Este estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar as freqüências gênicas em diferentes gerações de bovinos da raça sintética Canchim (5/8 Charolês, 3/8 Zebu). Uma amostra de 154 animais, representando três classes de gerações de um rebanho das raça Canchim, foi analisada para sete marcadores moleculares. Uma amostra da raça Charolesa (N = 36) foi incluída nas análises para permitir comparações. Observou-se um aumento linear, altamente significativo (P < 0,01), na freqüência do alelo que codifica o aminoácido valina na posição 127 do hormônio de crescimento, ao longo das gerações de Canchim. Este alelo foi observado na amostra da raça Charolesa e não é encontrado em raças zebuínas nacionais. Quatro alelos foram observados para o microssatélite localizado na região 5' não transcrita do gene do fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina do tipo I (IGF-I), com tamanhos variando de 231 a 225 pb. A freqüência do alelo de 225 pb apresentou um aumento significativo (P < 0,05) não linear ao longo das gerações. Este alelo não foi observado na raça Charolesa e é predominante nas raças zebuínas. Para o microssatélite CSFM50, seis alelos foram observados na raça Canchim, tendo sido verificada uma redução linear (P < 0,05) na freqüência do alelo de 168 bp. A hipótese de acasalamento preferencial com relação ao polimorfismo do hormônio de crescimento foi reforçada pelos resultados da análise de estatística F de Wright. O valor estimado de FIS para este loco foi 0,59 (P < 0,01). O aumento simultâneo de um alelo do hormônio de crescimento característico de Bos taurus e de um alelo de IGF-I característico de Bos indicus sugere que a seleção fenotípica tenha favorecido regiões diferentes de ambos os genomas que entraram na formação dessa raça.

This study was developed to evaluate selection effects on gene frequencies in a synthetic beef cattle cross (5/8 Charolais, 3/8 Zebu) named Canchim. A sample of 154 Canchim animals, representing three generation classes, was analyzed for seven molecular markers. Thirty-six Charolais cattle were also studied for comparison. A highly significant variation (P < 0.01), with a linear increase of the allele coding for valine at position 127 of the growth hormone peptide, was observed through generations. This allele was found in the Charolais sample but is not observed in Brazilian Bos indicus breeds. Four alleles were found for a microsatellite in the 5' flanking region of insulin-like growth factor I gene in Canchim. Allele sizes ranged from 231 to 225 bp. There was a significant (P < 0.05) nonlinear increase in the 225-bp allele frequency. This allele was not observed in Charolais. Six alleles were observed for microsatellite CSFM50 in the Canchim population. A significant (P < 0.05) linear reduction of the 168-bp allele was observed over the generations. The hypothesis of preferential mating for growth hormone polymorphism was supported by Wright's F-statistics. Estimated FIS value for growth hormone was 0.59 (P < 0.01). These results suggest that selection influenced three out of seven loci analyzed. The simultaneous increases of a Bos taurus-specific growth hormone allele and a Bos indicus-specific insulin-like growth factor I allele indicate that phenotypic selection favored different regions of both genomes.

Sete espécies de Sesbania (Leguminosae): S. emerus, S. exasperata, S. rostrata, S. tetraptera (anuais), S. grandiflora, S. sesban e S. virgata (perenes), utilizadas como forrageira para ruminantes, madeira para lenha e construção, melhoramento do solo e alimentação humana, foram avaliadas neste trabalho, num total de 22 acessos, com o objetivo de caracterizar a variabilidade genética tanto inter como intraespecífica, estimar parâmetros genéticos para os caracteres avaliados e avaliar o potencial forrageiro dos acessos. O experimento foi conduzido no Instituto de Zootecnia, em Nova Odessa, SP, em blocos ao acaso com 22 tratamentos e quatro repetições. Foram avaliados 17 caracteres morfológicos, incluindo dois de fenologia, e 17 caracteres agronômicos. Foram estimados os parâmetros coeficiente de diversidade genotípica intraespecífica (bi) e coeficiente de variação genética intraespecífica (CVgi) para as espécies representadas por mais de um acesso. Diferenças altamente significativas foram observadas tanto entre como dentro de espécies para a maioria dos caracteres avaliados, mostrando a grande variabilidade genética do material em estudo. S. exasperata apresentou variação intraespecífica para o maior número de caracteres morfológicos, o mesmo sendo observado para S. sesban para caracteres agronômicos. Valores elevados de bi, acima de 0,80, foram obtidos para a maioria dos caracteres, indicando possibilidade de seleção de genótipos superiores. Já os valores de CVgi, que indicam a magnitude da variabilidade genética existente com relação à média do caráter, variaram de acordo com a espécie e o caráter avaliado. Observaram-se diferenças entre espécies anuais e perenes, com as anuais apresentando maior produção de biomassa no primeiro corte e as perenes a partir do segundo corte, atingindo o pico de produção no terceiro corte. As espécies anuais apresentaram maior produção de sementes. O acesso NO 934 de S. sesban se destacou quanto à produção de biomassa e vigor de rebrota, sendo indicado como promissor para uso como leguminosa forrageira.

Twenty-two accessions of seven Sesbania (Leguminosae) species: S. emerus, S. rostrata, S. tetraptera, S. exasperata (annuals), S. grandiflora, S. sesban and S. virgata (perennials), used for ruminant fodder, firewood, wood products, soil improvement, and human food, were investigated, with the aim of characterizing both inter- and intraspecific genetic variability, estimating genetic parameters for the characters evaluated and appraising the forage potential of the accessions. These were planted at the Instituto de Zootecnia, Nova Odessa, SP, Brazil, in a randomized complete block design with 22 treatments and four replications. Seventeen morphological and 17 agronomic characters were evaluated. Genetic parameters coefficient of intraspecific genetic diversity (bi) and coefficient of intraspecific genetic variation (CVgi) were obtained for the species represented by more than one accession. Highly significant differences were observed among as well as within species for most characters, showing considerable genetic variability. S. exasperata showed intraspecific genetic variability for the largest number of morphological characters. The same was observed for S. sesban for the agronomic characters. Most of the characters gave high bi values, above 0.80, indicating the possibility of selecting superior genotypes. The CVgi values, on the other hand, which indicate the magnitude of the existing genetic variability relative to the character mean, varied according to the species and character evaluated. Differences between annual and perennial species were observed, with higher biomass yields presented by the annuals at the first cut and by the perennials after the second cut, reaching the highest yield at the third cut. The annual species had higher seed production. Accession NO 934 of S. sesban gave the highest biomass yields and regrowth vigor, showing promise as a forage legume plant.

Foram conduzidos experimentos fatoriais cultivando P. elliottii em solução nutritiva destinados a estudar o efeito de macronutrientes na composição mineral, grossura da parede celular e concentração da celulose no xilema. Os sintomas de deficiencia dos elementos foram descri tos e registrados. O crescimento foi estimulado por N, P, K, Ca e Mg, sendo a maior resposta devida ao N. Somente o enxofre aumentou significativamente o teor de celulose. A grossura da parede celular diminuiu com altos níveis de N, Ca, Mg e S; os primeiros diminuiram o comprimento das fibras.

Sand culture experiments, using a sub-irrigation technique, were installed in order to find out the effects of the macronutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S on growth, aspect, mineral composition, length of fibers, thickness of cell wall and cellulose concentration in slash pine. The aim was to obtain, under controlled conditions, basic information which could eventually lead to practical means designed to increase the rate of growth and to make of slash pine a richer source of cellulose. Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium Experiment A 3 x 3 x 3 factorial design with two replicates was used. Nitrogen was supplied initially at the levels of 25, 50 and 100 ppm; phosphorus was given at the rates of 5, 10 and 20 ppm; potassium was supplied at the rates of 25, 50 and 100 ppm; six months after the experiment was started the first level for each element was dropped to zero. Others macro and all micronutrients were supplied at uniform rates. Fifteen hours of illumination per day were provided. The experimental technique for growing the slash pine seedlings proved quite satisfactory. Symptoms of deficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were observed, described and recorded in photographs and water colors. These informations will help to identify abnormalities which may appear under field conditions. Chemical analysis of the several plant parts, on the other hand, give a valuable means to assess the nutritional status of slash pine, thus confirming when needed, the visual diagnosis. The correctness of manurial pratices, on the other hand, can be judged with the help of the analytical data tabulated. Under the experimental conditions nitrogen caused the highest increases on growth, as measured by increments in height and dry weights, whereas the effects of phosphorus and potassium were less marked. Cellulose concentration was not significantly affected by the treatments used. Higher levels of N seemed to decrease both length of fiber elements and the thickness of cell wall. The effects of P and K were not well defined. Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfur Experiment A 3 x 3 x 3 factorial design with two replicates was used. Calcium was supplied initially at the levels of 12.5, 25 and 50 ppm; magnesium and sulfur were given at the rates of 6, 12.5 and 25 ppm. Other macro and micronutrients were supplied at uniform rates, common to all treatments. Three months after starting the experiment the first level for each element was dropped to zero. Symptoms of deficiency of calcium, magnesium and sulfur were observed, described and recorded as in the case of the previous experiment. Chemical analysis were made, both for mineral content and cellulose concentration. Length of fibers and thickness of cell wall were measured. Both calcium and magnesium increase height, sulfur failing to give significant response. Dry weight was beneficially affected by calcium and sulfur. The levels of calcium, magnesium and sulfur in the needles associated with deficiency and maximum growth are comparable with those found in the literature. Cellulose concentration increased when the level of sulfur in the substrate was raised. The thickness of cell wall was negatively affected by the treatments; no effect was observed with regards to length of fibers.