ABSTRACT The effect of biofloc (BFT) and clear water (CW) at low (ls) and high-water salinity (hs) in wild juveniles of Penaeus setiferus were evaluated. Four treatments were implemented: hsBFT, lsBFT, hsCW, and lsCW. After 45 days, final weight (FW), weight gain (WG), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and survival rate (SR) were evaluated. Antioxidant activity in muscle and hepatopancreas were measured: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S transferase (GST), lipid peroxidation (LPO), protein oxidation (PO). The FW and SR was low for lsCW (P < 0.05), whereas the WG and HSI was high in hsBFT and lsBFT (P < 0.05). The integrative biomarker response index (IBR) showed differences between muscle (M) and hepatopancreas (HP). Results showed an increase of SOD and CAT measured from HP for lsBFT treatment. For M, CAT and GST were high only in BFT (regardless of the water salinity). LPO determined from M and HP recorded the high values at hs and ls, respectively. The PO determined in HP showed substantial damage in BFT (regardless of the salinity), whereas the same determination from M was only important for lsCW treatment. When the analyses of variance (ANOVA) were performed, SOD, LPO, and PO were significant in response to salinity (P < 0.05). In contrast, for CAT, the higher activity was due to the rearing system and salinity interaction (P < 0.05). Results suggest that BFT could diminish the stress by stimulating the antioxidant system to maintain the redox balance through a higher enzyme activity and decrease damage in the proteins and lipids of the cells.

RESUMO: O uso de anestésicos em procedimentos aquícolas pode garantir melhor bem-estar e sobrevivência dos animais durante o transporte e ciclo de produção. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia anestésica dos óleos essenciais (OEs) de Lippia alba (EOLA) e Ocimum gratissimum (EOOG) para o camarão rosa Farfantepenaeus paulensis, e Origanum majorana (EOO) e Cymbopogon citratus (EOC) para o camarão branco Litopenaeus vannamei. Os camarões foram expostos à: (i) 500, 750 ou 1000 µL L-1 EOLA e (ii) 50, 100, 150 ou 250 µL L-1 de EOOG para F. paulensis, e (iii) 150, 300 ou 500 µL L-1 EOC, e (iv) 400 ou 800 µL L-1 de EOO para L. vannamei. Os tempos de indução foram dependentes da concentração. Houve diminuição do tempo de indução, mas para EOLA esse padrão foi observado apenas na anestesia. Os tempos de indução para sedação e anestesia foram significativamente mais rápidos para os grupos EOC e EOO. A concentração de 250 µL L-1 de EOOG resultou em 30% de mortalidade. O tempo de recuperação foi significativamente maior a 800 µL L-1 de EOO em comparação aos outros OEs. No geral, a ação dos OEs foi significativamente diferente entre as duas espécies de camarões. Em conclusão, ambos os OEs anestesiaram efetivamente o F. paulensis e L. vannamei.

ABSTRACT: The use of anesthetics in aquaculture ensures better animal welfare and survival during transport and the production cycle. The present study evaluated the anesthetic efficacy of essential oils (EOs) of Lippia alba (EOLA) and Ocimum gratissimum (EOOG) for pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis, and EOs of Origanum majorana (EOO) and Cymbopogon citratus (EOC) for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. shrimp were exposed to (i) 500, 750 or 1000 µL L-1 of EOLA or (ii) 50, 100, 150 or 250 µL L-1 of EOOG, and L. vannamei were exposed to (iii) 150, 300 or 500 µL L-1 of EOC or (iv) 400 or 800 µL L-1 of EOO. The induction times were concentration dependent, with a decrease in induction time with the increase of the EOs concentration, but for EOLA, this pattern was observed only for anesthesia. Induction times for sedation and anesthesia were significantly shorter for shrimp exposed to EOC and EOO. The highest concentration of EOOG (250 µL L-1) resulted in 30% mortality. The recovery time was significantly longer for shrimp exposed to 800 µL L-1 of EOO compared to the other EOs. Overall, the action of EOs significantly differed between the two shrimp species. In conclusion, the tested EOs effectively anesthetized F. paulensis and L. vannamei.

ABSTRACT Litopenaeus setiferus has been described as an economically important native species ranging from the north Atlantic along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico to Florida. Its reproduction has been studied in captivity, as well as some aspects of its nutritional physiology, diseases and adaptation to various environments, including nurseries. In terms of growth, L. setiferus has been compared with L. vannamei for its performance in ponds. As a native species, L. setiferus benefits local fisheries and is also used as a bait shrimp for recreational activity. The present review covers background information and recent advances in research and development efforts to determine its potential both for aquaculture in ponds and intensive biofloc systems (BFT), as well as for the stocking of fishing grounds. The collective research advances for this species presented in this review could help to sustain various strategies, including highly intensive techniques, to rehabilitate L. setiferus in connection with potential institutes.

RESUMO: Diferentes tecnologias foram desenvolvidas para melhorar o desempenho do Litopenaeus vannamei em baixa salinidade, principalmente em sistemas super intensivos como sistema de recirculação e BFT (Biofloc Technology System). No entanto, há um acúmulo de compostos nitrogenados tóxicos aos camarões, como o nitrato, que em altas concentrações e dependendo da salinidade da água pode ser letal. Os testes de toxicidade aguda permitem analisar a relação entre o composto e outras variáveis abióticas ou bióticas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a toxicidade aguda e o nível de segurança do nitrato (N-NO3 -) em juvenis de L. vannamei nas salinidades de 5 e 10g.L-1. Para a salinidade de 5g.L-1, um controle e cinco tratamentos foram testados, com concentrações de nitrato 100, 500, 1500, 2500 e 3500mg.L-1. Para salinidade de 10mg.L-1, foi adicionada uma concentração de nitrato de 4500mg.L-1. Os juvenis foram expostos às concentrações durante 24, 48, 72, 96 horas em sistema estático. A Concentração Letal Média (CL50) foi calculada e o nível de segurança recomendado para o cultivo de L. vannamei é de 60,05 e 127,61mg.L-1 de nitrato para salinidadesde 5 e 10g.L-1, respectivamente.

ABSTRACT: Different technologies have been developed to improve the performance of Litopenaeus vannamei in low salinity, mainly in super-intensive systems like recirculation and BFT (Biofloc Technology System) systems. However, there is an accumulation of toxic nitrogenous compounds to the shrimps such as nitrate, that at high concentrations and depending on the salinity of the culture water can be lethal. Acute toxicity tests allow to analyze the relationship between the compound and other abiotic or biotic variables. The aim of this research was to determine the acute toxicity and safety level of nitrate (N-NO3 -) for juveniles of L. vannamei at salinities of 5 and 10g.L-1. For salinity of 5g.L-1, a control and 5 treatments were tested, with nitrate concentrations of 100, 500, 1500, 2500 and 3500mg.L-1.For salinity of 10mg.L-1, a 4500mg.L-1nitrate concentration was added. Juveniles were exposed to concentrations during 24, 48, 72, 96 hours in static system. The Mean Lethal Concentration (LCC50) was calculated and the recommended safety level for L. vannamei cultivation is 60.05 and 127.61mg.L-1 of nitrate for salinities 5 and 10g.L-1, respectively.

This study evaluates the effects of the previous addition of sodium nitrite (NaNO2) and biofilm in a Litopenaeus vannamei biofloc culture. Five treatments were tested in 180 L - tanks: NaNO2 (-20) addition of NaNO2 for 20 days before stocking and without artificial substrates; NaNO2+B (-20) addition of NaNO2 for 20 days before stocking, with 150% additional artificial substrates; NaNO2 (Stocking) addition of NaNO2 at stocking and no artificial substrates; NaNO2 +B (Stocking) addition of NaNO2 at stocking, with 150% additional artificial substrates and; Control, without NaNO2 addition and without artificial substrates. The study was carried out in two phases: shrimps (0.21 ± 0.08 g) were stocked at a density of 400 ind m-2/1,100 ind m-3, for 30 days (nursery). After this period, the animals were restocked at a lower density (120 ind m-2/400 ind m-3) for 18 more days (grow-out). The turbidity and seattleable solids were higher in treatments without artificial substrates, independently of the addition of NaNO2. The ammonia and nitrite were lower in control, and the nitrate concentrations were higher in treatments with addition of NaNO2 without biofilm. At the end of the nursery, the survival was lower in treatment NaNO2 (-20), and at the end of grow-out the final biomasses were higher in treatments with addition of NaNO2 at the stocking day. In conclusion, the use of a dose of NaNO2 at the stocking day could increase the nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, and the biofilm may contribute to the reduction in suspended particles in water, enhancing shrimp production in biofloc technology system.

Se evaluó los efectos de la adición previa de nitrito de sodio (NaNO2) y biofilm al cultivo de Litopenaeus vannamei en sistema biofloc. Se analizaron cinco tratamientos en estanques de 180 L: NaNO2 (-20) adición de NaNO2 durante 20 días antes de la siembra y sin sustratos artificiales; NaNO2+B (-20) adición de NaNO2 durante 20 días antes de la siembra y con 150% de adición de sustratos artificiales; NaNO2 (Stocking) adición de NaNO2 en la siembra y sin sustratos artificiales; NaNO2 +B (Stocking) adición de NaNO2 en la siembra y con 150% de adición de sustratos artificiales; Control sin adición de NaNO2 y sin substratos artificiales. La densidad de siembra utilizada inicialmente fue de 400 ind m-2/ 1.100 ind m-3 durante 30 días (pre-cría). Después de este periodo, los camarones fueron sembrados a 120 ind m-2/400 ind m-3 por más de 18 días (engorde). La turbidez y los sólidos sedimentables fueron más elevados en los tratamientos sin sustratos artificiales, independientemente de la adición del NaNO2. Las concentraciones de amonio y nitrito fueron inferiores en el control, y las concentraciones de nitrato fueron mayores con la adición de NaNO2 y sin sustratos artificiales. Después del periodo de pre-cría, la supervivencia fue menor en el tratamiento NaNO2 (-20), y al final del período de engorde las biomasas fueron más altas en los tratamientos con adición de NaNO2 en la siembra. En conclusión, la utilización de una dosis de NaNO2 en la siembra puede aumentar las bacterias nitrito-oxidantes, y el biofilm puede contribuir a la reducción de partículas suspendidas en el agua, mejorando la producción de camarones en sistema biofloc.

This work compared the use of dextrose and molasses as carbon sources for biofloc development, water quality maintenance, microorganism composition and growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles in biofloc technology (BFT). Two treatments, dextrose and molasses, were tested with four replicates each. Carbon was added to achieve a C:N-AT (N-(NH3+NH4+)) ratio of 6:1. Physical and chemical water quality variables were monitored daily, and shrimp growth was estimated through periodic biometry. After 30 days, survival, final biomass, and feeding conversion rate (FCR) were determined. Dissolved organic carbon, chlorophyll-a, floc volume, total ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and phosphate concentrations, and microorganisms (qualified by groups), were measured every three days. Water quality variables remained within acceptable levels throughout the experimental period, except for nitrite, which reached higher levels than recommended for this species. The use of dextrose resulted in higher water transparency, which influenced the remaining centric diatoms. A superior shrimp performance was observed at this treatment, presumably because of variations on the microbial community. Therefore, it is concluded that the addition of dextrose results in a superior growth performance of L. vannamei when cultured in BFT systems.

Se comparó el uso de dextrosa y melaza como fuentes de carbono en el desarrollo del biofloco, mantención de la calidad del agua, composición microbiana y crecimiento de juveniles de camarón blanco Litopenaeus vannamei en sistemas de cría con tecnología de biofloco (BFT). Se probaron dos tratamientos, dextrosa y melaza, con cuatro réplicas cada uno. Se agregó carbono para mantener la relación carbono: N-AT (N-(NH3+NH4+)) en 6:1. Las variables físicas y químicas de calidad del agua se controlaron diariamente y el crecimiento de los camarones se estimó mediante biometría en forma periódica. Después de 30 días se determinó la sobrevivencia, biomasa final y tasa de conversión de alimento. Cada tres días se determinaron las concentraciones de carbono orgánico disuelto, clorofila-a, amonio total, nitrito, nitrato y fosfato, y microorganismos (de los grupos clasificados), en el agua. Las variables de calidad de agua se mantuvieran dentro de niveles aceptables durante el periodo experimental, excepto la concentración de nitrito que alcanzó niveles superiores a los recomendados para esta especie. El uso de dextrosa mostró una mayor transparencia del agua, lo que influyó en la mayor permanencia de diatomeas céntricas. En este mismo tratamiento los camarones tuvieron un mejor crecimiento debido probablemente a variaciones en la comunidad microbiana. Por esta razón, se concluye que la adición de dextrosa proporciona un mejor crecimiento del camarón blanco L. vannamei cultivado en sistema de bioflocos.

The capture of juvenile shrimp as live bait for sport fishing has intensified, as has the trade of shrimp in different locations. The transport of shrimp to regions, other than those in which they are captured, is often poorly performed due to the lack of information regarding effective transport, resulting in high mortality of the transported animals. The aim of this study was to determine the optimum stocking density for the transport of juvenile Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis (weight: 5.53 ± 1.20 g) and to evaluate the effect of the addition of hydrated lime in the transport water. Four stocking densities were tested for transport (1, 2, 3 and 4 ind L-1). Following the analysis of the results obtained in the density experiment, the addition of hydrated lime (0.15 g L-1) in the transport water was also tested. Water quality and the final survival were negatively correlated with increasing stocking density. The results of this study demonstrated that the highest density that can be used to avoid mortality is 3 ind L-1 for a maximum period of 10 h. The use of hydrated lime in the transport water attenuated the observed effects on water quality parameters.

La captura de juveniles de camarón como carnada viva para la pesca deportiva se ha intensificado, al igual que el comercio de camarón en diferentes ciudades. El transporte de camarones a regiones distintas de aquellas en las que se capturan, a menudo se realiza en forma inapropiada, debido a la falta de información sobre el transporte eficaz, lo que resulta en una alta mortalidad de los animales transportados. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la densidad óptima para el transporte de camarón rosa Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis (peso: 5,53 ± 1,20 g), y evaluar el efecto de la adición de cal hidratada en el agua de transporte. Se hicieron pruebas con cuatro densidades de siembra para el transporte (1, 2, 3 y 4 ind L-1), y luego del análisis de los resultados obtenidos en el ensayo de densidad, se realizó una prueba con la adición de cal hidratada (0,15 g L-1) en el agua de transporte. La calidad del agua y la sobrevivencia final se correlacionaron negativamente con el aumento de la densidad de población. Los resultados de este estudio demuestran que la densidad más alta que se puede utilizar, para evitar la mortalidad en el transporte de camarón, es de 3 ind L-1 por un periodo máximo de 10 h. El uso de cal hidratada en el agua del transporte atenúa los efectos observados en los parámetros de calidad del agua.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de altas densidades de estocagem na sobrevivência, crescimento e na taxa de conversão alimentar de camarões Litopenaeus vannamei, na fase final de engorda em sistema de Biofloc Technology (BFT), mantendo os mesmos parâmetros de água para todos os tratamentos. Os camarões (11,96 ± 1,14g) foram estocados em microcosmos (tanques de 0,50 m²), conectados a um raceway de cultivo BFT. O experimento teve duração de 45 dias. Os camarões foram estocados nas densidades de 150, 300, 450 e 600 camarões/m². Bioflocos foram coletados para análise de composição proximal. Os resultados foram submetidos à ANOVA uma via e as diferenças foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (α = 0.05). No T300 e T450, o crescimento e sobrevivência dos camarões não foram afetados pelas altas densidades. A maior biomassa alcançada (T450) foi de 5,1 kg/m² e a melhor conversão alimentar foi de 1,54 no T150. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que as densidades de estocagem no sistema proposto podem ser elevadas, mas não superiores a 450 camarões/m². Observou-se ainda que mesmo se a qualidade de água for mantida igual para todos os tratamentos, há efeito negativo entre densidade e crescimento dos camarões, confirmando que esse efeito é comportamental.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of high stocking densities on survival, growth and feed conversion rates of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp, in final growout phase, in a Biofloc Technology (BFT) culture system, keeping the same water parameters for all treatments. Shrimps (11.96 ± 1.14 g) were stocked in microcosms (0.50/m² tanks), connected to a BFT system raceway. The study was carried out for 45 days. The shrimp were stocked at densities of 150, 300, 450 and 600 shrimp/m². Bioflocs were collected for analysis of proximate composition. The results were submitted to one-way ANOVA, and differences were compared by Tukey test (α = 0.05). In T300 and T450, growth and survival were not affected by high stocking densities. The highest biomass reached (T450) was 5.1kg/m² and the best feed conversion rate was 1.54 in T150. The results of this study indicate that stocking densities in the proposed system can be high, but not exceeding 450 shrimp/m². Furthermore, even maintaining the same water parameters for all treatments, there was a negative effect between density and shrimp growth, confirming that this effect is behavioral.

O camarão-rosa Farfantepenaeus paulensis é considerado uma espécie com potencial para criação no estuário da Lagoa dos Patos, RS, onde o volume desembarcado deste recurso vem decrescendo nos últimos anos. A criação deste camarão em cercados está sendo proposta como uma fonte de renda alternativa para os pescadores artesanais e agricultores que habitam o entorno deste estuário. Do ponto de vista econômico, estes sistemas alternativos de criação apresentam vantagens sobre os sistemas tradicionais em viveiros de terra: não se necessita ter posse da terra, nem equipamentos de bombeamento d'água ou aeração. Além disso, materiais relativamente baratos são utilizados na construção das estruturas de engorda e há uma grande disponibilidade de alimento natural. Esta revisão apresenta alguns aspectos da criação de F. paulensis em cercados como uma alternativa às comunidades de pescadores. Maior ênfase será dada no desenvolvimento dos sistemas de criação, manejo, impactos sociais e ambientais, dificuldades e possibilidades.

The shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis is considered a suitable species for culture in the Patos Lagoon estuary, southern Brazil, where its catch has been decreasing in the last few years. Considering the potential of estuarine areas for shrimp farming, the application of low-cost structures to culture shrimp, such as the pen enclosures, is being proposed as an alternative source of income for artisanal fishermen and farmers living near Patos Lagoon. From an economical standpoint, these alternative systems present several advantages over the traditional pond-based culture systems since land, water pumping and artificial aerations are not required, high natural productivity is available and inexpensive materials are employed in the construction of grow-out structures. This paper reviews the farming of F. paulensis in the pen enclosures as an alternative to the artisanal fishing communities of the Patos Lagoon estuary. Particular emphases are placed on the development of culture systems, social and environmental impacts, constraints and perspectives.

Um pacote tecnológico para o cultivo do camarão-rosa em estruturas alternativas de baixo custo, gaiolas e cercados, vem sendo aplicado em conjunto com pescadores artesanais do estuário da Lagoa dos Patos, no extremo sul do Brasil. Embora a tecnologia para o cultivo intensivo de pós-larvas (PL) em laboratório já esteja bem documentada, informações referentes à sobrevivência e crescimento desses organismos na fase de berçário ainda são escassas para cercados e gaiolas no ambiente natural. Em virtude destes fatos, o objetivo do trabalho foi comparar o crescimento e a sobrevivência de pós-larvas de F. paulensis durante a fase de berçário em gaiolas e cercados no ambiente. Para o desenvolvimento do trabalho, foram utilizadas seis gaiolas (2,0 ´ 2,0 ´ 1,4 m) com malha de poliéster revestida de PVC com abertura de malha de 1,5 mm. Em cada unidade foram estocadas 800 PL26. Para verificar a influência do substrato, foram espalhados uniformemente 10 cm de sedimentos da própria enseada dentro de três gaiolas, simulando um cercado. A taxa de sobrevivência dos camarões obtida nas gaiolas foi de 92,2% e nos cercados de 88,7%, não sendo detectadas diferenças (P > 0,05). Porém, o peso médio final dos camarões nos cercados (1,05 ± 0,05 g), foi superior (P < 0,05) ao peso dos camarões nas gaiolas (0,88 ± 0,12 g). A espécie pode ser cultivada na fase de berçário em gaiolas ou cercados sem prejuízo à sobrevivência final. Entretanto, recomenda-se que a fase de berçário seja realizada preferencialmente em cercados.

Technology for the culture of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis in low-cost cages and pen enclosures was developed together with artisanal fishermen of the Patos Lagoon estuary, southern Brazil. Although the production of postlarvae (PL) under laboratory conditions is well documented, survival and growth during the nursery phase cages and pen enclosures in the nature has not yet been analyzed. Therefore, the present study compared survival and growth of F. paulensis postlarvae reared either in cages or pens. Six cages (2.0 ´ 2.0 ´ 1.4 m) of PVC-coated polyester with a mesh size of 1.5 mm were stocked with 800 PL26 each. To assess the effect of the substrate, a 10 cm layer of sand was added to three of these cages to simulate a pen enclosure. No difference in the mean survival rate between cages (92.2%) and pens (88.7%) was found (P > 0.05). However, final weight of shrimp reared in pens (1.05 ± 0.05 g) was higher than those kept in cages (0.88 ± 0.12 g). The nursery phase of F. paulensis in cages and pens did not affect survival. Nevertheless, because of the higher growth rate of shrimp grown in pen enclosures, this kind of structure should be preferentially used in nursery rearing of this species.

Nos cultivos de organismos aquáticos, a manutenção da qualidade da água é fundamental para o sucesso da atividade, tendo em vista que variações nos parâmetros físico-químicos implicam em alterações metabólicas. O consumo de alimento por parte dos camarões pode ser afetado por estas variações, o que interfere nas taxas de crescimento e conseqüentemente na biomassa final produzida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o efeito da temperatura, salinidade, amônia, nitrito e nitrato sobre o consumo alimentar do camarão-rosa Farfantepenaeus paulensis. Desta forma, juvenis (0,2-0,4 g) foram aclimatados por 15 dias em água do mar com diferentes temperaturas, salinidades, concentrações de amônia, nitrito e nitrato. Após o período de aclimatação, 20 camarões de cada tratamento foram individualmente analisados para observar a relação entre a quantidade de alimento oferecido e a quantidade de alimento ingerido, em um período de 24 horas. O consumo médio apresentou alterações significativas (p<0,05) nos testes de temperatura e de nitrito, enquanto que nos tratamentos de amônia, nitrato e salinidade, não detectou-se alterações no consumo alimentar (p>0,05). De acordo com os resultados obtidos, conclui-se que a temperatura e o nitrito afetam o consumo alimentar de F. paulensis. Por outro lado, para os intervalos testados nos tratamentos de salinidade, amônia e nitrato, a ingestão de alimento dos camarões não foi afetada. Cabe ressaltar que longos períodos de exposição, a estas condições, podem afetar as espécies cultivadas, reforçando a importância do manejo na manutenção da qualidade de água.

Studies were carried out to investigate the effect of temperature, salinity, ammonia, nitrite and nitrate on food consumption of pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis. Juveniles (0.2 - 0.4 g) were acclimated for 15 days in seawater with different temperatures, salinities and concentrations of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate. After the acclimation period, 20 shrimps per treatment were individualized in order to have their ration intake analyzed through the amount of ration offered and left over within a 24-hour period. Mean food consumption presented significant alterations (P<0.05) for the tested temperatures and nitrite concentrations, whereas for the salinity, ammonia and nitrate treatments, shrimp presented no alteration on food intake (P>0.05). According to the results obtained, temperature and nitrite affected F. paulensis food consumption. On the other hand, variables as salinity, ammonia and nitrate did not affect shrimp appetite. However, the possibility of this to happen over long periods, prejudicing the species culture in captivity, reinforced the necessity of regular water quality management.