RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as características morfogênicas, estruturais e o índice de estabilidade populacional de perfilhos do azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) quando a pastagem foi submetida a dois métodos de lotação, durante ciclos de pastejo. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos casualizados, com medidas repetidas ao longo do tempo (n = 6 ciclos), dois tratamentos (métodos de lotação) e três repetições de área. No método de lotação contínua, foi observada a maior densidade populacional de perfilhos. O maior peso de perfilhos ocorreu no método de lotação rotativa. As variáveis morfogênicas e as demais variáveis estruturais não foram alteradas pelos métodos de lotação e apresentaram diferenças durante os ciclos de pastejo. O índice de estabilidade populacional de perfilhos foi semelhante nas duas estratégias de manejo do pasto e ambas podem ser utilizadas para o manejo do azevém considerando-se esse parâmetro.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the morphogenic and structural characteristics and the population stability index of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) tillers when the pasture was submitted to two stocking methods during grazing cycles. The experimental design was a complete randomized block, with repeated measurements over time (n=6 cycles), two treatments (stocking methods) and three area replicates. In the continuous stocking method, the highest population density of tillers was observed. The highest tiller weight occurred in the rotational stocking method. The morphogenic variables and the other structural variables were not altered by the stocking methods and showed differences during the grazing cycles. The tiller population stability index was similar in the two pasture management strategies, and both can be used for ryegrass management considering this parameter.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar a economicidade, o desempenho produtivo e o desenvolvimento das estruturas corporais relacionadas ao trato reprodutivo de bezerras de corte mantidas exclusivamente em pastagem de azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) ou em pastagem de azevém recebendo 0,5 e 1,0% do peso corporal (PC) de farelo de arroz integral (FAI) como suplemento. O método de pastejo foi o rotativo, e o intervalo entre pastejos foi estabelecido considerando-se a soma térmica necessária para a emissão de 1,5 folha de azevém (187,5ºC). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente ao acaso, com medidas repetidas no tempo. O ganho médio diário das bezerras não diferiu entre os sistemas alimentares. A taxa de lotação e o ganho de peso por área foram maiores quando as bezerras receberam 1,0% do PC de farelo de arroz integral. A maior margem bruta foi observada quando as bezerras receberam 0,5% de FAI. O custo variável obtido para os diferentes sistemas alimentares apresentou comportamento crescente em função dos níveis de FAI, superando o uso exclusivo do azevém em 49,4% e 81,8%. O peso corporal final, o escore de condição corporal e o escore do trato reprodutivo não diferiram entre os sistemas alimentares. Considerando-se um animal adulto com peso corporal médio de 450kg, as bezerras ao início do experimento apresentaram 34% do peso corporal adulto e peso corporal final médio de 56% do peso adulto. A utilização de níveis de farelo de arroz integral (FAI) na recria de bezerras de corte sob pastejo rotativo em azevém não modifica o ganho médio diário e o escore do trato reprodutivo. O fornecimento de 1% de FAI mostrou efeito substitutivo, proporcionando um incremento de 31,2% na taxa de lotação e de 38,3% no ganho por área. O sistema alimentar AZ0,5 permitiu uma maior margem bruta; já o retorno financeiro direto foi positivo em todos os sistemas alimentares, com melhor retorno calculado para o uso exclusivo do azevém.

ABSTRACT The experiment was carried out with the objective of evaluating the gross margin, the productive and reproductive performance of beef heifers kept exclusively on ryegrass pasture (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) or ryegrass receiving 0.5 and 1.0% of body weight (BW) of whole rice bran as supplement. The grazing method was the rotational and the interval between grazings was set by the thermal sum required for the appearing of 1.5 ryegrass leaf (187.5ºC). The experimental design was completely randomized with repeated measures. Heifers average daily gain did not differ between the feeding systems. The stocking rate and weight gain per area were higher when heifers received 1.0% BW of whole rice bran. The higher gross margin was observed when heifers received 0.5% BW. The variable cost obtained for the different feeding systems showed increasing behavior depending on the WRB levels, surpassing the exclusive use of ryegrass in 49.4% and 81.8%. The final body weight, body condition score and reproductive tract score did not differ between the feeding systems. Considering an adult animal with an average body weight of 450kg, the heifers at the beginning of the experiment showed 34% of mature body weight and final average body weight of 56% of adult weight. The use of rice bran levels (FAZ) in the rearing of beef heifers under rotational grazing on ryegrass does not change the average daily gain and the reproductive tract score. The supply of 1% FAI showed substitutive effect, providing an increase in capacity of 31,2% and 38.3% rate of the gain per area. The food system AZ0,5 allowed a higher gross margin, as the economic return was positive in all food systems, with better return calculated for the exclusive use of ryegrass.

RESUMO O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar o consumo de forragem e o desempenho de novilhas de corte dos 15 aos 18 meses de idade, em pastejo em papuã (Urochloaplantaginea(Link) Hitch), recebendo farelo de arroz integral (FAI) como suplemento (0, 0,5 e 1,0% do peso corporal (PC)). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente ao acaso, com medidas repetidas no tempo. O uso de FAI aumentou o consumo total de matéria seca (MS), o consumo total de proteína bruta e de nutrientes digestíveis totais em relação às novilhas exclusivamente em pastejo. As novilhas que receberam 1,0% do PC de FAI reduziram o consumo de MS da forragem, aumentando em 18% a taxa de lotação (TxLot) e em 27% o ganho de PC por hectare (GPA) em comparação com o sistema exclusivamente a pasto. No sistema em que as novilhas receberam 0,5% do PC de FAI, a TxLot e o GPA foram similares aos demais sistemas. Nesse sistema alimentar, foi observado GDM 18% superior em relação às novilhas exclusivamente em pastejo e ganho similar ao uso de 1,0% do PC de FAI. Em pastagem de papuã, é recomendado o uso de 0,5% do PC de FAI para novilhas de corte dos 15 aos 18 meses de idade, por promover respostas produtivas superiores em relação às novilhas exclusivamente em pastejo e semelhantes às observadas quando fornecido 1,0% do PC de FAI.

ABSTRACT The study was carried out to evaluate the forage intake and performance of beef heifers from 15 to 18 months of age, grazing on Alexandergrass (Urochloaplantaginea (Link) Hitch) fed rice bran (RB; 0, 0.5 and 1.0% body weight (BW)). The experiment consisted of a completely randomized design with repeated measurement arrangement. Rice bran increased the total dry matter (DM) intake, total crude protein intake and total digestible nutrients intake. Heifers that received 1.0% BW of RB reduced forage DM intake, increasing by 18% stocking rate (SR) and by 27% BW gain per area in comparison with the system exclusively on pasture. In the system in which the heifers were fed 0.5% BW of RB, SR and gain per area were similar to other systems. In this feeding system, we observed average daily gain 18% higher than when heifers were exclusively on pasture and gain similar to that observed when using 1.0% BW of RB. In Alexandergrass pasture it is recommended to supply 0.5% BW of RB for beef heifers from 15 to 18 months of age, to promote better productive responses compared to heifers exclusively on pasture and similar to those observed when supplying 1.0% BW of RB.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o tempo de permanência, o número de bocados nas estações e o deslocamento entre estações alimentares por bezerras de corte em pastagem de azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) e recebendo farelo de arroz integral como suplemento em três níveis (0,0; 0,5 e 1,0% PC). O método de pastejo foi rotacionado, com número variável de animais. O período de descanso foi estabelecido pela soma térmica (ST) de 187,5ºC, equivalente à ST necessária para a emissão de 1,5 folhas de azevém. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com medidas repetidas no tempo, três níveis de suplemento e seis ciclos de pastejo. O tempo de permanência em cada estação alimentar (9,4s) foi semelhante para bezerras exclusivamente a pasto e as que receberam 1,0% PC de suplemento. As bezerras que receberam 0,5% PC de suplemento permanecem 1,1s a mais na estação alimentar quando comparadas com as bezerras nos demais níveis. O deslocamento entre estações alimentares (1,7 passos) e o número de bocados em cada estação alimentar (sete bocados) foram semelhantes independentemente do nível de farelo de arroz fornecido. As bezerras, ao receberem 0,5% PC de farelo de arroz, são mais dependentes da presença de lâminas foliares no estrato pastejável do dossel.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the length of stay and number of bites in the feeding stations and displacement between feeding stations for beef heifers on ryegrass pasture (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and receiving rice bran as a supplement in three levels (0.0; 0.5 and 1.0% BW). The grazing method was rotational with variable number of animals. The interval between grazing was set by the thermal sum (TS) of 187.5ºC equivalent to TS necessary for externalization of 1.5 leaf lamina of ryegrass. The experimental design was completely randomized with repeated measures on time, three levels of supplement and six grazing periods. The stay time at each feeding station (9.4 sec.) was similar for heifers exclusively on pasture and receiving 1.0% supplement BW. Heifers that received 0.5% supplement BW remained 1.1 sec. longer at the feeding station than heifers on other supplement levels. Displacement between feeding stations (1.7 steps) and the number of bites in each feeding station (7 bites) were similar regardless of the supplied rice bran level. Heifers receiving 0.5% rice bran BW are more dependent on the presence of leaf blades in grazeable stratum of canopy.

The incidence of renal anomalies in patients who suffer a renal trauma is around 4.4 and 19%. We introduce a case of a patient whose first sign of a chronic hydronefrosis was a renal burst secondary to an abdominal trauma.

Se estima que la presencia de anomalías renales en pacientes que sufren un traumatismo renal oscila entre el 4,4 y el 19%. Presentamos un caso de un paciente cuya primera manifestación de una hidronefrosis crónica fue un estallido renal secundario a un traumatismo abdominal.

We presented a case of inferior vena cava on the left side diagnosed by abdominal CT scan during the study of a renal cell carcinoma in the right side. This anomaly is very rare but it may suppose a more difficult approach to the nephrectomy.

Presentamos un caso de vena cava renal izquierda diagnosticado mediante CT abdominal durante el estudio de extensión de un paciente por carcinoma de células renales. Esta anomalía es muy rara pero su conocimiento antes de la cirugía es importante para evitar complicaciones durante el procedimiento quirúrgico.

OBJECTIVE: To study the time required to obtain a negative sperm analysis after vasectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We reviewed 239 consecutive vasectomies performed between september 1998 and september 1999. All of them were done in an ambulatory basis. Follow up interval was 41-853 days (mean 144, median 104). The first semen analysis was requested between 1 and 6 months after the surgical procedure. If the sample still showed spermatozoa, then a new one was requested every two months. Probability of becoming azoospermic was studied with Kaplan-Meier curves. RESULTS: Persistent spermatozoa could be found in 31 patients (13%) at the end of follow-up. Despite having a positive semen analysis, 10 patients (4.2%) discontinued medical visits. Time required to obtain a negative sperm count ranged from 58 to 362 days (mean 133, median 99). The probability of being azoospermic 200 and 260 days after vasectomy was 80-90% respectively. A total of 328 semen analysis were requested (range 1-4, mean 1.37, median 1) CONCLUSIONS: A minimum of 200 days (6.6 months) are needed to clear all the spermatozoa in semen after vasectomy in 80% of our patients. Requesting the first semen sample 7 months after vasectomy is cost-effective, reducing unnecesary medical visits and increasing the rentability of this test.

OBJETIVO: Estudiar el tiempo necesario para obtener un seminograma negativo tras la vasectomía. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Revisamos 239 vasectomías consecutivas durante un año. Todas ellas fueron realizadas de forma ambulatoria. El tiempo de seguimiento fue de 41-853 días (media 144, mediana 104). El primer seminograma fue solicitado entre 1 y 6 meses tras la intervención. A los pacientes que presentaron espermatozoides en la primera muestra de semen, se les solicitó una nueva muestra cada dos meses hasta que el seminograma fuese negativo. La probabilidad de azoospermia fue estudiada mediante curvas de Kaplan-Meier. RESULTADOS: Al final del periodo de seguimiento, 31 pacientes (13%) seguían teniendo espermatozoides en el seminograma. A pesar de ello, 10 pacientes (4,2%) dejaron de acudir a la consulta. El tiempo requerido para obtener un seminograma negativo osciló entre 58 y 362 días (media 133, mediana 99). La probabilidad de quedar azoospérmico a los 200 y 260 días tras la vasectomía, fue del 80 y 90% respectivamente. Se realizaron un total de 328 seminogramas (rango 1-4, media 1,37, mediana 1). CONCLUSIONES: Se necesita un mínimo de 200 días (6,6 meses) para que el 80% de nuestros pacientes queden azoospérmicos. Solicitar el primer seminograma 7 meses tras la vasectomía es rentable, reduciendo el número de visitas médicas innecesarias e incrementando la rentabilidad de esta prueba.

Nutcracker syndrome is caused by compression of left renal vein between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery. This phenomenon results in left renal venous hypertension, left gonadal vein varices and unilateral hematuria. We report a typical case of nutcracker syndrome and we review the literature in an effort to explain this pathology.

El síndrome del cascanueces está causado por una compresión de la vena renal entre la aorta y la arteria mesentérica superior. Este fenómeno resulta en una hipertensión de la vena renal izquierda, varices en la vena gonadal izquierda y hematuria unilateral. Comunicamos un caso típico de síndrome de cascanueces y se lleva a cabo una revisión de la literatura reciente para tratar de explicar esta patología.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Surgical repair is the most effective option for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) between the different therapeutical options availables at present. The main objective of our study is to compair the outcome of the different techniques employed in the treatment of SUI in our setting. METHOD: We have performed a retrospective analysis of the patients who underwent surgical intervention for SUI between 1991 to 1999 (213 surgical interventions in 194 patients) clustering the surgical procedures into three groups: abdominal, abdomino-vaginal, and sling procedures. The results of the treatment were defined as follows: total continence, significant improvement and insufficient improvement. Comparison of continence rates was performed with χ2 test and Fisher’s exact test. Association between qualitative variables was also evaluated by means of χ2 test. Multivariate analysis of predictive factors was performed with a Cox model. The outcome was also evaluated by Kaplan-Meier’s curves, and comparisons made with log-rank test. Statistical significance level was established for p< 0.05. RESULTS: Global cure rate at 24 months was 54.5% (116 patients). Significant improvement was observed in 33 patients (15.5%), and insufficient improvement was seen in 64 patients (30%). The most frequent postoperative complications were suprapubic pain (33%), acute urinary retention (26%), significant postvoiding residual urine (24%) and wound seroma or infection (20%). None of the analyzed factors (age, weight, number of births, preoperative pads, postoperative acute urinary retention, and need for postoperative bladder clean intermitent catheterization were independient predictive factors for postoperative continence. The actuarial analysis with Kaplan-Meier curves shows no statistical differences between the studied techniques (log rank p=0.41). Sling techniques presented with a superior rate of most postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: The cure rate of our serie was 54.5% at 24 months, with a 70% of clinically satisfactory responses. With regard to continence status, it seems that there is not a better surgical technique in our hands, presenting sling techniques with a higher rate of postoperative complications. We could not find no pre o postoperative independient factors as predictors of postoperative continence.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La corrección quirúrgica es actualmente el método más efectivo de tratamiento para la incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo (IUE) de entre las diferentes opciones terapéuticas de las que se dispone en la actualidad. El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en comparar la eficacia de los distintos grupos de técnicas empleadas para el tratamiento de la IUE en nuestras pacientes. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Hemos llevado a cabo un análisis retrospectivo de las pacientes intervenidas en nuestro Servicio por IUE durante el periodo comprendido entre abril de 1991 y julio de 1999 (213 intervenciones en 194 pacientes), agrupando los procedimientos en 3 grupos: técnicas abdominales, técnicas abdomino-vaginales, y técnicas de cabestrillo. La tasa de éxito de la intervención fue valorada mediante tres categorías: continencia total, mejoría clínicamente significativa, y ausencia de mejoría. La comparación bivariante de proporciones se realizó mediante la prueba exacta de Fisher y el test de Chi-cuadrado. La asociación de variables cualitativas se evaluó mediante el test de Chi-cuadrado: se utilizó un modelo de Cox para el análisis multivariante de los factores predictores de continencia, y curvas de Kaplan-Meier para la evaluación de la supervivencia de la continencia post-operatoria. Para todos ellos se tomó como nivel de significación estadística una p<0,05. RESULTADOS: La tasa de continencia total de nuestra serie fue del 54,5% (116 pacientes continentes) a los 2 años. En el grupo de mejoría clínica significativa fueron incluidas 33 pacientes (15,5%) y en el grupo de pacientes sin mejoría 64 pacientes (30%) (Figs. 3 y 4). Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron la presencia de dolor suprapúbico (33%), la infección de la herida (20%), la retención de orina post-operatoria (26%), y la presencia de residuo post-miccional significativo (24%). Ninguno de los múltiples factores analizados, se mostraron como factores predictivos independientes para la continencia post-operatoria. En el análisis actuarial, tras la comparación de las curvas de Kaplan-Meier correspondientes a cada técnica, objetivamos que no existen diferencias entre las distintas técnicas (logrank; p=0,41) presentando la técnica de sling un mayor número de complicaciones. CONCLUSIONES: La tasa de continencia total post-quirúrgica de nuestra serie es de un 54,5% a los dos años, encontrando un total de 70% de respuestas clínicamente satisfactorias. No parece existir una técnica claramente superior a las demás en cuanto a eficacia para nuestras pacientes, presentando la técnica de sling un porcentaje superior de complicaciones. No hemos encontrado factores pre o post-operatorios que influyan de modo independiente en la predicción de la continencia post-quirúrgica.

OBJECTIVE: Finding differences in the characteristics of the two most frequent variants of renal cancers: the clear-cell renal carcinoma, and the chromophilic one. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Restrospective analysis of epidemilogical characteristics of patients diagnosed of renal carcinoma in our hospital between 1991 and 2001. Statistical differences were searched between patients´ characteristics (age, sex, smoking habitus) and tumors´ characteristics (size, focality, stage, side and grade). RESULTS: Sixty six renal tumors were diagnosed, of which 41 (62.1%) were clear-cell tumors and 9 (13%) were chromophilic. We only found statistical differences between both subpopulations´ tumor size (p<0,05), being greater for clear-cell tumors (7 ± 3,92 cm) than for chromophilic ones (4,89 ± 1,96 cm). We could also appreciate a bias towards a less advanced stage of the chromophilic type, although not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Clear-cell renal carcinoma and chromophilic renal carcinoma are the two more frequent variants of renal tumors. The chromophilic type is smaller and is usually found in a less advanced stage, although this bias could not be demonstrated in our series.

OBJETIVO: Encontrar diferencias en las características epidemiológicas de las dos variedades más frecuentes de cánceres renales: el carcinoma renal de células claras y el cromofílico (papilar). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Análisis retrospectivo de las características epidemiológicas de los pacientes diagnosticados de carcinoma renal en nuestro hospital entre los años 1991 y 2001. Se buscaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las características de los pacientes (edad, sexo y hábito tabáquico) y de los tumores (tamaño, focalidad, estadio, lateralidad y grado). RESULTADOS: Se diagnosticaron 66 tumores renales, de los cuales 41 (62,1%) eran de células claras y 9 (13%) cromofílicos. Únicamente se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambas subpoblaciones en lo referente al tamaño (p<0,05), siendo mayor en el caso de los de células claras (7 ± 3,92 cm) frente a los cromofílicos (4,89 ± 1,96 cm). También se apreció una sensible tendencia de los tumores cromofílicos a encontrarse en estadios más precoces en el momento del diagnóstico. CONCLUSIONES: Los carcinomas renales de células claras y los cromofílicos son las dos variedades más frecuentes de tumores renales. Los cromofílicos son de menor tamaño y suelen encontrarse en un estadio menos avanzado, aunque esta tendencia no se ha podido demostrar en nuestra serie.