RESUMO O objetivo do trabalho foi averiguar se o kefir produzido atende os padrões de identidade e qualidade de leites fermentados, verificar a possibilidade de atribuição de "declaração de propriedade nutricional" e avaliar a atividade antagonista do leite fermentado frente a Staphylococcus aureus e a Escherichia coli. Foram elaboradas duas formulações distintas de kefir (Kefir 1 e 2), onde foram determinadas a composição centesimal, minerais, pH, contagem de bactérias láticas totais e a atividade antagonista frente a Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli. Os resultados da avaliação físico-química apontaram diferença estatística significativa entre as formulações, exceto para o percentual de lipídeos, Ca, K, Mg e Na. As formulações atenderam aos parâmetros de identidade e qualidade para leites fermentados avaliados. As alegações nutricionais possíveis para o Kefir 1 são "fonte de proteínas", "reduzido em calorias" e do Kefir 2, "alto conteúdo de proteínas" e "alto conteúdo de zinco". Os leites fermentados apresentaram atividade antagonista significativa frente aos micro-organismos testados (> 24 h), não sendo observada atividade após esse período. Mais estudos envolvendo o kefir são sugeridos, explorando suas potencialidades como alimento probiótico e a inserção na dieta da população.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate whether produced kefir meets the identity and quality standards for fermented milks, to check the possibility of assigning a nutrition declaration, and to evaluate the antagonistic activity of the fermented milk against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Two different formulations of kefir (Kefir 1 and Kefir 2) were prepared to determine the percentage composition, minerals, pH, total lactic acid bacteria, and antagonistic activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The results of the physicochemical evaluation indicated a statistically significant difference between the formulations, except for the percentage of lipids, Ca, K, Mg and Na. The formulations met the parameters of identity and quality in the fermented milks under evaluation. Possible nutrition declarations for Kefir 1 are 'source of proteins' and 'reduced calorie', and for Kefir 2, 'high protein content' and 'high zinc content'. The fermented milks showed significant antagonistic activity against the tested microorganisms (> 24 h), with no activity seen after this period. Further studies involving kefir are suggested, exploring its potential as a probiotic food, and its inclusion in the diet of the population.

RESUMO O desenvolvimento de produtos diferenciados e que confiram benefícios à saúde da população é um desafio para quem trabalha com alimentos. O objetivo do trabalho foi elaborar duas formulações de queijo (C1 e C2) e soro (W1, W2) de kefir e avaliar a atividade antibacteriana in loco dos mesmos, frente a microrganismos de interesse em alimentos. Leite pasteurizado, leite em pó e grãos de kefir foram utilizados para a elaboração dos produtos, sendo determinada a composição centesimal. C1, C2, W1 e W2 foram contaminados com cinco diferentes frações logarítmicas (A = 8 log a E = 4 log UFC/ml) de Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) e Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229) e a atividade antibacteriana avaliada ao longo de 0; 24; 48 e 72 h de exposição. Os resultados evidenciaram atividade antibacteriana do queijo e do soro de kefir, principalmente após 24 h. Escherichia coli foi a bactéria mais sensível, e a atividade antibacteriana máxima foi observada no queijo, nas densidades populacionais "D" e "E" e no soro nas densidades "B", "C", "D" e "E" após 48 e 72 h, indicando que in loco a atividade antibacteriana de alimentos produzidos com grãos de kefir tende a ser menor quando comparada com estudos que a avaliaram in vitro. Quanto maior o aporte de nutrientes no alimento, menor é a atividade antibacteriana observada, provavelmente em função da ação protetora que os nutrientes conferem aos microrganismos frente às bacteriocinas e aos metabólitos oriundos da fermentação.

ABSTRACT The development of different products that confer health benefits on the population is a challenge for those who work with food. The aim of this study was to elaborate two formulations of kefir cheese (C1 and C2) and whey (W1, W2), and to evaluate their in situ antibacterial activity against microorganisms of interest in food. Pasteurized milk, powdered milk and kefir grains were used in preparing the products and their percentage composition was determined. C1, C2, W1 and W2 were contaminated with five different logarithmic fractions (A = 8log to E = 4log CFU/ml) of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229), with antibacterial activity assessed over 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours of exposure. The results demonstrated the antibacterial activity of kefir cheese and whey, especially after 24 hours. Escherichia coli was the most sensitive of the bacteria, with maximum antibacterial activity seen in the cheese at population densities D and E, and in the whey at densities B, C, D and E after 48 and 72 h, showing that the in situ antibacterial activity of foods produced with kefir grains tends to be lower when compared with studies in vitro. The greater the nutrient content of the food, the lower the antibacterial activity seen, probably due to the protective action that the nutrients confer on the microorganisms against bacteriocins and the metabolites from fermentation.

Abstract Hibiscus sabdariffa L. is used in traditional medicine because of its bioactive properties, such as antioxidant and antibacterial. Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative bacteria and as an indicator of contamination in food. The aim of this work was to evaluate the anti-Escherichia coli effect and the change in pH on the control of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms, using hydroethanolic extract of H. sabdariffa L. in different concentrations in a meat model, verifying its potential as food additive for microbiological stability on ground beef during cooling storage. For the preparation of the treatments, the meat experimental units were elaborated with different concentrations of the vegetal extract (5, 10, 15 and 20%), ground beef and contaminated with E. coli. For pH evaluation, the meat experimental units were added different percentages of hydroethanolic extract. The H. sabdariffa L. antibacterial action reduced two logarithmic levels in practically all treatments. The best pH result was obtained in the meat containing 30% of the extract. The hydroethanolic extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. showed anti-Escherichia coli activity in the presence of refrigerated ground beef. Analyzing the pH results and the count of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, it is possible this extract to be used as a natural food additive.

Abstract Food production within the context of solidarity economy is an alternative way to offer employment and income for a significant part of the Brazilian population. The purpose of this study was to carry out a business diagnosis in order to evaluate the facilities, the production process and hygiene practices of seven solidarity economy enterprises located in the city of Novo Hamburgo, Southern Brazil, that work with food production and sales. Visits took place at the enterprises and a check-list was used to record data. Although food production happens in places with space and setting restrictions, it guarantees distinctive foods with aggregate value, where handlers follow the whole process, from raw materials selection to sales. Basic hygiene principles are followed, as they guarantee the production of food with quality, which contributes towards income generation for participating families. Specific laws that apply to the characteristics and needs of small-scale food production must be written in order to regulate solidarity economy enterprises.

Os citros são as frutas mais produzidas e consumidas no mundo. O Brasil ocupa primeiro lugar na produção mundial e na exportação de suco de laranja, sendo o Estado do Rio Grande do Sul um importante produtor. Ao longo do cultivo e do processamento dos citros, são geradas toneladas de resíduos de baixo valor comercial, mas com grande potencial de aproveitamento dentro da indústria de alimentos. Esses resíduos possuem elevados teores de nutrientes, pigmentos e componentes bioativos, bem como possuem baixa toxicidade e baixo custo. Há evidências de que a casca de diferentes espécies de citros possui princípios ativos antibacterianos e antifúngicos. O objetivo deste trabalho, portanto, foi verificar a atividade antibacteriana de extratos alcoólicos da casca de citros na perspectiva da desinfecção e da conservação de alimentos, propondo alternativas sustentáveis e naturais voltadas a consumidores cada vez mais preocupados com sua saúde. Foram obtidos extratos alcoólicos da casca crua de bergamota-ponkan (Citrus reticulata Blanco), pomelo (Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.) e limão-bergamota (Citrus limonia Osbeck ou limão-cravo) maduros, provenientes de cultivo agroecológico, cujas atividades antibacterianas foram avaliadas quanto à Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e à Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM) frente a cinco diferentes bactérias. O extrato de limão-bergamota apresentou a melhor atividade antibacteriana, apresentando CIM em torno de 24 mg.mL-1 e CBM de 42 mg.mL-1 para as bactérias mais resistentes. A bactéria mais sensível a todos os extratos foi Pseudomonas aeruginosa, com CIM entre 16 e 36 mg.mL-1 e CBM entre 28 e 49 mg.mL-1. Os extratos inibiram ou inativaram na sua totalidade as bactérias testadas, indicando a possibilidade de se tornarem alternativas naturais na desinfecção e na conservação de alimentos.

Citrus are the most produced fruits in the world. Brazil ranks first in global production and export of orange juice. The State of Rio Grande Do Sul is an important producer of citrus. During farming and processing of citrus, tons of residues are generated, with low commercial value and great potential for use in the field of food production. These residues possess many nutrients, pigments and bioactive compounds, as well as low toxicity and cost. There is evidence that the peel of citrus have antibacterial and antifungal activity. In this work, we aim to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of citrus peels in the perspective of disinfection and preservation of food, presenting sustainable and natural alternatives directed at consumers concerned with health. Ethanolic extracts of crude peel of ripe ponkan tangerine (Citrus reticulata Blanco), pomelo (Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.) and rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) were obtained from ecological family farms. Their antibacterial activities were evaluated regarding Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) against five different bacterial strains. The rangpur lime extract presented the best antibacterial activity, with about 24 mg.mL-1 MIC and 42 mg.mL-1 MBC for the most resistant strain. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most sensitive strain. All ethanolic extracts inhibited or inactivated all tested strains, indicating they could be used as natural alternatives in food disinfection and preservation.