,2 e 1,5 ± 0,2 cm coletados de brotações epicórmicas basais, em desenho completamente casualizado. No experimento de mergulhia-de-cepa usamos brotações epicórmicas basais induzidas por decepa em desenho de blocos completos casualizados e cinco concentrações de ácido-indol-3-butírico (AIB) (0, 6, 12, 24, 48 g kg-1). Enxertos com diâmetros maiores resultaram em taxas de sobrevivência significativamente mais altas e maior diâmetro e comprimento dos brotos. As plantas enxertadas mostraram alto vigor vegetativo e formação de calo pouco visível. Na mergulhia-de-cepa, a formação de raízes das brotações aumentou significativamente com concentrações de AIB até 12 g kg-1, mas diminuiu com concentrações mais altas. A alta sobrevivência das plantas enxertadas indicou sucesso na união do enxerto, diferenciação de novo tecido vascular e formação de um sistema vascular para crescimento vegetativo. A mergulhia-de-cepa também mostrou-se bem-sucedida, como mostra o aumento na formação de raízes tratadas com AIB. A redução de enraizamento em concentrações mais altas de AIB sugere que auxinas em excesso podem inibir a formação de raízes. Nossos resultados indicam que enxertia em fenda cheia e mergulhia-de-cepa são técnicas potenciais para a propagação vegetativa de paricá. var paricá (paricá brasileira madeireira mergulhiadecepa mergulhia cepa campo portaenxertos porta 08 0 8 0, 02 2 15 1 5 1, casualizado ácidoindol3butírico ácidoindolbutírico ácido indol 3 butírico (AIB (0 6 24 4 kg1. kg1 kg . kg-1) brotos visível mergulhiadecepa, cepa, kg1, kg-1 enxerto mostrouse mostrou se bemsucedida, bemsucedida bem sucedida, sucedida bem-sucedida ácidoindol ( kg-

ABSTRACT Coppicing technique is recognized as an effective method for inducing epicormic sprouts and promoting reinvigoration in Brazilian native tree species. However, there remains a knowledge gap regarding efficient reinvigoration techniques for vegetative rescue of paricá trees. This study aimed to evaluate the coppicing technique’s efficacy in inducing epicormic sprouts in paricá trees, considering different seasons and stump heights. A 2x3 factorial experimental design was employed, encompassing two seasons (rainy and dry) and three stump heights (0 = root collar; 10 cm above root collar; 30 cm above root collar). Stumps were monitored over a 90-day period. Results showed that all stumps remained viable, with significant differences observed in sprouting frequency between the rainy and dry seasons at 15 and 30 days, favoring the former. Furthermore, the number of sprouts per stump varied significantly across seasons at 15, 30, and 45 days, with higher counts recorded during the rainy season. Notably, the high percentage of stumps producing sprouts underscores the species’ robust response capacity. Additionally, the occurrence of two sprouts per stump suggests a species-specific trait at these stump heights. Evaluation of sprout length and circumference revealed significant differences between seasons, with greater growth observed during the rainy season. These findings are crucial for informing management decisions related to epicormic sprout development through the coppicing technique in paricá trees. Overall, the results indicate the technique’s potential to induce epicormic sprouts across all seasons and stump heights evaluated, with superior outcomes observed during the rainy season. species However trees s x 2x employed 0 ( collar 1 3 collar. . collar) 90day day 90 period viable days former Furthermore 4 season Notably capacity Additionally speciesspecific specific Overall evaluated 9

RESUMO A decepa é reconhecida como um método eficaz para induzir brotações epicórmicas e promover revigoramento em espécies arbóreas do Brasil. No entanto, ainda existe uma lacuna de conhecimento sobre técnicas eficientes de revigoramento para resgate vegetativo de paricá. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia da decepa na indução de brotações epicórmicas em árvores de paricá, considerando diferentes épocas do ano e alturas de cepa. Foi utilizado delineamento experimental fatorial 2x3, abrangendo duas estações (chuvosa e seca) e três alturas de cepa (0 = nível do colo; 10 cm a partir do colo; 30 cm a partir do colo). As cepas foram monitoradas durante 90 dias. Os resultados mostraram que todas as cepas permaneceram viáveis, com diferenças significativas observadas na frequência de brotação entre as estações chuvosa e seca aos 15 e 30 dias, favorecendo a primeira. Além disso, o número de brotações por cepa variou significativamente entre as estações aos 15, 30 e 45 dias, com contagens mais altas registradas durante a estação chuvosa. Notavelmente, a elevada percentagem de cepas que produzem brotações ressalta a robusta capacidade de resposta da espécie. Além disso, a ocorrência de duas brotações por cepa sugere uma característica da espécie nessas alturas de cepa. A avaliação do comprimento e circunferência das brotações revelou diferenças significativas entre as estações, com maior crescimento observado durante a estação chuvosa. Esses achados são cruciais para informar decisões de manejo relacionadas ao desenvolvimento de brotações epicórmicas através da decepa de árvores de paricá. No geral, os resultados indicam o potencial da técnica para induzir brotações epicórmicas em todas as estações e alturas de cepa avaliadas, com resultados superiores observados durante a estação chuvosa. Brasil entanto paricá 2x3 x 0 ( colo 1 3 colo. . colo) 9 dias viáveis primeira disso 4 Notavelmente geral avaliadas 2x

ABSTRACT Despite the great economic importance of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.), information about clonal plantations and planting conditions of this tree is still scarce. Thus, we evaluated initial field establishment of five clonal yerba mate cultivars, planted at three seasons of the year (summer, autumn, and spring) in a shaded environment, and in the autumn, we also established blocks in a full sunlight environment, to compare both cultivation environments. We evaluated plants at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after planting, counting the surviving plants, shoots number, and measuring height and canopy diameter. At 12 months we also analyzed the caffeoylquinic acids (CQA) contents in mature leaves from different environments. Plant survival and growth were not affected by planting seasons. Cultivars Aupaba and BRS 409 had the highest survival rates in all seasons evaluated. The shaded environment provided greater survival and growth than full sunlight, also showing higher CQA levels in the leaves. Clonal cultivars Aupaba, BRS 408, and BRS 409 presented higher growth in both environments. The severe drought in the first year may have affected survival; however, growth was considered satisfactory and plants’ initial establishment was better in the shaded environment.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os compostos bioativos e a anatomia foliar de morfotipos de erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis). A capacidade antioxidante, os compostos fenólicos totais, as metilxantinas e os ácidos cafeoilquínicos foram determinados a partir do extrato aquoso das folhas dos seguintes morfotipos de erva-mate: sassafrás, verde-escuro, verde fosco, cinza e peludinha. A microscopia de luz e a microscopia eletrônica de varredura foram utilizadas para observar a diferenciação anatômica. O morfotipo verde-escuro apresenta os maiores teores de cafeína (20,4 mg g-1) e difere significativamente apenas do morfotipo peludinha (8,8 mg g-1). Todos os morfotipos apresentaram atividade antioxidante semelhante e alta (886,0 e 588,1 μmol de atividade antioxidante equivalente a Trolox por grama de amostra, para ABTS e DPPH, respectivamente) e elevado conteúdo de compostos fenólicos totais (73,9 mg de equivalente a ácido gálico por grama de amostra). Embora a anatomia do mesofilo da folha seja semelhante, a deposição de cera e a configuração do estriamento da cutícula na superfície adaxial diferem entre os cinco morfotipos.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the bioactive compounds and foliar anatomy of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) morphotypes. The antioxidant capacity, total phenolic compounds, methylxanthines, and caffeoylquinic acids were determined from the aqueous extract of leaves of the following yerba mate morphotypes: “sassafras”, dark green, dull green, gray, and “peludinha”. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to observe the anatomical differentiations. The dark-green morphotype showed the highest contents of caffeine (20.4 mg g-1), differing significantly only from the “peludinha” morphotype (8.8 mg g-1). All morphotypes showed similar and high antioxidant activity (886.0 and 588.1 μmol Trolox equivalent antioxidant activity per gram of sample for ABTS and DPPH, respectively), as well as high total phenolic compounds content (73.9 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram of sample). Although the anatomy of the leaf mesophyll is similar, the wax deposition and cuticle striation configuration on the adaxial surface differ between all five morphotypes.

Abstract The development of vegetative propagation programs of Araucaria angustifolia still lacks on information about genetic factor that may influence on its success. We aimed to evaluate how mother tree sex and provenance influence on grafting success. So, we collected orthotropic branches from 26 mother trees male and female, of a clonal garden established from matrices from different provenances, and carried out an experiment using a patch grafting technique. Grafting survival, number and length of shoots did not differ between mother tree sex and provenance. The absence of significant variations between mother trees and no correlation with sex or provenance indicates that the morphological characteristics of rootstocks and shoots, and environmental conditions after grafting may have more influence on the success of grafting.

Resumo Araucaria angustifolia é uma conífera nativa do Brasil de grande importância econômica. É característica da espécie a dificuldade de quebra de dominância apical e indução/crescimento de brotações múltiplas, levando a dificuldades na produção de brotações para miniestaquia e formação de copa com arquitetura mais baixa e aberta para produção de pinhão em pomares. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência da aplicação de giberelina, o sombreamento e diferentes alturas de poda na superação da dominância apical em mudas de araucária. Mudas com aproximadamente 4 anos de idade foram submetidas a três experimentos implantados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, sendo eles a aplicação de giberelina (0 mg L-1 GA3 e 500 mg L-1 GA3), o sombreamento (pleno sol e casa de sombra) e diferentes alturas de poda (30 cm e 60 cm) a partir do colo das mudas. A aplicação de GA3 promoveu menor número de brotações que o tratamento testemunha (0 mg L-1 GA3). Não houve influência do sombreamento no comprimento das brotações. A poda realizada a 30 cm promoveu maior número de brotações. Dessa forma, concluise que a decepa a 30 cm é indicada para produção de brotações múltiplas em A. angustifolia, não sendo necessária aplicação de GA3 e nem sombreamento das mudas para o crescimento das brotações.

Abstract Araucaria angustifolia is a native Brazilian conifer of great economic importance. The difficulty of breaking apical dominance and induction/growth of multiple shoots is characteristic of the species, leading to difficulties in the production of mini-cuttings and formation of a lower open canopy for pinion production in orchards. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of gibberellin application, shading and different pruning heights in overcoming the apical dominance in araucaria seedlings. Seedlings with approximately 4 years old were submitted to three experiments, which were the application of gibberellin (0 mg L-1 GA3 and 500 mg L-1 GA3); shading (full sun and shade house) and different pruning heights (30 cm and 60 cm) from the seedling neck. The application of GA3 promoted smaller number of shoots than the control treatment (0 mg L-1 GA3). There was no influence of shading on shoot length. Pruning at 30 cm promoted the largest number of shoots. Thus, it can be concluded that the cutoff at 30 cm is indicated for the production of multiple shoots in A. angustifolia, neither GA3 application nor seedling shading are necessary for shoot growth.

ABSTRACT. Grafting is an alternative method for the early production of Araucaria angustifolia seeds, and welding quality is essential for the success of the technique. The objective of this study was to create a classification of welding quality to estimate the percentage of scion survival. The patch and flute grafting techniques were used in a greenhouse and in the field. Survival was evaluated 270 days after grafting (DAG). At 60 DAG, observations of the graft connection region were made with the naked eye, classifying the connections into four welding classes. After 160 DAG, transverse cuts were performed on each class and visually and anatomically evaluated. Flute grafting presented higher initial survival (79%), but at 180 DAG, the survival rate of both techniques was similar (48% for flute and 41% for patch). There was greater scion survival for the class that had only two regions in contact with discontinuity in the bark. Stabilization of survival occurred after 180 DAG, regardless of the welding class. Visually, there were differences in welding quality; however, anatomically, all classes presented vascular connections. The visual welding quality assessment underestimated the percentage of scion survival. However, the vascular connection and development of parenchymatous tissue are promising for diagnosing grafting success.

ABSTRACT The usual propagation method for Dalbergia nigra is via seedings; however, the seasonal supply has a variable quantity of seeds which limits the continuous production of seedlings. Therefore, the objective of this study was to establish a vegetative propagation protocol via mini-cuttings technique for D. nigra from juvenile shoots obtained from seedlings. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 x 2 x 4 factorial scheme, with two geographical origins: two controlled release fertilizer doses (4.0 and 8.0 g.dm-³) and four indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) concentrations (0; 2,000; 4,000; and 6,000 mg.Kg-1), with four replications. The mini-cuttings were removed from the tubes after 60 days of propagation in the greenhouse, and the substrate was completely removed by washing in running water to observe the roots. The survival percentage, rooting, rooting speed and variables related to mini-cuttings vigor (largest root length (RL, cm.plant-1), number of roots (NR), surface area (SA, mm2), root volume (RV, mm³) and root dry mass (RDM, g.plant-1) were measured. The results indicated that D. nigra has an aptitude for vegetative propagation by mini-cuttings with survival values and rooting greater than 70%. Geographical origins present a different set of responses for survival, rooting and vigor of mini-cuttings. Stock plant nutrition influences mini-cuttings root growth. IBA concentrations did not promote an effect on the mini-cuttings rooting percentage; however, exogenous auxin at the dose of 6,000 mg.Kg-1 provided mini-cuttings with greater vigor in their radical system. Nonetheless, further research is suggested to define the feasibility of using this regulator in the vegetative propagation of this species.

SUMMARY: Plants producing fruits for many months of the year, or at times when few species bear fruits, are highly valuable for restoration of degraded ecosystems due to their ability to attract and support dispersing fauna. An example of this are native fig trees such as Ficus enormis. Thus, in view of the difficulties for F. enormis seedlings production, we aimed at developing a method of cuttings propagation by evaluating the rooting and root vigor of cuttings from a field clonal garden. The experiment was established between June/2015 and May/2016 at Laboratory of Forest Species Propagation of Embrapa Florestas, in Colombo-PR. We evaluated collection of cuttings during three seasons (winter, spring and summer) and application of concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid - IBA (0, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 mg L-1). After 45 days of cuttings establishment in an acclimatized greenhouse, the best results for rooting, number of roots, average length of the three largest roots per cutting and maintenance of leaves and shoots were found in spring and summer. Using plant regulator did not influence the rooting or root vigor of propagules; the time of the year was the predominant factor to induce rooting. The results show that the cuttings technique with propagules from a clonal garden is efficient for producing F. enormis plants and can serve as a basis for the species propagation.

RESUMEN: Las plantas que producen frutos durante muchos meses del año, o en momentos en que pocas especies dan frutos, son de gran valor para la restauración de ecosistemas degradados debido a su capacidad para atraer y apoyar la fauna dispersora. Un ejemplo de esto son las higueras nativas como Ficus enormis. Por las dificultades para la producción de plántulas de F. enormis, fue evaluada la propagación de esquejes mediante enraizamiento y vigor de sus raíces de un jardín clonal de campo. El experimento se estableció entre junio/2015 y mayo/2016 en el Laboratorio de Propagación de Especies Forestales de Embrapa Florestas, en Colombo-PR. Se evaluó la recolección de esquejes durante tres estaciones (invierno, primavera y verano) y la aplicación de concentraciones de ácido indol-3-butírico - IBA (0, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 mg L-1). Después de 45 días de establecimiento de esquejes en un invernadero climatizado, los mejores resultados para el enraizamiento, el número de raíces, la longitud promedio de las tres raíces más grandes por corte, el mantenimiento de las hojas y los brotes se encontraron en primavera y verano. El uso del regulador de la planta no influyó en el enraizamiento y el vigor de las raíces de los propágulos, y la época del año fue el factor predominante para inducir el enraizamiento. Los resultados muestran que la técnica de esquejes con propágulos de un jardín clonal es eficiente para producir plantas de F. enormis y puede servir como base para la propagación de esta especie.

ABSTRACT Grafting technique has been presented as an alternative for Araucaria angustifolia propagation. However, vegetative rescuing mature trees and obtaining large numbers of propagules is difficult, because the use of branch grafts has not been indicated due to its plagiotropic and morphogenic characteristic, generally resulting in undesired growth of the graft. So we aimed to describe the unpublished fact occurred in four plants of A. angustifolia grafted with grafts from primary branches that resulted in conversion to trunk. Plant growth and morphology were evaluated ten years after grafting. We verified vertical growth and organization of trunk and persistent branches with defined whorls, same to plants grafted with trunk grafts. Field tests with grafted plants using grafts obtained from the four plants resulted in same development pattern, proving the permanent morphogenic change and opening new perspectives for araucaria vegetative rescue and grafting. We concluded that trunciform shoots can be obtained by A. angustifolia grafting with plagiotropic primary branches. Despite the morphological clarity of trunciform shoots on grafted plagiotropic primary branches, it has not yet been possible to identify the causes of this reversion.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a enxertia de Araucaria angustifolia em dois volumes de recipientes e três alturas. Porta-enxertos com 30±5,0 cm foram enxertados com borbulhas com 4,0±1,0 cm em tubos de plástico (recipientes) de 110 e 280 cm3, em três alturas (5,0±1,0, 10±1,0 e 15±1,0 cm). Houve redução na sobrevivência dos enxertos com o aumento da altura de enxertia, e o menor volume limitou o desenvolvimento do sistema radicular. Portanto, a enxertia a 5,0±1,0 cm em recipientes de 280 cm3 traz novas perspectivas para o aprimoramento da silvicultura clonal da espécie, com redução significativa no tempo de produção de mudas (de até 12 meses), bem como nos custos de produção, nos materiais utilizados e na área física.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the grafting of Araucaria angustifolia in two container volumes and at three heights. Rootstocks with 30±5.0 cm were grafted with 4.0±1.0-cm buds in 110 and 280-cm3 plastic tubes (containers) at three heights (5.0±1.0, 10±1.0, and 15±1.0 cm). There was a reduction in graft survival as the height of the grafting point increased, and the lower volume limited the development of the root system. Therefore, grafting at 5.0±1.0 cm in 280-cm3 containers brings new perspectives to improve the clonal forestry of the species, with a significant reduction in plants production time (of up to 12 months), as well as in production costs, used materials, and physical area.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do armazenamento na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de cedro (Cedrela fissilis), bem como correlacionar a germinação e o vigor das sementes com suas principais alterações bioquímicas. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 3×5 (três ambientes × cinco períodos de armazenamento). As sementes foram armazenadas por 0, 135, 280, 381 e 515 dias, em: câmara úmida a 5±2ºC e 80% de umidade relativa, câmara seca a 20±2ºC e 60% de umidade relativa e ambiente não controlado (laboratório) a 16±10ºC e 60±25% de umidade relativa. Em todos os períodos de armazenamento, foram avaliados o teor de umidade em base úmida e as percentagens de proteínas, lipídios, carboidratos totais e cinzas. Para os testes de viabilidade e vigor, foram calculados percentagem de germinação e tempo médio de germinação. No momento da coleta, as sementes apresentaram 11,5% de água, 85,5% de germinação e tempo médio de germinação de 13,5 dias, e todas foram negativamente influenciadas pelo período de armazenamento. A percentagem de proteína mostrou tendência de queda, enquanto a de carboidratos aumentou com o aumento do período de armazenamento. A germinação e o vigor das sementes reduzem drasticamente com o armazenamento.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of storage on the physiological quality of cedar (Cedrela fissilis) seeds, as well as to correlate the germination and vigor of the seeds with their main biochemical changes. The experiments were carried out in a completely randomized design, in a 3×5 factorial arrangement (three environments × five storage periods). Seeds were stored for 0, 135, 280, 381, and 515 days in: a humidity chamber at 5±2ºC and 80% relative humidity, a drying chamber at 20±2ºC and 60% relative humidity, and an uncontrolled environment (laboratory) at 16±10ºC and 60±25% relative humidity. In all storage periods, the content of moisture on a wet basis and the percentages of proteins, lipids, total carbohydrates, and ash were evaluated. For the viability and vigor tests, the percentage of germination and mean germination time were calculated. At sampling time, seeds showed 11.5% water content, 85.5% germination, and mean germination time of 13.5 days, and all were negatively influenced by storage period. Protein percentage showed a downward trend, while that of carbohydrates increased as the storage period was extended. Seed germination and vigor reduce drastically with storage.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a sobrevivência e o crescimento inicial, no campo, de mudas de eucalipto produzidas em diferentes substratos. Mudas de Eucalyptus benthamii produzidas em 36 substratos foram avaliadas em campo. Os substratos consistiram em misturas, em diferentes proporções volumétricas, de: casca de arroz carbonizada, carvão com granulometria entre 1,0-3,0 mm, carvão com granulometria entre 3,0-5,0 mm, fibra de coco, casca de pinheiro semidecomposta, vermiculita fina, lodo de esgoto e turfa. Aos 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 18 e 24 meses após o plantio, foram determinados sobrevivência, altura e diâmetro. Aos 24 meses após o plantio, também foram medidos incremento em altura, incremento em diâmetro, área transversal e área basal. As plântulas que apresentaram sobrevivência de 100% após 24 meses em condições de campo foram aquelas cultivadas, no viveiro, em substratos com maior proporção de vermiculita fina, lodo de esgoto e turfa, ou seja, em substratos com maior microporosidade. No entanto, não há efeito das características do substrato no crescimento inicial das plântulas. Há correlação significativa entre a sobrevivência da plântula aos 6 meses de idade e seu diâmetro no final da fase de viveiro, o que ressalta a importância desta característica para o estabelecimento da planta em campo, independentemente do substrato utilizado.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the survival and initial growth, in the field, of eucalyptus seedlings produced in different substrates. Eucalyptus benthamii seedlings produced in 36 substrates were evaluated in the field. The substrates consisted of mixtures, at different volumetric proportions, of: carbonized rice husk, charcoal with granulometry between 1.0-3.0 mm, charcoal with granulometry between 3.0-5.0 mm, coconut fiber, semi-decomposed pine bark, fine vermiculite, sewage sludge, and peat moss. At 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after planting, survival, height, and diameter were determined. At 24 months after planting, height increment, diameter increment, transversal area, and basal area were also measured. The seedlings that showed 100% survival after 24 months under field conditions were those grown in the nursery in substrates with a higher proportion of fine vermiculite, sewage sludge, and peat moss, that is, in substrates with a higher microporosity. However, there is no effect of substrate characteristics on seedling initial growth in the field. A significant correlation is observed between the survival of seedlings at 6 months and their diameter at the end of the nursery period, evidencing the importance of this characteristic for the establishment of the plant in the field, regardless of the used substrate.