Abstract Cryoprotectants are required to reduce damage caused to the cells due to low temperatures during the cryopreservation. Antifreeze proteins (AFP) have a well-known role in cell membrane protection, while resveratrol is a potent antioxidant. This study assessed the effect of the association of resveratrol concentrations and AFP I in a ram semen extender. Pooled semen of four rams was allocated into six treatments in a factorial arrangement: (CONT, only the semen extender); only AFP I (ANT: 0.1 µg/mL of AFP I), only resveratrol, one treatment with two levels (10 µM/mL or 50 µM/mL of resveratrol); and two treatments with the interactions, with one AFP I and one of the two levels of resveratrol (0.1 µg/mL of AFP I with 10 µM/mL resveratrol; 0.1 µg/mL of AFP I with 50 µM/mL resveratrol). No interaction between factors was observed on sperm kinetics, plasma membrane integrity, hypo-osmotic test, and mitochondrial activity parameters. There was a high probability (P = 0.06) of reducing sperm cells with functional membrane percentage in the hypo-osmotic test and increasing the percentage of sperm with high mitochondrial activity (P = 0.07) was observed in AFP presence. An interaction of AFP and resveratrol was observed in non-capacitated sperm (P = 0.009), acrosomal reaction (P = 0.034), and sperm binding (P = 0.04). In conclusion, the association of resveratrol and AFP did not improve the quality of frozen-thawed semen and even promoted deleterious effects compared to their single addition in the semen extender. The supplementation of 50 µM/mL of resveratrol improved the outcomes of frozen-thawed ram sperm, being a potential cryoprotectant. cryopreservation (AFP wellknown well known protection antioxidant extender arrangement CONT, CONT (CONT extender) ANT (ANT 01 0 1 0. µgmL µg mL I, , I) (1 µMmL µM 5 resveratrol) interactions (0. resveratrol. . kinetics integrity hypoosmotic hypo osmotic parameters P 0.06 006 06 0.07 007 07 presence noncapacitated non capacitated 0.009, 0009 0.009 009 0.009) 0.034, 0034 0.034 034 0.034) 0.04. 004 0.04 04 0.04) conclusion frozenthawed frozen thawed cryoprotectant ( (0 0.0 00 000 0.00 003 0.03 03

Abstract Hormonal methodologies to control small ruminants’ estrous cycle are worldwide used and evolved, adjusting the application to the precise female physiological moments to enhance reproductive performance. The estrous cycle can be induced and/or synchronized, aiming for fixed-time artificial insemination, or based on estrus behavior signs for insemination, natural or guided mating. Successive protocols can be performed to resynchronize ovulation and increase reproductive outcomes in females that failed to conceive. These recently developed treatments aim to resynchronize the ovulation as earlier as non-pregnancy is detected. The present review aimed to summarize the recent advances and main findings regarding resynchronization protocols used in small ruminants. Lastly, we present future perspectives and new paths to be studied in the subject. The resynchronization treatment is still a growing field in small ruminant reproduction, nevertheless, some enhancements are found in the reproductive outcome, showing that such protocols can be successfully used in sheep and goat production. ruminants evolved performance andor synchronized fixedtime fixed time insemination mating conceive nonpregnancy non pregnancy detected Lastly subject reproduction nevertheless outcome production

Abstract Bulls frequently display male-male mounts, with consequences in the incidence of injuries, and possibly affecting the reproductive performance of the bulls. This behavior is known as the “buller syndrome” when appears in steers, with several individuals mounting one or a few penmates. The study aimed to collect information on the incidence of bull-bull mounts, the possible associated factors, the productive consequences, and management applied by distributing a survey to Holstein bull breeders in Uruguay. A survey was applied and responded by most Holstein breeders in Uruguay (30/33). Nineteen of the 30 breeders observed mounting behavior among bulls, and 15 of them considered it as a relevant problem. The breeders that observed the behavior had a greater number of bulls than those that did not observe it (P = 0.002). All of them observed that mounts were persistently directed towards the same individual (considering a specific period, while it remained in the group). Of these, 11 (58%) considered that this stopped only when the “buller” bull was removed from the group, mentioning that the behavior was frequently redirected to another individual. The mounts between bulls are a major problem in the breeding of Holstein bulls, with important consequences on weight gain and animal health, reproductive problems such as low libido and seminal quality, and even provoking the death of animals. Although not all breeders reported the existence of the problem, those with the bigger herds did. While some management and/or environmental conditions seem to influence (higher density, regrouping, managements that involve movement of animals, and spring) the incidence of bull-bull mounts, there are no standardized managements to avoid this behavior. Considering that most breeders were interested in including practices to minimize this problem if available, it would be essential to understand better the causes and predisposing factors to decrease its negative impacts.

Abstract In several species, mating reduces the estrous length and advances ovulation. The aim of this study was to determine if multiple matings reduces the estrous length and modifies the moment of ovulation, as well as the estradiol and LH patterns in ewes. The estrous cycle of Corriedale ewes was synchronized, and the onset of receptivity was monitored every 3 h with rams, avoiding mating. At the estrous onset, ewes were assigned to two experimental groups (n=10 each): 1) estrous was monitored every 3 h with a ram avoiding mating (group CON), and 2) a ram was allowed to mate and ejaculate once every 3 h (group MAT). The ovaries were scanned with transrectal ultrasonography and blood samples were collected for measuring 17β-estradiol and LH concentrations every 3 h until ovulation. Estrus was shorter in MAT than CON ewes (24.7 ± 1.5 h vs. 30.4 ± 1.5 h, respectively; P=0.02); the proportion of animals that ovulated before the end of estrus was greater in CON ewes: (9/10 vs. 3/10, P=0.009). The area under the LH curve (AUC) was greater in MAT than CON ewes (36.1 ± 3.5 ng.h-1.mL-1 vs 24.9 ± 3.5 ng.h-1.mL-1 P=0.03). However, MAT ewes had a lower 17β-estradiol AUC than CON ewes (41.0 ± 4.9 pg.h-1.mL-1 vs 59.4 ± 4.9 pg.h-1.mL-1 P=0.01). Mating reduced the estrous length, induced a greater secretion of LH but less total 17β-estradiol secreted and, additionally, ovulation occurred more frequently after the end of estrus in mated ewes.

Resumen El objetivo del trabajo fue caracterizar el uso de las polimedias por los estudiantes del curso de Fisiología de la Facultad de Veterinaria, y su relación temporal con las instancias de evaluación. Se elaboraron 115 polimedias de las clases teóricas y 6 del fundamento teórico de las clases prácticas que fueron subidas a la plataforma Vimeo. Se analizó la cantidad de visualizaciones completas o parciales de los videos de clases teóricas vinculadas temáticamente a cada instancia de evaluación parcial (durante los 20 días anteriores a este), y la cantidad de visualizaciones completas o parciales de los videos del fundamento teórico de las clases prácticas durante 15 días (10 días anteriores y 5 posteriores al dictado de cada práctico). Hubo un aumento en la visualización de las polimedias de las clases teóricas alrededor de 5 días antes de cada instancia de evaluación; la más anticipada fue la visualización a medida que transcurrieron las evaluaciones parciales. En el caso de las clases prácticas, el acceso a las polimedias fue principalmente el día anterior y el mismo día en que se dictaba cada práctico. El uso de las polimedias se vinculó con las instancias de evaluación, y fueron más anticipadas a medida que transcurrieron.

Abstract The objective of the study was to characterize the use of polymedias by the students of the Physiology course and its temporal relationship with the evaluation instances. Overall, 115 polymedias of the theoretical lectures and 6 of the theoretical foundation of the practical classes were elaborated that were uploaded to the Vimeo platform. The number of full or partial views of the theoretical lecture videos thematically linked to each instance of partial evaluation (during the 20 days prior to it), and the number of full or partial views of the videos of the theoretical basis for each practical class were analyzed for 15 days (10 days before and 5 after the dictation of each practical). There was an increase in the visualization of the polymedias of the theoretical lectures around 5 days before each instance of evaluation, the visualization being more anticipated as the partial evaluations passed. In the case of practical lectures, access to polymedias was mainly the day before and the same day in which each practical lecture was received by students. The use of polymedias was linked to the evaluation instances, being more anticipated as they passed.

Resumo O objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar a utilização de polimédias pelos alunos do curso de Fisiologia da Faculdade de Veterinária e sua relação temporal com as instâncias avaliativas. Elaboraram-se 115 polimídias das aulas teóricas e 6 da fundamentação teórica das aulas práticas que foram carregadas na plataforma Vimeo. Foram analisados o número de visualizações totais ou parciais dos vídeos das aulas teóricas vinculados tematicamente a cada instância de avaliação parcial (durante os 20 dias anteriores), e o número de visualizações totais ou parciais dos vídeos de fundamentação teórica das aulas práticas durante 15 dias (10 dias antes e 5 dias após o ditado de cada prática). Houve um aumento na visualização das polimédias das aulas teóricas cerca de 5 dias antes de cada instância de avaliação, sendo a visualização mais antecipada à medida que as avaliações parciais passavam. No caso das aulas práticas, o acesso às polimídias se deu principalmente no dia anterior e no mesmo dia de cada aula prática. O uso de polimídias foi vinculado às instâncias de avaliação, sendo mais antecipado à medida que eram aprovadas.

Resumen En cursos con masificación estudiantil, el uso de tecnologías digitales impacta directamente en la enseñanza. El objetivo fue conocer, mediante un cuestionario, la percepción de los estudiantes sobre la utilidad e incidencia de las polimedias en su rendimiento, de acuerdo a su asistencia a clases. Los estudiantes consideraron a las polimedias herramientas muy útiles y declararon haberlas utilizado frecuentemente, independientemente de si concurrieron o no a las clases presenciales no obligatorias. El impacto fue considerado muy alto, tanto para seguir los contenidos del curso como para las instancias de evaluación.

Abstract In courses with overcrowding students, the use of digital technologies has a direct impact on teaching. The objective was to know the students’ perception of the usefulness and incidence of polymedias in their performance according to their attendance at classes through a questionnaire. The students considered polymedias as very useful tools, and they declared to have used them frequently, regardless of whether or not they attended the non-compulsory face-to-face classes. The impact was considered very high, both for following the course contents and for the evaluation instances.

Resumo Em cursos com superlotação de alunos, o uso de tecnologias digitais tem impacto direto no ensino. O objetivo foi conhecer a percepção dos alunos sobre a utilidade e incidência das polimédias no seu desempenho de acordo com a frequência às aulas por meio de um questionário. Os alunos consideraram as polimédias ferramentas muito úteis e declararam ter feito uso frequente deles, independentemente de frequentarem ou não as aulas presenciais não obrigatórias. O impacto foi considerado muito alto, tanto para o acompanhamento dos conteúdos do curso quanto para as instâncias avaliativas.

Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar el rendimiento de los estudiantes que ingresaron en 2014, 2015 y 2016, y cursaron Fisiología en el tercer semestre. Para la aprobación de los cursos, 2015 solamente se exigía la asistencia a prácticos (1er y 2do año); en 2016 la asistencia a prácticos en 1er año, y evaluación por parciales en 2do año; en 2017 la evaluación por parciales (1er y 2do año). La proporción de estudiantes que aprobó el curso disminuyó de 2015 a 2016 (P<0,0001), y aumentó en 2017 (P<0,0001). La proporción de estudiantes que exoneró el curso en relación a la cantidad de estudiantes que cursó y a la cantidad que aprobó el curso no se modificó de 2015 a 2016, aumentó en 2017 (2017 vs 2015: P<0,0008 y P<0,0001; 2017 vs 2016: P<0,0001 y P=0,03 para las proporciones que cursaron y que aprobaron el curso respectivamente). La proporción de estudiantes que aprobó el examen en diciembre y la nota que obtuvieron fue mayor en 2017 y 2016 que en 2015 (P<0,0001 y P<0,0001 para la proporción; P<0,00001, y P=0,0014 para la nota). La cantidad de veces requeridas para aprobar el examen disminuyó entre los años 2015 y 2016 (P<0,01). La nota de aprobación del examen fue mayor en 2017 y 2016 que en 2015. Una mayor exigencia durante los cursos desde el ingreso a la Facultad mejoró el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes.

Abstract: The aim was to compare the performance of the students admitted in 2014, 2015 and 2016 and studied Physiology in the corresponding semester (3rd semester of the Veterinary career). For approving the courses during 2015 the students only required to assist to the practical lectures (1st and 2nd year); in 2016 to go into evaluations (1st year) but only assistance (2nd year); and in 2017 evaluation by tests (1st and 2nd year). The proportion of students who approved the course decreased from 2015 to 2016 (P <0.0001) and increased in 2017 not achieving values form 2016 (P <0.0001). The proportion of students who exonerated was similar in 2015 and 2016, increased in 2017 (2017 vs 2015: P <0.0008 and P <0.0001, 2017 vs 2016: P <0.0001 and P = 0.03 for the proportions of those who assisted and those who approved the course respectively). The proportion of students who approved the exam by December and the qualification obtained was greater in 2017 and 2016 than in 2015 (P <0.0001 for the proportion, P <0.00001 and P = 0.0014 for the qualification). The time required to approve decreased from 2015 to 2016 (P <0.01), being similar in 2017. The exam qualification was greater in 2017 and 2016 than in 2015, without differences between 2017 and 2016. When requirements increased since the students began the first-year courses their performance was better.

Resumen La publicación de la información científica original generada en torno al estado de bienestar animal de animales de producción es imprescindible para poder sustentar el estado de los mismos en países exportadores como el Uruguay. El objetivo de este trabajo fue sistematizar la información sobre la generación de conocimiento en bienestar animal en rumiantes productivos en Uruguay, analizarlo en el contexto del impacto que estas producciones tienen en el país, comparándolo con el proceso de generación de conocimiento ocurrido en otras regiones del mundo. Para ello se analizaron la cantidad y evolución de publicaciones en la base Scopus hasta 2018 que incluyeran a los bovinos, ovinos o caprinos. Uruguay figura como filiación solamente en el 0,35% de los artículos de bovinos, el 0,58% de ovinos y el 1,0% de caprinos. En las 3 especies, la pendiente que aumenta el número de publicaciones comienza alrededor de 20 años luego que en el resto del mundo: los autores uruguayos comenzaron a publicar artículos en forma más sistematizada en bovinos y ovinos recién en la última década. En conclusión, la producción científica sobre aspectos del bienestar de especies productivas generada en Uruguay comenzó en forma tardía y es aún muy escasa. Si bien esto no tiene ninguna implicancia respecto al estado de bienestar de los animales, desde el punto de vista de garantizar tanto ética como políticamente los estándares exigidos para de los animales de producción el Uruguay se encuentra en una situación de importante debilidad.

Abstract The publication of the original scientific information generated around the animal welfare status of farm animals is essential to be able to support their conditions in exporting countries such as Uruguay. The objective of this work was to systematize the information on the generation of knowledge in animal welfare in farm ruminants in Uruguay, analyze it in the context of the impact that these productions have in the country, comparing it with the process of knowledge generation that occurred in other regions of the world. For this, the quantity and evolution of publications in the Scopus basis until 2018 that included cattle, sheep or goats were analyzed. Uruguay is listed as affiliation only in 0.35% of the articles of cattle, 0.58% of sheep and 1.0% of goats. In the 3 species, the slope that increases the number of publications began around 20 years later than in the rest of the world: Uruguayan authors began to publish articles more systematically in cattle and sheep only in the last decade. In conclusion, scientific production on aspects of the welfare of farm species generated in Uruguay began late and is still very scarce. Although this has no implication regarding the welfare status of the animals, from the point of view of guaranteeing both ethically and politically the standards required for farm animals, Uruguay is in a situation of significant weakness.

Abstract The pampas deer is an endangered species, from which reproductive biology little is known. We aimed to describe and compare the reproductive seasonal patterns of adult and yearling pampas deer stags throughout the year, including morphological traits, testosterone concentration, sperm morphology and cryoresistance pattern changes. Six adult (AS) and five yearling (YS) stags were captured with anesthetic darts once in winter, spring, summer and autumn to study morphological variables, serum testosterone and semen. Adult males were heavier, their neck girth tended to be greater and their testosterone concentration was higher than in YS. Animals were heavier in summer and autumn. Neck girth and testosterone concentration were greater in autumn. Scrotal circumference, testicular volume and gonado-somatic index varied with seasons, decreasing from winter to spring, increasing in summer and remaining in greater values in autumn. Sperm quality had maximum values from summer to winter. However, the cryoresistance ratio of motility score was greater in spring. In conclusion, in the captivity conditions, pampas deer stags seems to present a light seasonal reproductive pattern, with maximum testis size, testosterone secretion and fresh semen quality in autumn. Nevertheless, sperm cryoresistance ratio seemed to remain stable along the year. Although YS were still growing, they achieved similar semen quality than AS.

Resumen El objetivo de esta revisión fue sintetizar y discutir información disponible sobre los efectos de la subnutrición durante la gestación de ovejas sobre el vínculo madre-cría al parto y durante el posparto. La oveja y su(s) cordero(s) establecen un vínculo fuerte y selectivo inmediatamente después del parto, el que es mediado por señales olfativas, auditivas y visuales. Luego del parto, si la oveja acepta su cría como propia, le permite la ingesta de calostro, pero en el caso contrario rechaza a la cría con comportamientos agresivos. Durante el periodo de lactación los cuidados maternos evolucionan hasta la independencia alimenticia total de la cría, finalizando con el destete natural. Sin embargo, en la mayoría de los sistemas de producción ovina se realiza un destete artificial que provoca cambios comportamentales y fisiológicos indicativos de estrés. En el caso de Uruguay el sistema de cría ovina predominante es extensivo, basado en el pastoreo de campo natural, el que presenta una marcada disminución en la producción de forraje durante el invierno, momento en el que las ovejas están gestando. En estas condiciones las ovejas preñadas sufren una restricción nutricional, pierden peso y condición corporal, lo que afecta negativamente el peso y las reservas energéticas de sus crías al nacimiento, así como el establecimiento del vínculo entre la oveja y su cordero. Las fallas en el establecimiento del vínculo madre-cría, son las principales causas de los altos índices de mortalidad posnatal de corderos y de la baja eficiencia reproductiva de estos sistemas. La disminución en la producción de leche de las ovejas compromete el desarrollo de los corderos, lo que también repercute en la evolución del vínculo madre-cría y la respuesta de estrés al destete.

Abstract The establishment of ewe-lamb bond occurs at lambing, and is modified along the lactation period until natural weaning. Artificial weaning is a management commonly used in sheep productive systems commonly performed before natural weaning. Artificial weaning provokes strong behavioral and physiological responses indicative of stress, and is considered as one of the most stressful situations in the life of the animal. Those responses negatively affect animal health and welfare, and the productive results. Therefore, it is important to elucidate which factors affect those responses, and to develop strategies to decreases the negative response. This review summarizes the available information on the establishment of ewe-lamb bonding, and how this bond evolves during the lactation period until natural weaning. Moreover, it describes the behavioral and physiological stress responses to artificial weaning, and the main factors that affect those responses at physiological, behavioral and productive levels. Finally, it presents information on some strategies available to decrease the negative effects of artificial weaning. Includes original information on the influence of quantitative and qualitative changes of pasture allowance in extensive sheep production systems and the stress responses of lambs to weaning; and handlings that potentially may be applied to decrease the stress response to artificial weaning. It suggests whether is room to study and to develop practical alternatives to modulate the stress response to weaning.

Resumen El vínculo oveja-cordero se establece al parto y cambia a lo largo del periodo de lactación hasta el destete natural. El destete artificial es un manejo frecuentemente utilizado en los diferentes tipos de sistemas de producción ovina, que es realizado más tempranamente que el destete natural. Es uno de los eventos más estresantes en la vida del animal, ya que genera cambios fisiológicos y de comportamiento fuertemente indicadores de estrés, pudiendo afectar negativamente la salud y el bienestar animal tanto de ovejas como de corderos, así como los resultados productivos. La presente revisión sintetiza y analiza información sobre cómo se establece el vínculo madre-cría, el desarrollo del mismo durante el período de lactación y el proceso de destete natural, así como los cambios que se producen cuando el destete se adelanta artificialmente. Además, se describe la respuesta generada por el destete artificial y qué factores la afectan, a nivel fisiológico, de comportamiento y productivo. Por último, se presenta la información existente sobre posibles estrategias que permitan minimizar los efectos negativos del estrés de destete artificial. Se agrega información original sobre cómo la variación cualitativa y cuantitativa de la oferta de pastura en los sistemas extensivos de producción ovino pueden afectar la respuesta de destete de los corderos, y manejos con potencialidad práctica que pueden mitigar la respuesta al destete artificial. Se especifican aspectos en los que existe necesidad de investigación para mejorar la comprensión y desarrollar alternativas sobre cómo modular la respuesta de estrés al destete.

ABSTRACT In rodents, progesterone (P4) administration reduces stress responses or anxiety through the action of some metabolites of P4 (allopregnanolone and pregnanolone). Although, there are few studies on these effects in ruminants, P4 administration has a great potential for practical application in animal production. The aim of this review was to summarize the information about the stress response and the main mechanisms studied in rodents by which P4 administration reduces this response. We also include information on the effects of P4 treatment on reactive behavior and stress response in ruminants. We show that P4 administration decreases the stress response of ewes to abrupt weaning of lambs, and also affects the response to tests of assessment of temperament in female beef calves. We also present information about the stress response of shearing in pregnant ewes, therefore ewes with high serum concentrations of P4. In summary, high serum concentrations of P4 reduces the stress response and provokes changes on the reactive behavior in ruminants. However, more studies are needed to include P4 in practical managements or to consider it in the selection of animals according to their temperament.

RESUMEN En roedores, los tratamientos con progesterona (P4) reducen la respuesta de estrés o ansiedad a través de la acción de algunos metabolitos de la P4 (allopregnanolona y pregnanolona). Aunque existen pocos trabajos que hayan estudiado estos efectos en rumiantes, los tratamientos con P4 tienen una gran potencialidad para su aplicación práctica en sistemas productivos. El objetivo de esta revisión fue sintetizar información básica sobre la respuesta de estrés y los principales mecanismos estudiados en roedores, por los que la P4 mitiga la respuesta de estrés. Además, se presenta información primaria sobre los efectos del tratamiento con P4 en el comportamiento reactivo y la respuesta de estrés en rumiantes. Se muestran los efectos del tratamiento con P4 sobre la respuesta de estrés al destete en ovejas, y sobre algunas pruebas de temperamento en terneras. También se presenta información sobre el estrés de la esquila en ovejas gestadas, y por tanto con altas concentraciones séricas de P4. En síntesis, altas concentraciones de P4 reducen la respuesta de estrés, y pueden generar cambios en el comportamiento reactivo de los animales. Sin embargo, para que el tratamiento con P4 o sus concentraciones endógenas sean utilizados como herramienta práctica durante manejos estresantes, o como un factor a ser considerado a la hora de seleccionar animales por temperamento, es necesario realizar más estudios aplicados.