ABSTRACT Light stress damages the photochemical apparatus and affects seedling growth of forest species. Using potassium silicate (K2SiO3) can mitigate these deleterious effects and contribute to the acclimatization and robustness of seedlings. This study evaluated the effect of K2SiO3 and shading levels on the photochemical and growth of Alibertia edulis (Rich) A. Rich seedlings. The experiment was arranged under three light conditions based on shading levels of 0 % (full sun), 30 %, and 70 %. Four doses of K2SiO3 applied through foliar spray were tested: 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mL L–1. Cultivation under full sun and under 70 % of shade was stressful for A. edulis, while cultivation under 30 % of shade improved plant growth. Increasing application of K2SiO3 in seedlings under full sun damaged the reaction center, causing lower photochemical yields, but increased the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II under 30 % of shade. Using K2SiO3 contributed to leaf water regulation while applying 10.0 mL L–1 increased chlorophyll indices, leaf area, physiological indices, and the quality of seedlings cultivated under full sun and 30 % of shade. Using 10.0 mL L–1 K2SiO3 mitigated the negative effects of light stress under full sun. It provided high photochemical efficiency, morphology aspects, and Dickson quality index A. edulis seedlings in environments with high or moderate light availability.

ABSTRACT Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O. Berg (guavira) is a native plant of the Cerrado and Pantanal, which has several medicinal activities and fruits with a unique flavor rich in vitamin C. The species does not have defined cultivation methods, requiring studies to increase biomass production. An alternative is the use of organic residues that can influence the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of soils and consequently increase plant production. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the effect of different organic residues and bokashi, on the biomass production of plants and on the levels of phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of tea from the leaves of guavira. Five substrates were studied in pots and protected environment: soil; soil + rice husk chicken manure; soil + sawdust chicken manure; soil + castor bean cake; soil + Organosuper® with or without the use of Bokashi in a 5x2 factorial scheme, in a randomized block experimental design. It was observed that the rice husk chicken manure can be used to increase the initial growth and biomass production of guavira keeping the leaves antioxidant activity tea stable. The use of bokashi benefits the growth of guavira only when no other organic residue is added to soil. Cambess. Cambess (Cambess. O (guavira Pantanal C methods chemical Thus phenols environment cake Organosuper x 5x scheme design stable (Cambess

Abstract Hebanthe eriantha (Martius) Kuntze and Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng) Pedersen are medicinal plants popularly known as “Brazilian Ginseng” due to their similarity to Panax ginseng. In Brazil, they are sold as the same herb, despite their different pharmacological and toxicological properties. The morphological identification is difficult, which facilitates their adulteration. We report the application of the Barcode DNA High-Resolution Melting (Bar-HRM) using matK gene to differentiate both species in samples sold in the Brazilian market. Using the proposed method, we could discriminate and identify both species. Bar-HRM analysis allowed discriminating and identifying both species. It allowed the identification of H. eriantha and P. glomerata in 43.6% and 56.4% of the amplified samples, respectively. Of these, only seven samples were authenticated and, in 71.4% of the cases, adulterated. We concluded that Bar-HRM has proven to be a fast alternative method to authenticate plants under the common name “Brazilian Ginseng”.

Resumo A Campomanesia adamantium (guavira) é nativa do Cerrado brasileiro e utilizada como alimentícia e medicinal. A planta tem sido explorada indiscriminadamente em seu hábitat, o que, somado às queimadas e ao desmatamento, levam-na ao risco de extinção. Para a preservação da espécie, é essencial seu manejo in situ e ex situ, e as práticas agroecológi-cas associadas à adubação verde são um sistema recomendado. Neste estudo, investigamos o desenvolvimento da C. adamantium cultivada com os adubos verdes Stylosanthes macrocephala, Pueraria phaseoloides, Calopogonium mucunoides e Cajanus cajan, além dos atributos químicos e microbiológicos do solo. Os adubos verdes tiveram maiores produções de massas frescas e secas no segundo corte, e as plantas de C. mucunoides, S. macrocephala e P. phaseoloidestiveram maiores concentrações de nutrientes. A massa do C. mucunoidesteve rápida decomposição e influenciou os atributos químicos do solo, havendo maior atuação dos microrganismos do solo no processo bioquímico de decomposição dos resíduos orgânicos. As plantas de C. adamantium mais bem desenvolvidas e com maiores produções e teores de nutrientes nas folhas foram cultivadas com os adubos verdes C. mucunoides e S. macrocephala. Os resultados mostraram que as plantas de C. adamantium respondem positivamente ao uso do adubo verde C. mucunoides, com aumento da produção de folhas. Este cultivo agroecológico contribui para a preservação de C. adamantium e para o uso adequado dos recursos naturais do Cerrado.

Abstract Campomanesia adamantium (guavira) is a native plant of the Brazilian Cerrado used both as food and as medicine. The plant has undergone indiscriminate overexploitation in its habitat, which, in association with fires and deforestation, puts the species at risk of extinction. To preserve the species, in situ and ex situ management actions are required and agroecological practices associated with green manuring is the recommended system. In this study, we investigated the development of C. adamantium grown with the green manures Stylosanthes macrocephala, Pueraria phaseoloides, Calopogonium mucunoides, and Cajanus cajan, as well as the chemical and microbiological properties of the soil. The green manures had the highest production of fresh and dry masses at the second cut and C. mucunoides, S. macrocephala, and P. phaseoloides presented the highest nutrient concentrations. C. mucunoides mass decomposed rapidly and influenced the chemical properties of the soil, with a greater role of soil microorganisms in the biochemical process of decomposition of the organic residues. The bestdeveloped and highest yielding plants with the highest leaf nutrient content were obtained for C. adamantium grown with the green manures C. mucunoides and S. macrocephala. The results showed that C. adamantium responded positively to the use of the green manure C. mucunoides with increased leaf production. This agroecological cultivation to contributes for the preservation of C. adamantium and the appropriate use of the natural resources of the Cerrado.

ABSTRACT Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus L.) is an unconventional plant or vegetable grown for ornamental, food and medicinal purposes. However, information on cultivation of the species involving organic residue is incipient. Therefore, aimed to evaluate plant growth, flower yield, and nutrient contents of leaves and flowers of Nasturtium cultivated with addition of chicken manure. Five doses of chicken manure were studied, applied in the soil incorporated (I) (1, 6, 10, 14 and 19 t ha-1) and cover (C) (1, 6, 10, 14 and 19 t ha-1) forms, using the experimental array Plan Puebla III, leading to nine combinations of doses and forms of adding the chicken manure, in randomized blocks with four replicates. The greatest plant height (35.75 cm) was achieved at 168 days after transplanting (DAT) under 10 t ha-1 I and 10 t ha-1 C. The greatest yield terms of in number (15.4 million ha-1) and fresh (10.45 t ha-1) and dry weights (0.849 t ha-1) of flowers were found by using doses close to 10 t ha-1 I and 10 t ha-1 C. To obtain the best development and yield of Nasturtium flowers, 10 t ha-1 I and 10 t ha-1 C of chicken manure should be used.

ABSTRACT Aristolochia plants are notable from an ethnopharmacological viewpoint, but the relevance of these species for medicinal purposes has been debated because of their inherent toxicity. The convergence of these contrasting realities can be readily achieved using bioconversion methods, which have been shown to be useful tools for numerous applications, including the detoxification of biomass. In this context, methanolic extracts of leaves from Aristolochia triangularis and Aristolochia gibertii, as well as the feces of Battus polydamas larvae fed with leaves from these plants, were prepared, and their cytotoxic activities were evaluated on a human fibroblast cell line (GM07492). The leaf extracts were found to be cytotoxic, leading to reductions of 42.1 and 33.8% on cell viability, respectively, while the fecal extracts were considered inactive. In addition to evidencing the cytotoxicity of A. triangularis and A. gibertii, these findings demonstrated a potential bioconversion strategy for obtaining aristolochiaceous extracts with reduced toxicity using the larvae of a specialist phytophagous insect, thus renewing expectations in relation to the pharmacological importance of Aristolochia spp. The results were also ecologically relevant, as B. polydamas larvae were found to be able to detoxify compounds from host plants.

Abstract The aim was to evaluate the effect of chicken manure and substrate liming in the Campomanesia xanthocarpa (‘gabiroba’) physiology, nutrition and growth. Five dosages of chicken manure (0; 5; 10; 15 and 20 Mg ha-1) were studied without and with substrate liming. The treatments were arranged in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme, in a randomized block design with four replications. There was an improvement on the chemical attributes in the substrate and nutrients contained in the plants where liming was performed. The highest plant height of C. xanthocarpa occurred with liming and 9.03 Mg ha-1 of chicken manure. The diameters were liming-grown plants and 4.57 mm with 5 Mg ha-1 of chicken manure. The photochemical efficiencies of PSII occurred in plants grown on liming substrate. It was concluded that C. xanthocarpa plants had their development optimizes with substrate liming and incorporation of 5 Mg ha-1 chicken manure.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of different organic residues and bokashi in the substrate formulation in the initial growth of marmelo-do-cerrado. The experiment was carried out in pots under shading (50%). The following organic residues were tested: poultry manure (PM) with rice husk base, PM with wood shavings base, Organosuper®, and castor bean meal, in a control with only soil. All treatments were assessed with and without bokashi. The experimental arrangement was a 5 × 2 factorial scheme in a randomized block design with four replicates and four plants. The greatest plant height was observed when the plants were cultivated in PM with rice husk base with bokashi. The pigment contents, photochemical efficiency, biomasses and quality of seedlings were highest in Organosuper® with bokashi. We recommend the use of Organosuper® and PM with rice husk base, both with bokashi, in the growth of marmelo-do-cerrado.

Abstract It is essential to know the ecological tolerance of Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg seedlings regarding the light and edaphic conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of substrates and shading levels on the emergence and quality of A. peregrina seedlings. The seeding was done in two substrates: 100% Dystroferric Red Latosol (DRL) and DRL + commercial substrate (1:1, v/v). The species were kept under four shading levels: 0% (direct sunlight), 30%, 50% and 70%. The highest speed and shortest emergence time of A. peregrina occurred in DRL. The highest growth characteristics of aerial part, xylopodium and roots occurred under direct sunlight and DRL. The productions of fresh and dried masses of different vegetative organs, physiological and Dickson quality index were higher in DRL and direct sunlight. The A. peregrina seedlings in 100% of DRL and direct sunlight showed more viable morphophysiological and quality indicators for their production.

Abstract Because of the lack of agronomic information regarding cultivation of the pink pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius), this study aimed to verify the effect of gypsum and phosphorus on the initial growth and how they affect soil fertility. The treatments consisted of four levels of agricultural gypsum (0; 750; 1,500, and 2,250 mg kg-1) and P2O5 (0; 41.7; 83.4, and 125.1 mg kg-1), with a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement, in a completely randomized design with four replications. Morphological variables and nutritional content taken at 165 days after transplant were shown to be adequate to assess the initial growth and to show their nutritional requirements, indicating that plants are responsive to phosphorus. The association of higher gypsum and P2O5 levels promoted higher plant vigor and their application to the soil increased the availability of calcium, phosphorus, and base saturation.

ABSTRACT Proper crop management is essential for preservation of medicinal plants of the Cerrado. There is no report of ex-situ cultivation of Allophylus edulis (vacum), which is used for its antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, in intercropping with Tropaeolum majus (nasturtium). Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the intercropping with nasturtium and fertilization with chicken manure on yield of vacum. The experiment consisted of six treatments: monocrop vacum without chicken manure; monocrop vacum with hicken manure; monocrop nasturtium without chicken manure; monocrop nasturtium with chicken manure; vacum intercropped with nasturtium without chicken manure and vacum intercropped with nasturtium with chicken manure. The crop cycle of vacum took 540 days after transplanting and, during this period, nasturtium was cultivated in two cycles, in 2017 and 2018. Vacum showed greater height growth and production of fresh and dry masses of leaves in single cultivation with chicken manure fertilization. Nasturtium showed greater growth and flower production in monocrop cultivation with chicken manure fertiliazation, in the first cycle. The intercropping vacum with nasturtium was effective, showing Equivalent Area Ratio (EAR) of 1.16 and 1.18 without and with chicken manure, respectively.

Objetivou-se avaliar a produtividade, custos de produção e rentabilidade do mangarito cultivado com diferentes tamanhos de mudas (T1= 3,30; T2= 2,17; T3= 1,34 e T4= 0,81 g) e bases de cama de frango semidecomposta (serragem, casca de arroz e sem cama de frango) adicionadas ao solo em cobertura. Os tratamentos foram arranjados no esquema fatorial 4 x 3, no delineamento experimental blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. A maior massa da matéria fresca de rizoma filho comercial foi obtida com o uso da cama de frango base casca de arroz e tamanho de mudas (T1), com aumento de 7,25 t ha-1 em relação ao T4 que obteve o menor valor. O T1 favoreceu maior massa fresca de rizoma mãe. Os custos estimados para produzir 1,0 ha de mangarito variaram em função dos tratamentos em R$ 2.356,26 entre o maior custo (R$ 9.802,30), ao cultivar com cama de frango e mudas T1 e o menor custo (R$ 7.446,04), para o cultivo sem a adição de cama de frango ao solo ao utilizar mudas T4. As maiores rendas bruta e líquida foram obtidas no cultivo do mangarito com T1 e adição de cama de frango base casca de arroz.

The aim was to evaluate the productivity, production costs and profitability of mangarite grown with different seedling sizes (T1= 3.30, T2= 2.17, T3= 1.34 and T4= 0.81 g) and types of poultry manure with different bases (sawdust, rice hulls and without poultry manure). The factors were arranged in a 4 x 3 factorial scheme in a randomized complete block design, with four replications. The highest fresh mass of the commercial cormels was obtained with the use of the poultry rice hulls base and size of seedlings 1 (T1), with an increase of 7.25 t ha-1 in relation to T4. T1 presented the highest fresh cormels mass. The estimated costs to produce 1.0 ha of mangarite varied according to the treatments in R$ 2,356.26 between the highest cost (R$ 9,802,30), the cultivar with poultry manure and T1 seedlings and the lowest cost (R$ 7,446,04), for cultivation without the addition of poultry manure to the soil when using T4 seedlings. However, the highest gross and net incomes were obtained in the cultivation of the T1 mangarite and addition of rice hulls poultry manure.

Pereskia aculeata Plum. (Ora pro nóbis, Cactaceae) é uma planta de interesse medicinal e de valor alimentício por apresentar elevadores teores de fibras e proteínas. Porém, são incipientes informações referentes aos aspectos fisiológicos na fase de crescimento inicial de mudas. Assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho conhecer o metabolismo fotossintético de mudas de P. aculeata propagadas por estaquia sob contrastes de irradiância. O experimento foi desenvolvido sob duas disponibilidades luminosas (Pleno sol e sombreamento de 50%), avaliando-se os tipos de estaca apical, mediana e basal. O arranjo experimental foi em esquema fatorial 2 x 3, no delineamento blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Foram quantificados os pigmentos fotossintéticos, emissão da fluorescência da clorofila a e trocas gasosas. Constatou-se que os maiores teores de clorofilas e eficiências fotoquímicas ocorreram nas mudas de estacas apicais cultivadas sob 50% de sombreamento (baixa irradiância). As maiores taxas de assimilação de CO2, eficiência da Rubisco e de uso da água foram constatadas quando utilizadas estacas medianas e basais sob pleno sol (alta irradiância). A propagação por estacas medianas mantidas em alta ou baixa irradiância e basais em alta irradiância propiciaram maior capacidade fotossintética das mudas e podem ser indicadas para a propagação dessa espécie.

Pereskia aculeata Plum. (Ora pro nóbis, Cactaceae) is a plant of medicinal interest and alimentary value to present high contents of fibers and proteins. However, information regarding the physiological aspects in the initial growth stage of seedlings is incipient. Thus, the aim of this work was to know the photosynthetic metabolism of P. aculeata seedlings propagated by cuttings under irradiance contrasts. The experiment was conducted under two light conditions (full sun and 50% shading), evaluating the types of apical, median and basal cuttings. The experimental arrangement was in a 2 x 3 factorial scheme, in the randomized complete block design, with four replications. Photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll-a fluorescence emission and gas exchange were quantified. Results showed that the highest levels of chlorophylls and photochemical efficiencies were observed in the apical cuttings cultivated under 50% shading (low irradiance). The highest rates of CO2 assimilation, Rubisco efficiency and water use were observed when using median and basal cuttings under full sun (high irradiance). The propagation by median cuttings maintained in high or low irradiance, and basal cuttings under high irradiance provided a greater photosynthetic capacity of the seedlings, and may be indicated for the propagation of this species.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de doses de K no desenvolvimento inicial e eficiência nutricional de mudas da aroeirinha. Para isso foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação um experimento em vasos com cinco doses de K2O (66,67, 133,33, 200, 266,67 e 333,33 mg kg-1), dispostos em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições. Aos 180 dias após transplante todas as plantas foram colhidas e avaliadas quanto à altura, diâmetro, área foliar, massa seca de raiz e da parte aérea, conteúdo em raiz e parte aérea e eficiência de absorção, de uso e de translocação dos nutrientes. A adubação potássica incrementou o desenvolvimento da aroeirinha, as maiores alturas das plantas e o diâmetro do caule foram obtidos quando as plantas foram cultivadas com 210 mg kg-1 de K2O e as maiores massas secas da parte aérea, área foliar e conteúdo e eficiência de nutrientes quando as plantas foram cultivadas com a dose de 66,67 mg kg-1 de K2O.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of K doses on the initial development and nutritional efficiency of Brazilian pepper tree. For this purpose it was developed under greenhouse conditions in pot experiment with five level of K2O (66.67, 133.33, 200, 266.67 and 333.33 mg kg-1) a randomized complete block design with five replicates. At 180 days after transplant, all plants were harvested and evaluated for height, diameter, leaf area, root and shoot dry mass, root and shoot contents, and efficiency of uptake, use and translocation of nutrients. Potassium fertilization increased the development of Brazilian pepper tree, the highest plant height and stem diameter were obtained when the plants were grown with 210 mg kg-1 K2O and the highest dry shoot mass, leaf area and nutrient content cultivating with the dose of 66,67 mg kg-1 de K2O.

Campomanesia adamantium é uma frutífera nativa do Cerrado que apresenta propriedades medicinais e alimentícias. Porém, os tratos culturais para a espécie ainda não estão bem definidos, tal como a prática da calagem em diferentes composições de substrato. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito das doses de calcário em diferentes texturas de substrato no crescimento inicial e no teor de nutrientes de plantas de C. adamantium. Foram estudadas cinco doses de calcário (0; 1; 2; 3 e 5 t ha-1) em substrato a base de Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico (LVd) e LVd+areia (1:1, v/v), arranjados em esquema fatorial 5x2, no delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. No substrato LVd, o maior desenvolvimento em altura (9,83 cm por planta); diâmetro do caule (2,13 mm por planta); índice SPAD (38,37) e teores de nutrientes N (23,57 g kg-1); K (11,81 g kg-1), na parte aérea e N (22,26 g kg-1); P (6,66 g kg-1); K (7,91 g kg-1); Ca (6,56 g kg-1); e Mg (1,82 g kg-1) na raiz, foram sob uso de 5 t ha-1 de calcário. No entanto, o maior desenvolvimento e teor de nutrientes utilizando o substrato LVd+areia ocorreu sob ausência de calcário. Esse comportamento evidencia que a planta responde a diferentes formas ao uso de calagem em diferentes substratos.

Campomanesia adamantium is a native fruit of Cerrado that presents medicinal and nutritional properties. However, cultural practices for the species are not defined, such as the use of liming and substrate compositions. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the effect of liming levels on different substrate textures on the initial growth and nutrient content of C. adamantium plants. Five liming levels (0, 1, 2, 3 and 5 t ha-1) were studied in a substrate based on dystrophoric Red Latosol (LVd) and LVd+sand (1:1, v/v), arranged in outline factorial 5x2, in the delineation of randomized blocks, with four repetitions. In LVd substrate, the highest development in height (9.83 cm per plant); the diameter of the stem (2.13 mm per plant); SPAD index (38.37) and nutrient levels N (23.57 g kg-1); K (11.81 g kg-1), in the aerial part and N (22.26 g kg-1); P (6.66 g kg-1); K (7.91 g kg-1); Ca (6.56 g kg-1); and Mg (1.82 g kg-1) at the root, were under use of 5 t ha-1 of liming. However, the greater development and nutrient content using the LVd+sand substrate occurred under the absence of liming. This behavior shows that the plant responds to different ways when using draft on different substrates.