O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar um programa de monitoramento microbiológico ambiental para áreas limpas, ou ambientes classificados, envolvidas na produção, envasamento e controle dos imunobiológicos produzidos pelo Instituto Butantan. Este monitoramento permitiu a quantificação, a caracterização e a sazonalidade da população microbiana presente no ar e nos operadores, e a determinação dos limites de alerta e ação. O número total de bactérias detectáveis revelou diferenças nos sistemas de purificação de ar instalados e o impacto operacional ocasionado pelos procedimentos realizados. A população microbiana característica foi composta por bactérias dos gêneros Staphylococcus sp, Micrococcus sp, Bacillus sp e por fungos filamentosos do gênero Penicillium sp. A maior concentração de microrganismos ocorreu nos períodos de verão e primavera. Os limites internos de alerta e ação estabelecidos asseguram os procedimentos operacionais, recomendando o monitoramento microbiológico ambiental a outros laboratórios envolvidos na produção de vacinas, soros hiperimunes e imunobiológicos.

The aim of the present work was to evaluate an environmental monitoring program for clean rooms, or classified environments, involved in the filling and quality control of biological products produced by Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil. This monitoring established the quantification, characterization and seasonality of the microorganisms in air and operators and, moreover, determined the alert and action limits. The total detectable microbial number showed some contrasts in installed air purification systems and in the operational impact on adopted procedures. The typical microbial population consisted of Staphylococcus sp, Micrococcus sp, Bacillus sp and Penicillium sp. The highest microorganism concentration occurred during summer and springtime. The established internal alert and action limits supported the operational procedures. Therefore, the environmental monitoring program is recommended for other laboratories involved in the production of vaccines, hyperimmune sera and biopharmaceuticals.

We identified different diarrheagenic (DEC) Escherichia coli pathotypes isolated from 1,207 children with and without acute endemic diarrhea in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil collected as part of a case-control study. Since the identification of DEC cannot be based on only biochemical and culture criteria, we used a multiplex polymerase chain reaction developed by combining five specific primer pairs for Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), Shiga toxin-producing E. coli/ Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (STEC/EHEC), Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) to detect these pathotypes simultaneously in a single-step reaction. In order to distinguish typical and atypical EPEC strains, these were tested for the presence of EAF plasmid. The prevalence of diarrheagenic E. coli in this sample of a global case-control study was 25.4% (259 patients) and 18.7% (35 patients) in the diarrhea group (1,020 patients) and the control group (187 patients), respectively. The most frequently isolated pathotype was EAEC (10.7%), followed by atypical EPEC (9.4%), ETEC (3.7%), and STEC (0.6%). Typical EPEC was detected only in one sample. The prevalence of the pathotypes studied in children with diarrhea was not significantly different from that in children without diarrhea.

We report the frequency of the different diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) categories isolated from children with acute endemic diarrhea in Salvador, Bahia. The E. coli isolates were investigated by colony blot hibridization whit the following genes probes: eae, EAF, bfpA, Stx1, Stx2, ST-Ih, ST-Ip, LT-I, LT-II, INV, and EAEC, as virulence markers to distinguish typical and atypical EPEC, EHEC/STEC, ETEC, EIEC, and EAEC. Seven of the eight categories of DEC were detected. The most frequently isolated was atypical EPEC (10.1%) followed by ETEC (7.5%), and EAEC (4.2%). EHEC, STEC, EIEC, and typical EPEC were each detected once. The strains of ETEC, EAEC, and atypical EPEC belonged to a wide variety of serotypes. The serotypes of the others categories were O26:H11 (EHEC), O21:H21 (STEC), O142:H34 (typical EPEC), and O?H55 (EIEC). We also present the clinical manifestations and other pathogenic species observed in children with DEC. This is the first report of EHEC and STEC in Salvador, and one of the first in Brazil.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi a padronização de um imunoensaio de captura para detecção de amostras de E. coli produtoras da toxina LT-I. Este ensaio de captura foi desenvolvido utilizando-se a fração enriquecida em IgG do anticorpo policlonal anti-LT e um anticorpo monoclonal caracterizado como IgG2b. Através deste método verificou-se uma clara distinção entre cepas de E. coli produtoras e não produtoras da toxina (p< 0,0001), sendo a sensibilidade do método de 78%, a especificidade de 94% e a eficiência de 92%. Assim, o imunoensaio de captura mostrou-se como uma ferramenta sensível para a detecção de amostras de E. coli que produzem a enterotoxina termo-lábil, podendo ser aplicado em laboratórios clínicos e inquéritos epidemiológicos em paises em desenvolvimento.

A capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which detects LT-I toxin produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains, has beendeveloped. This capture assay was performed using the IgG enriched fraction of anti-LT-I antiserum and IgG2b anti-LT-I monoclonal antibody and allowed a clear distinction between E. coli LT-I - producing and non-producing strains. The estimated accuracy of the assay is 78% for sensitivity, 94% for specificity and 92% for efficiency. Thus, the capture immunoassayis a sensitive tool for detection of E. coli, which produces heat-labile enterotoxin, and is suitable for use in clinical laboratories and epidemiological surveys in developing world.

EPEC e EHEC constituem um risco significativo para a saúde pública em diferentes partes do mundo. Ambas colonizam a mucosa intestinal e subvertem as funções celulares do epitélio intestinal ao produzirem uma lesão histopatológica característica, conhecida por lesão A/E (attaching-and-effacing), na qual a intimina é uma das proteínas envolvidas. A família das intiminas apresenta também uma região conservada, que compreende os aminoácidos de 388 a 667 (Int 388-667). O objetivo do presente trabalho foi a obtenção de um anticorpo policlonal contra a região conservada de intimina. A caracterização fenotípica das amostras de EPEC e EHEC utilizando este anticorpo permitiu observar-se a maneira variável que ele reconhece os diversos subtipos de intimina e sugere que ele seja uma ferramenta para detecção destes patógenos, sendo o ensaio de immuno-dot o método de captura de escolha.

Intimins are outer membrane proteins expressed by enteric bacterial pathogens capable of inducing intestinal attachment-and-effacement lesion (A/E). Through immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, flow citometry and immunogold we observed that the obtained polyclonal antibody against conserved intimin region recognizes the different intimin subtypes and suggests that it can be used as a tool for EPEC and EHEC detection. Besides, immuno-dot assay seems to be a possible alternative as a capture method.

Genetic and phenotypic virulence markers of different categories of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli were investigated in 106 strains of enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) serogroup O86. The most frequent serotype found was O86:H34 (86%). Strains of this serotype and the non motile ones behaved as EPEC i.e., carried eae, bfpA and EAF DNA sequences and presented localised adherence to HeLa cells. Serotypes O86:H2, O86:H6, O86:H10, O86:H18, O86:H27 and O86:H non determined, belonged to other categories. The majority of the strains of serotype O86:H34 and non motile strains produced cytolethal-distending toxin (CDT). The ribotyping analysis showed a correlation among ribotypes, virulence markers and serotypes, thus suggesting that CDT production might be a property associated with a universal clone represented by the O86:H34 serotype.