Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of antidepressant use in Brazil. Methods: We conducted a systematic review with searches in MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, LILACS, and SciELO up to May 2023. Two researchers independently selected studies, extracted data, and assessed the methodological quality. We pooled the prevalence of antidepressant use using meta-analyses of proportions (Freeman-Tukey transformation) and estimated heterogeneity by the I2 statistic. OR meta-analyses of antidepressant use by sex were calculated (men as reference) and between-study variation was explored by meta-regressions. Results: Out of 3,299 records retrieved, 23 studies published in 28 reports were included, with a total of 75,061 participants. The overall prevalence of antidepressant use was 4.0% (95%CI 2.7-5.6%; I2 = 98.5%). Use of antidepressants in the previous 3 days was higher in women (12.0%; 95%CI 9.5-15.1%; I2 = 0%) than men (4.6%; 95%CI 3.1-6.8%; I2 = 0%) (p < 0.001; OR = 2.82; 95%CI 1.72-4.62). Gender differences were particularly higher for antidepressant use in the previous year (women: 2.3%; 95%CI 1.6-3.1; I2 = 37.6% vs. men: 0.5%; 95%CI 0.2-1.0%; I2 = 0%, p < 0.001; OR = 4.18; 95%CI 2.10-8.30). Between-study variation in the overall prevalence of antidepressant use significantly increased with mean participant age (p = 0.035; residual I2 = 0%; regression coefficient = 0.003). Conclusion: Four out of every 100 Brazilians used antidepressants in this 3-decade assessment. Use increased with age and was more prevalent in women compared to men. Registration number: PROSPERO CRD42022345332. Objectives Brazil Methods MEDLINE Embase Scopus LILACS 2023 data quality metaanalyses meta analyses FreemanTukey Freeman Tukey transformation I statistic reference betweenstudy between study metaregressions. metaregressions regressions. regressions meta-regressions Results 3299 299 3,29 retrieved 2 included 75061 75 061 75,06 participants 40 4 0 4.0 95CI CI 95 2.75.6% 2756 2.7 5.6% 7 5 6 2.7-5.6% 98.5%. 985 98.5% . 98 98.5%) 12.0% 120 12 (12.0% 9.515.1% 95151 9.5 15.1% 9 15 1 9.5-15.1% 0% 4.6% 46 (4.6% 3.16.8% 3168 3.1 6.8% 8 3.1-6.8% 0.001 0001 001 2.82 282 82 1.724.62. 172462 1.72 4.62 72 62 1.72-4.62) (women 2.3% 1.63.1 1631 1.6 1.6-3.1 376 37 37.6 vs 0.5% 05 0.21.0% 0210 0.2 1.0% 0.2-1.0% 4.18 418 18 2.108.30. 210830 2.10 8.30 10 30 2.10-8.30) Betweenstudy Between 0.035 0035 035 0.003. 0003 0.003 003 0.003) Conclusion 3decade decade assessment number CRD42022345332 CRD 202 329 29 3,2 7506 06 75,0 4. 2.75.6 275 27 2. 56 5.6 2.7-5.6 98.5 12.0 (12.0 515 9.515.1 9515 9. 151 15.1 9.5-15.1 4.6 (4.6 16 3.16.8 316 31 3. 68 6.8 3.1-6.8 0.00 000 00 2.8 724 1.724.62 17246 172 1.7 462 1.72-4.62 2.3 63 1.63. 163 1. 1.6-3. 37. 0.5 21 0.21.0 021 02 0. 1.0 0.2-1.0 4.1 41 108 2.108.30 21083 210 2.1 830 8.3 2.10-8.30 0.03 03 CRD4202234533 20 32 3, 750 75, 2.75. 5. 2.7-5. 98. 12. (12. 51 9.515. 951 15. 9.5-15. (4. 3.16. 6. 3.1-6. 0.0 1.724.6 1724 17 1.72-4.6 1.63 1.6-3 0.21. 0.2-1. 2.108.3 2108 83 8. 2.10-8.3 CRD420223453 2.75 2.7-5 (12 9.515 9.5-15 (4 3.16 3.1-6 1.724. 1.72-4. 1.6- 0.21 0.2-1 2.108. 2.10-8. CRD42022345 2.7- (1 9.51 9.5-1 ( 3.1- 1.724 1.72-4 0.2- 2.108 2.10-8 CRD4202234 9.5- 1.72- 2.10- CRD420223 CRD42022 CRD4202 CRD420 CRD42 CRD4

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a prevalência do uso de psicotrópicos e antidepressivos e fatores associados em uma cidade da Amazônia. Dois estudos transversais foram realizados em Manaus, em 2015 e 2019, com adultos selecionados por amostragem probabilística. Razões de prevalência (RP) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) foram calculados por regressão de Poisson. Foram incluídos 3.479 participantes em 2015 e 2.321 em 2019; 2,0% usaram psicotrópicos em 2015 e 2,7% em 2019. Antidepressivos foram usados por 0,4% (2015) e 1,4% (2019). O uso de psicotrópicos foi menor em jovens (RP = 0,41; IC95%: 0,19-0,90), sem companheiros (RP = 0,64; IC95%: 0,44-0,93) e trabalhadores informais (RP = 0,47; IC95%: 0,25-0,86), mas maior em pessoas com saúde ruim (RP = 2,86; IC95%: 1,71-4,80), multimorbidade (RP = 3,24; IC95%: 1,87-5,60) e que visitaram médico (RP = 3,04; IC95%: 1,45-6,38) ou dentista (RP = 1,50; IC95%: 1,08-2,10). O uso de antidepressivos foi maior em 2019 (RP = 2,90; IC95%: 1,52-5,54), e pessoas com saúde ruim (RP = 2,77; IC95%: 1,16-6,62) e multimorbidade (RP = 8,72; IC95%: 2,71-28,00), mas menor em trabalhadores informais (RP = 0,33; IC95%: 0,12-0,87) e desempregados (RP = 0,26; IC95%: 0,08-0,81). O uso de psicotrópicos permaneceu estável em Manaus de 2015 a 2019, enquanto o de antidepressivos triplicou, sendo marcados por desigualdades sociais.

Abstract This article aims to assess the prevalence of psychotropic and antidepressant use and associated factors in a Brazilian Amazon city. Two cross-sectional studies conducted in Manaus in 2015 and 2019 with adults selected by probabilistic sampling. Prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated by Poisson regression with robust variance. 3,479 participants were included in 2015 and 2,321 in 2019; 2.0% used psychotropics in 2015 and 2.7% in 2019. Antidepressants were used by 0.4% (2015) and 1.4% (2019). Psychotropic use was lower in younger (PR = 0.41; 95%CI: 0.19-0.90), partnerless (PR = 0.64; 95%CI: 0.44-0.93), and informal workers (PR=0.47; 95%CI: 0.25-0.86), but higher in people with poor health (PR=2.86; 95%CI: 1.71-4.80), multimorbidity (PR = 3.24; 95%CI: 1.87-5.60), and who visited doctors (PR = 3.04; 95%CI: 1.45-6.38) or dentists (PR = 1.50; 95%CI: 1.08-2.10). Antidepressant use was higher in 2019 (PR = 2.90; 95%CI: 1.52-5.54), people with poor health (PR = 2.77; 95%CI: 1.16-6.62), and multimorbidity (PR = 8.72; 95%CI: 2.71-28.00), while lower in informal workers (PR = 0.33; 95%CI: 0.12-0.87) and unemployed (PR = 0.26; 95%CI: 0.08-0.81). Use of psychotropics remained stable in Manaus from 2015 to 2019, while antidepressant use more than tripled, which was marked by social inequalities.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a prevalência do uso de psicotrópicos e antidepressivos e fatores associados em uma cidade da Amazônia. Dois estudos transversais foram realizados em Manaus, em 2015 e 2019, com adultos selecionados por amostragem probabilística. Razões de prevalência (RP) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) foram calculados por regressão de Poisson. Foram incluídos 3.479 participantes em 2015 e 2.321 em 2019; 2,0% usaram psicotrópicos em 2015 e 2,7% em 2019. Antidepressivos foram usados por 0,4% (2015) e 1,4% (2019). O uso de psicotrópicos foi menor em jovens (RP = 0,41; IC95%: 0,19-0,90), sem companheiros (RP = 0,64; IC95%: 0,44-0,93) e trabalhadores informais (RP = 0,47; IC95%: 0,25-0,86), mas maior em pessoas com saúde ruim (RP = 2,86; IC95%: 1,71-4,80), multimorbidade (RP = 3,24; IC95%: 1,87-5,60) e que visitaram médico (RP = 3,04; IC95%: 1,45-6,38) ou dentista (RP = 1,50; IC95%: 1,08-2,10). O uso de antidepressivos foi maior em 2019 (RP = 2,90; IC95%: 1,52-5,54), e pessoas com saúde ruim (RP = 2,77; IC95%: 1,16-6,62) e multimorbidade (RP = 8,72; IC95%: 2,71-28,00), mas menor em trabalhadores informais (RP = 0,33; IC95%: 0,12-0,87) e desempregados (RP = 0,26; IC95%: 0,08-0,81). O uso de psicotrópicos permaneceu estável em Manaus de 2015 a 2019, enquanto o de antidepressivos triplicou, sendo marcados por desigualdades sociais.

Abstract This article aims to assess the prevalence of psychotropic and antidepressant use and associated factors in a Brazilian Amazon city. Two cross-sectional studies conducted in Manaus in 2015 and 2019 with adults selected by probabilistic sampling. Prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated by Poisson regression with robust variance. 3,479 participants were included in 2015 and 2,321 in 2019; 2.0% used psychotropics in 2015 and 2.7% in 2019. Antidepressants were used by 0.4% (2015) and 1.4% (2019). Psychotropic use was lower in younger (PR = 0.41; 95%CI: 0.19-0.90), partnerless (PR = 0.64; 95%CI: 0.44-0.93), and informal workers (PR=0.47; 95%CI: 0.25-0.86), but higher in people with poor health (PR=2.86; 95%CI: 1.71-4.80), multimorbidity (PR = 3.24; 95%CI: 1.87-5.60), and who visited doctors (PR = 3.04; 95%CI: 1.45-6.38) or dentists (PR = 1.50; 95%CI: 1.08-2.10). Antidepressant use was higher in 2019 (PR = 2.90; 95%CI: 1.52-5.54), people with poor health (PR = 2.77; 95%CI: 1.16-6.62), and multimorbidity (PR = 8.72; 95%CI: 2.71-28.00), while lower in informal workers (PR = 0.33; 95%CI: 0.12-0.87) and unemployed (PR = 0.26; 95%CI: 0.08-0.81). Use of psychotropics remained stable in Manaus from 2015 to 2019, while antidepressant use more than tripled, which was marked by social inequalities.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar la influencia del clima ético en la salud de los trabajadores entre los profesionales de la salud. Método: Revisión sistemática y metanálisis utilizando MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, SciVerse Scopus (Elsevier), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature y Web of Science. La selección, la extracción de datos y la evaluación de la calidad metodológica fueron realizadas por revisores capacitados. Se aplicó metanálisis para la síntesis de datos. Resultados: Entre 2644 estudios, 20 fueron incluidos para el análisis, en el que tres (15,0%) artículos fueron clasificados como de alta calidad (puntuación ≥ 80%), mientras que 17 (85,0%) fueron clasificados como regulares (puntuación 50-79%). Ocurrió correlación negativa y moderada entre el clima ético y el sufrimiento moral general (r=-0,45; IC95% -0,52; -0,38) y la frecuencia del sufrimiento moral (r=- 0,32; IC 95% -0,45; -0,18), así como una correlación positiva y fuerte entre el clima ético y la satisfacción laboral (r=0,71; IC 95% 0,39-0, 88). Conclusión: La percepción negativa y positiva del clima ético entre los profesionales de la salud, respectivamente, influyeron en el aumento del malestar moral y la satisfacción laboral. Objetivo Método MEDLINEPubMed MEDLINE PubMed MEDLINE/PubMed EMBASE Elsevier, Elsevier , (Elsevier) Science selección capacitados Resultados 264 estudios 2 análisis 15,0% 150 15 0 (15,0% puntuación 80%, 80 80% 80%) 1 85,0% 850 85 (85,0% 5079%. 5079 50 79% . 79 50-79%) r=0,45 r045 r r= 0,45 45 (r=-0,45 IC95 0,52 052 52 -0,52 0,38 038 38 -0,38 (r= 0,32 032 32 95 045 -0,45 0,18, 018 0,18 18 -0,18) r=0,71 r071 71 (r=0,71 0,390, 0390 0,39 0, 39 0,39-0 88. 88 88) Conclusión respectivamente (Elsevier 26 15,0 (15,0 8 85,0 (85,0 5079% 507 5 7 50-79% r=0,4 r04 0,4 4 (r=-0,4 IC9 0,5 05 -0,5 0,3 03 3 -0,3 (r 9 04 -0,4 01 0,1 -0,18 r=0,7 r07 (r=0,7 390 0,390 039 0,39- 15, (15, 85, (85, 50-79 r=0, r0 (r=-0, -0, -0,1 (r=0, (15 (85 50-7 r=0 (r=-0 -0 (r=0 (1 (8 50- - (

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the influence of the ethical climate on workers’ health among healthcare professionals. Method: Systematic review and meta-analysis conducted in MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, SciVerse Scopus (Elsevier), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and Web of Science. Trained reviewers performed the selection, data extraction, and assessment of methodological quality. Meta-analysis was applied for data synthesis. Results: Among the 2644 studies, 20 were included for analysis, in which three (15.0%) articles were classified as high quality (score ≥ 80%), while 17 (85.0%) were classified as regular (score 50-79%). There was a moderate negative correlation between the ethical climate and overall moral distress (r=-0.43; 95%CI -0.50; -0.36) and the frequency of moral distress (r=-0.36; 95%CI -0.45; -0.25), as well as the positive and strong correlation between ethical climate and job satisfaction (r=0.71; 95%CI 0.39-0.88). Conclusion: The negative and positive perception of the ethical climate among healthcare professionals, respectively, influenced the increase in moral distress and job satisfaction. Objective workers professionals Method metaanalysis meta analysis MEDLINEPubMed MEDLINE PubMed MEDLINE/PubMed EMBASE Elsevier, Elsevier , (Elsevier) Science selection extraction Metaanalysis Meta synthesis Results 264 studies 2 15.0% 150 15 0 (15.0% score 80%, 80 80% 80%) 1 85.0% 850 85 (85.0% 5079%. 5079 50 79% . 79 50-79%) r=0.43 r043 r r= 0.43 43 (r=-0.43 95CI CI 95 0.50 050 -0.50 0.36 036 36 -0.36 r=0.36 r036 (r=-0.36 0.45 045 45 -0.45 0.25, 025 0.25 25 -0.25) r=0.71 r071 71 (r=0.71 0.390.88. 039088 0.39 0.88 39 88 0.39-0.88) Conclusion respectively (Elsevier 26 15.0 (15.0 8 85.0 (85.0 5079% 507 5 7 50-79% r=0.4 r04 043 0.4 4 (r=-0.4 9 0.5 05 -0.5 0.3 03 3 -0.3 r=0.3 r03 (r=-0.3 04 -0.4 02 0.2 -0.25 r=0.7 r07 (r=0.7 390 0.390.88 03908 039 088 0.8 0.39-0.88 15. (15. 85. (85. 50-79 r=0. r0 0. (r=-0. -0. -0.2 (r=0. 0.390.8 0390 08 0.39-0.8 (15 (85 50-7 r=0 (r=-0 -0 (r=0 0.390. 0.39-0. (1 (8 50- (r=- - (r= 0.390 0.39-0 ( (r 0.39-

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a influência do clima ético na saúde do trabalhador entre os profissionais de saúde. Método: Revisão sistemática nas bases MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, SciVerse Scopus (Elsevier), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature e Web of Science. A seleção, a extração dos dados e a avaliação da qualidade metodológica foram realizadas por revisores capacitados. Aplicou-se a meta-análise para a síntese dos dados. Resultados: Dentre os 2644 estudos, foram incluídos 20 para análise, em que três (15,0%) artigos foram classificados como de alta qualidade (pontuação ≥ 80%), enquanto 17 (85,0%) foram classificados como regulares (pontuação 50-79%). Houve correlação negativa e moderada entre o clima ético e o sofrimento moral geral (r=-0,43; IC95% -0,50; -0,36) e a frequência de sofrimento moral (r=-0,36; IC95% -0,45; -0,25), bem como a correlação positiva e forte entre o clima ético e a satisfação no trabalho (r=0,71; IC95% 0,39-0,88). Conclusão: A percepção negativa e positiva do clima ético entre os profissionais de saúde, respectivamente, influenciou no aumento do sofrimento moral e na satisfação no trabalho. Objetivo Método MEDLINEPubMed MEDLINE PubMed MEDLINE/PubMed EMBASE Elsevier, Elsevier , (Elsevier) Science seleção capacitados Aplicouse Aplicou se metaanálise meta análise Resultados 264 estudos 2 15,0% 150 15 0 (15,0% pontuação 80%, 80 80% 80%) 1 85,0% 850 85 (85,0% 5079%. 5079 50 79% . 79 50-79%) r=0,43 r043 r r= 0,43 43 (r=-0,43 IC95 IC 0,50 050 -0,50 0,36 036 36 -0,36 r=0,36 r036 (r=-0,36 0,45 045 45 -0,45 0,25, 025 0,25 25 -0,25) r=0,71 r071 71 (r=0,71 0,390,88. 039088 0,39 0,88 39 88 0,39-0,88) Conclusão respectivamente (Elsevier 26 15,0 (15,0 8 85,0 (85,0 5079% 507 5 7 50-79% r=0,4 r04 043 0,4 4 (r=-0,4 IC9 0,5 05 -0,5 0,3 03 3 -0,3 r=0,3 r03 (r=-0,3 04 -0,4 02 0,2 -0,25 r=0,7 r07 (r=0,7 390 0,390,88 03908 039 088 0,8 0,39-0,88 15, (15, 85, (85, 50-79 r=0, r0 0, (r=-0, -0, -0,2 (r=0, 0,390,8 0390 08 0,39-0,8 (15 (85 50-7 r=0 (r=-0 -0 (r=0 0,390, 0,39-0, (1 (8 50- (r=- - (r= 0,390 0,39-0 ( (r 0,39-

Objective: To assess the prevalence and factors associated with polypharmacy and the presence of potential drug interactions among these individuals in Manaus, estado do Amazonas, Brazil, in 2019. Methods: Cross-sectional population-based study conducted with adults aged ≥18 years. Among people on polypharmacy (≥5 medicines), the presence of drug interactions was investigated in the icromedex database. Prevalence ratios (PR) were calculated by Poisson regression with robust variance, following hierarchical analysis and considering the complex sample design. Results: Out of the 2,321 participants were included, 2.8% (95%CI 2.1;3.6) were on polypharmacy, of which 74.0% presented drug interactions, with four or more interactions per person (40.4%) and high severity (59.5%) being the most frequent. Polypharmacy was higher among the elderly (PR=3.24 – 95%CI 1.25;8.42), poor health (PR=2.54 – 95%CI 1.14;5.67), previous hospitalization (PR=1.90 – 95%CI 1.09;3.32) and multimorbidity (PR=3.20 – 95%CI 1.53;6.67). Conclusion: Polypharmacy was more frequent among the elderly and people with health problems, who potentially had more drug interactions.

Objetivo: Analizar la prevalencia y factores asociados a polifarmacia y la presencia de posibles interacciones farmacológicas en Manaus, estado do Amazonas, Brasil, en 2019. Métodos: Estudio poblacional transversal realizado con adultos con edad ≥18 años. Entre personas en polifarmacia (≥5 medicamentos), se investigó la presencia de interacciones farmacológicas en Micromedex. Razones de prevalencia (RP) se calcularon mediante regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta, siguiendo análisis jerárquico y considerando el diseño de muestra complejo. Resultados: De los 2.321 participantes, 2,8% (IC95% 2,1;3,6) se encontraban en polifarmacia, de los cuales 74,0% presentaban interacciones, siendo más frecuentes cuatro o más interacciones por persona (40,4%) y de alta gravedad (59,5%). Polifarmacia fue mayor entre los ancianos (RP=3,24 – IC95% 1,25;8,42), mala salud (RP=2,54 – IC95% 1,14;5,67), hospitalización previa (RP=1,90 – IC95% 1,09;3,32) y multimorbilidade (RP=3,20 – IC95% 1,53;6,67). Conclusión: Polifarmacia fue más frecuente entre los ancianos y personas con problemas de salud, que potencialmente tenían más interacciones farmacológicas.

Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência e fatores associados à polifarmácia e a presença de potenciais interações medicamentosas em Manaus, estado do Amazonas, Brasil, em 2019. Métodos: Estudo transversal de base populacional, com adultos na idade ≥18 anos. Entre pessoas em polifarmácia (≥5 medicamentos), pesquisou-se a presença de interações medicamentosas na base Micromedex. Razões de prevalências (RP) foram calculadas por regressão de Poisson com variância robusta, seguindo análise hierárquica e considerando o delineamento amostral complexo. Resultados: Dos 2.321 participantes, 2,8% (IC95% 2,1;3,6) estavam em polifarmácia e destes, 74,0% apresentaram interações, sendo mais frequentes quatro ou mais interações por pessoa (40,4%) e gravidade alta (59,5%). Polifarmácia foi maior entre idosos (RP=3,24 – IC95% 1,25;8,42), saúde ruim (RP=2,54 –IC95% 1,14;5,67), hospitalização prévia (RP=1,90 – IC95% 1,09;3,32) e multimorbidade (RP=3,20 – IC95% 1,53;6,67). Conclusão: A polifarmácia foi mais frequente entre idosos e pessoas com problemas de saúde, que tiveram mais interações medicamentosas.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To investigate the use of health services among adults living in Manaus, Amazonas. METHODS This was a panel of two cross-sectional studies conducted in Manaus in 2015 and 2019. Individuals aged ≥ 18 years were selected by probabilistic sampling and interviewed at home. The study outcomes were doctor visits and hospitalizations in the previous 12 months, and unmet surgical needs. Variations between 2015 and 2019 were tested using chi-squared goodness-of-fit test. Poisson regression with robust variance was employed to calculate the prevalence ratios (PR) of the outcomes with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). RESULTS The surveys included 5,800 participants in total. Visits to the doctor decreased from 2015 (78.7%) to 2019 (76.3%; p < 0.001), hospital admissions increased from 2015 (7.9%) to 2019 (11.5%; p < 0.001), and unmet surgical needs decreased in the period (15.9% to 12.1%; p < 0.001). These variations were particularly observed in vulnerable individuals – sicker; poorer; non-whites; and those belonging to lower social classes, with less access to education, formal jobs, and health insurance (p < 0.05). Doctor visits were higher in people with fair health status (PR = 1.09; 95%CI 1.06–1.12), health insurance (PR = 1.13; 95%CI 1.09–1.17), and chronic diseases (p < 0.001) but lower in men (PR = 0.87; 95%CI 0.84–0.90) and informal workers (PR = 0.89; 95%CI 0.84–0.94). Hospitalizations were higher in people with worse health statuses (p < 0.001), without partners (PR = 1.27; 95%CI 1.05–1.53), and with multimorbidity (PR = 1.68; 95%CI 1.33–2.12) but lower in men (PR = 0.55; 95%CI 0.44–0.68), older adults (p < 0.001), informal workers (PR = 0.67; 95%CI 0.51–0.89), and unemployed (PR = 0.72; 95%CI 0.53–0.97). Unmet surgical needs were higher in older adults (p < 0.001), middle-class people (PR = 1.24; 95%CI 1.01–1.55), worse health statuses (p < 0.001), and chronic diseases (p < 0.001) but lower in men (PR = 0.76; 95%CI 0.65–0.86). CONCLUSIONS From 2015 to 2019, less people visited the doctor, more were admitted to hospitals, and less were in need of surgery or aware of that need, potentially indicating poorer access to health services.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To investigate the use of health services among adults living in Manaus, Amazonas. METHODS This was a panel of two cross-sectional studies conducted in Manaus in 2015 and 2019. Individuals aged ≥ 18 years were selected by probabilistic sampling and interviewed at home. The study outcomes were doctor visits and hospitalizations in the previous 12 months, and unmet surgical needs. Variations between 2015 and 2019 were tested using chi-squared goodness-of-fit test. Poisson regression with robust variance was employed to calculate the prevalence ratios (PR) of the outcomes with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). RESULTS The surveys included 5,800 participants in total. Visits to the doctor decreased from 2015 (78.7%) to 2019 (76.3%; p < 0.001), hospital admissions increased from 2015 (7.9%) to 2019 (11.5%; p < 0.001), and unmet surgical needs decreased in the period (15.9% to 12.1%; p < 0.001). These variations were particularly observed in vulnerable individuals – sicker; poorer; non-whites; and those belonging to lower social classes, with less access to education, formal jobs, and health insurance (p < 0.05). Doctor visits were higher in people with fair health status (PR = 1.09; 95%CI 1.06–1.12), health insurance (PR = 1.13; 95%CI 1.09–1.17), and chronic diseases (p < 0.001) but lower in men (PR = 0.87; 95%CI 0.84–0.90) and informal workers (PR = 0.89; 95%CI 0.84–0.94). Hospitalizations were higher in people with worse health statuses (p < 0.001), without partners (PR = 1.27; 95%CI 1.05–1.53), and with multimorbidity (PR = 1.68; 95%CI 1.33–2.12) but lower in men (PR = 0.55; 95%CI 0.44–0.68), older adults (p < 0.001), informal workers (PR = 0.67; 95%CI 0.51–0.89), and unemployed (PR = 0.72; 95%CI 0.53–0.97). Unmet surgical needs were higher in older adults (p < 0.001), middle-class people (PR = 1.24; 95%CI 1.01–1.55), worse health statuses (p < 0.001), and chronic diseases (p < 0.001) but lower in men (PR = 0.76; 95%CI 0.65–0.86). CONCLUSIONS From 2015 to 2019, less people visited the doctor, more were admitted to hospitals, and less were in need of surgery or aware of that need, potentially indicating poorer access to health services.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência e fatores associados à polifarmácia e a presença de potenciais interações medicamentosas em Manaus, estado do Amazonas, Brasil, em 2019. Métodos: Estudo transversal de base populacional, com adultos de ≥ 18 anos. Entre pessoas em polifarmácia (≥ 5 medicamentos), pesquisou-se a presença de interações medicamentosas na base Micromedex. Razões de prevalências (RP) com intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) foram calculadas por regressão de Poisson com variância robusta, seguindo análise hierárquica e considerando o delineamento amostral complexo. Resultados: Dos 2.321 participantes, 2,8% (IC95% 2,1;3,6) estavam em polifarmácia e, destes, 74,0% apresentaram interações, sendo mais frequentes quatro ou mais interações por pessoa (40,4%) e gravidade alta (59,5%). Polifarmácia foi maior entre idosos (RP = 3,24; IC95% 1,25;8,42), pessoas com saúde ruim (RP = 2,54; IC95% 1,14;5,67), hospitalização prévia (RP = 1,90; IC95% 1,09;3,32) e multimorbidade (RP = 3,20; IC95% 1,53;6,67). Conclusão: A polifarmácia foi mais frequente entre idosos e pessoas com problemas de saúde, que tiveram mais interações medicamentosas.

Abstract Objective: To assess the prevalence and factors associated with polypharmacy and the presence of potential drug interactions in Manaus, Amazonas state, Brazil, in 2019. Methods: This was a population-based cross-sectional study conducted with adults aged ≥ 18 years. The presence of drug interactions among people on a polypharmacy regimen (≥ 5 drugs) was investigated on the Micromedex database. Prevalence ratios (PR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated using Poisson regression model with robust variance, following hierarchical analysis and considering the complex sample design. Results: Of the 2,321 participants, 2.8% (95%CI 2.1;3.6) were on polypharmacy regimen, of whom, 74.0% presented drug interactions, usually with four or more drug interactions per person (40.4%) and high severity (59.5%). Polypharmacy was higher among older adults (PR = 3.24; 95%CI 1.25;8.42), people with poor health (PR = 2.54; 95%CI 1.14;5.67), previous hospitalization (PR = 1.90; 95%CI 1.09;3.32) and multimorbidity (PR = 3.20; 95%CI 1.53;6.67). Conclusion: Polypharmacy was more frequent among older adults and people with medical problems, who presented more drug interactions.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar la prevalencia y factores asociados a la polifarmacia y la presencia de posibles interacciones farmacológicas en Manaus, estado de Amazonas, Brasil, en 2019. Métodos: Estudio poblacional transversal realizado con adultos con edad ≥ 18 años. Entre personas en polifarmacia (≥ 5 medicamentos), se investigó la presencia de interacciones farmacológicas en Micromedex. Las razones de prevalencia (RP) con intervalos de confianza de 95% (IC95%) se calcularon mediante la regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta, siguiendo análisis jerárquico y considerando el diseño de muestra complejo. Resultados: De los 2.321 participantes, 2,8% (IC95% 2,1;3,6) se encontraban en polifarmacia, de los cuales 74,0% presentaban interacciones, siendo más frecuentes cuatro o más interacciones por persona (40,4%) y de alta gravedad (59,5%). La polifarmacia fue mayor entre los ancianos (RP = 3,24; IC95% 1,25;8,42), personas con mala salud (RP = 2,54; IC95% 1,14;5,67), hospitalización previa (RP = 1,90; IC95% 1,09;3,32) y multimorbilidade (RP = 3,20; IC95% 1,53;6,67). Conclusión: La polifarmacia fue más frecuente entre los ancianos y personas con problemas de salud, que potencialmente tenían más interacciones farmacológicas.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência e fatores associados à polifarmácia e a presença de potenciais interações medicamentosas em Manaus, estado do Amazonas, Brasil, em 2019. Métodos: Estudo transversal de base populacional, com adultos de ≥ 18 anos. Entre pessoas em polifarmácia (≥ 5 medicamentos), pesquisou-se a presença de interações medicamentosas na base Micromedex. Razões de prevalências (RP) com intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) foram calculadas por regressão de Poisson com variância robusta, seguindo análise hierárquica e considerando o delineamento amostral complexo. Resultados: Dos 2.321 participantes, 2,8% (IC95% 2,1;3,6) estavam em polifarmácia e, destes, 74,0% apresentaram interações, sendo mais frequentes quatro ou mais interações por pessoa (40,4%) e gravidade alta (59,5%). Polifarmácia foi maior entre idosos (RP = 3,24; IC95% 1,25;8,42), pessoas com saúde ruim (RP = 2,54; IC95% 1,14;5,67), hospitalização prévia (RP = 1,90; IC95% 1,09;3,32) e multimorbidade (RP = 3,20; IC95% 1,53;6,67). Conclusão: A polifarmácia foi mais frequente entre idosos e pessoas com problemas de saúde, que tiveram mais interações medicamentosas.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar la prevalencia y factores asociados a la polifarmacia y la presencia de posibles interacciones farmacológicas en Manaus, estado de Amazonas, Brasil, en 2019. Métodos: Estudio poblacional transversal realizado con adultos con edad ≥ 18 años. Entre personas en polifarmacia (≥ 5 medicamentos), se investigó la presencia de interacciones farmacológicas en Micromedex. Las razones de prevalencia (RP) con intervalos de confianza de 95% (IC95%) se calcularon mediante la regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta, siguiendo análisis jerárquico y considerando el diseño de muestra complejo. Resultados: De los 2.321 participantes, 2,8% (IC95% 2,1;3,6) se encontraban en polifarmacia, de los cuales 74,0% presentaban interacciones, siendo más frecuentes cuatro o más interacciones por persona (40,4%) y de alta gravedad (59,5%). La polifarmacia fue mayor entre los ancianos (RP = 3,24; IC95% 1,25;8,42), personas con mala salud (RP = 2,54; IC95% 1,14;5,67), hospitalización previa (RP = 1,90; IC95% 1,09;3,32) y multimorbilidade (RP = 3,20; IC95% 1,53;6,67). Conclusión: La polifarmacia fue más frecuente entre los ancianos y personas con problemas de salud, que potencialmente tenían más interacciones farmacológicas.

Abstract Objective: To assess the prevalence and factors associated with polypharmacy and the presence of potential drug interactions in Manaus, Amazonas state, Brazil, in 2019. Methods: This was a population-based cross-sectional study conducted with adults aged ≥ 18 years. The presence of drug interactions among people on a polypharmacy regimen (≥ 5 drugs) was investigated on the Micromedex database. Prevalence ratios (PR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated using Poisson regression model with robust variance, following hierarchical analysis and considering the complex sample design. Results: Of the 2,321 participants, 2.8% (95%CI 2.1;3.6) were on polypharmacy regimen, of whom, 74.0% presented drug interactions, usually with four or more drug interactions per person (40.4%) and high severity (59.5%). Polypharmacy was higher among older adults (PR = 3.24; 95%CI 1.25;8.42), people with poor health (PR = 2.54; 95%CI 1.14;5.67), previous hospitalization (PR = 1.90; 95%CI 1.09;3.32) and multimorbidity (PR = 3.20; 95%CI 1.53;6.67). Conclusion: Polypharmacy was more frequent among older adults and people with medical problems, who presented more drug interactions.

Abstract We aimed to measure the prevalence of adverse events related to oral hormonal contraceptive (OHC) use and their associated factors in undergraduate pharmacy students. A cross-sectional study was conducted by using an online questionnaire for female students of the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of the University of São Paulo from July to August 2020. A descriptive analysis of the data was carried out, which was followed by determining the prevalence ratios to identify possible factors associated with adverse events resulting from OHC. A total of 269 valid responses were obtained, among which 50.2% (n = 135) of the students reported using OHC as a contraceptive method and 21.2% (n = 57) affirmed that they had at least one adverse event related to OHC use, which corresponds to 42.2% of those who had used OHC. The most common adverse event was headache (70.2%), and a period of less than one month was the most cited (49.1%). Only migraine comorbidity was associated with the occurrence of adverse events related to OHC. These findings reinforce the high incidence of adverse events among OHC users and the low rate of discontinuation due to these events. There is a need to provide more information on contraceptive methods to users, including its risks and contraindications. (OHC crosssectional cross sectional 2020 out 26 obtained 502 50 2 50.2 n 135 212 21 21.2 57 422 42 42.2 70.2%, 702 70.2% , 70 (70.2%) 49.1%. 491 49.1% . 49 1 (49.1%) contraindications 202 5 50. 13 21. 4 42. 70.2 7 (70.2% 49.1 (49.1% 20 70. (70.2 49. (49.1 (70. (49. (70 (49 (7 (4 (

Resumo Introdução A Coronavirus Disease-2019 é uma doença infectocontagiosa que afeta o sistema respiratório, que surgiu na China e logo se espalhou pelo mundo. Objetivo Avaliar a qualidade metodológica e transparência das Diretrizes de Prática Clínica brasileiras para o tratamento da Coronavirus Disease-2019. Materiais e Métodos Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática realizada em 2020 nas fontes de dados: MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE, Scopus e Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, National Guideline Clearinghouse e Guidelines International Network, e sites do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil, Sociedades Médicas Brasileiras, Conselhos de Medicina, Conselho Federal de Enfermagem e Conselho Federal de Fisioterapia. A avaliação da qualidade metodológica e da transparência das diretrizes ocorreu por meio do instrumento Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation, versão II, realizada por quatro autores. Resultados Foram encontradas 33 diretrizes, das quais foram incluídas 14 para análise. Somente uma diretriz apresentou pontuações acima de 60% em todos os domínios. Entre os seis domínios, três apresentaram maiores pontuações: Escopo e finalidade, Envolvimento das partes interessadas e Clareza da apresentação. Discussão Apesar da fragilidade metodológica, os autores se preocuparam em apresentar as recomendações de forma clara e concisa, através de informações-chave e opções terapêuticas que facilitam a tomada de decisão. Conclusão As diretrizes brasileiras apresentaram baixa qualidade metodológica, em que somente uma diretriz foi recomendada e classificada com alta qualidade e transparência metodológica.

Abstract Introduction Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) is an infectious disease affecting the respiratory tract, which emerged in China and spread rapidly throughout the world. Objective To evaluate the methodological quality and transparency of Brazilian clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of coronavirus disease (Covid-19). Materials and Methods A systematic review was conducted in 2020 on Medline (via PubMed), Embase, Scopus, LILACS, National Guideline Clearinghouse and Guidelines International Network databases, in addition to online searches on the Brazilian Ministry of Health, Brazilian Medical Association, Federal Council of Medicine, Federal Council of Nursing and Federal Council of Physical Therapy websites. The methodological quality and transparency of the guidelines were assessed using the second version of the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) instrument developed by four authors. Results 33 guidelines were found of which 14 were included in the analysis. There was only one guideline that scored above 60% in all domains. Among the six domains, higher scores were found in the following three domains: scope and objective, stakeholder involvement and clarity of presentation. Discussion Despite methodological weakness found, the authors were keen to provide clear and concise recommendations through key information and therapeutic options to facilitate decision making. Conclusions Brazilian clinical practice guidelines were found to be of poor methodological quality, from which only one guideline was recommended and classified as to be of high methodological quality and transparency.

Resumen Introducción La enfermedad por coronavirus (Covid-19) es una patología infecciosa que afecta al sistema respiratorio, la cual se originó en China y se extendió rápidamente por todo el mundo. Objetivo Evaluar la calidad metodológica y la transparencia de las guías de práctica clínica brasileñas para el tratamiento de la enfermedad por coronavirus (Covid-19). Materiales y métodos Se realizó una revisión sistemática en 2020 en las bases de datos Medline (vía PubMed), Embase, Scopus, LILACS, National Guideline Clearinghouse y Guidelines International Network, además de consultas en los sitios web del Ministerio de Salud de Brasil, Asociación Médicas Brasileña, Consejo Federal de Medicina, Consejo Federal de Enfermería y Consejo Federal de Fisioterapia. La evaluación de la calidad metodológica y la transparencia de las guías se realizó con el instrumento Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE), segunda versión realizada por cuatro autores. Resultados Se encontraron 33 guías, de las que se incluyeron 14 en el análisis. Hubo una sola guía que obtuvo una puntuación superior al 60% en todos los dominios. Entre los seis dominios, se presentaron puntuaciones más altas en los siguientes tres dominios: alcance y objetivo, participación de las partes interesadas y claridad de la presentación. Discusión A pesar de la fragilidad metodológica, los autores se interesaron por presentar las recomendaciones de forma clara y concisa a través de información clave y opciones terapéuticas que faciliten la toma de decisiones. Conclusión Las guías de práctica clínica brasileñas mostraron tener una baja calidad metodológica, de las que solamente una guía fue recomendada y clasificada como de alta calidad y transparencia metodológica.

RESUMO Objetivo: A disponibilidade de produtos perigosos em domicílios aumenta os riscos de intoxicações. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a frequência e os fatores associados à disponibilidade e armazenamento de produtos perigosos em residências da Região Metropolitana de Manaus. Métodos: Estudo transversal de base populacional realizado em 2015 com adultos selecionados por amostragem probabilística em três estágios. Os participantes foram entrevistados pessoalmente. A razão de prevalência (RP) da presença de produtos perigosos (presença de chumbinho [rodenticida anticolinesterase ilegal], produtos de limpeza artesanais e armazenamento inseguro desses produtos e de medicamentos) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) foram calculados por regressão de Poisson com variância robusta, ponderada pela amostragem complexa adotada. Resultados: 4.001 participantes foram incluídos, dos quais 53,0% (IC95% 51,5-54,6) reportaram a presença de produtos perigosos em seus domicílios, 36,3% (IC95% 34,8-37,8) apresentaram armazenamento inseguro, 16,2% (IC95% 15,1-17,4) possuíam produtos de limpeza artesanais e 8,2% (IC95% 7,4-9,1) possuíam chumbinho. Os domicílios com crianças menores de 5 anos apresentaram armazenamento mais seguro (RP=0,78; IC95% 0,71-0,86) e mais produtos artesanais (RP=1,30; IC95% 1,11-1,51). Presença de produtos artesanais foi maior em menores níveis de escolaridade (RP=2,20; IC95% 1,36-3,57) e menores classificações econômicas (RP=1,63; IC95% 1,25-2,13). Conclusões: Mais da metade dos domicílios da Região Metropolitana de Manaus possuía produtos perigosos; um terço os armazenava sem segurança. Produtos de limpeza artesanais e chumbinho estavam frequentemente presentes. Os domicílios com crianças apresentaram armazenamento mais seguro de produtos e fatores socioeconômicos afetaram a disponibilidade de tais produtos perigosos.

ABSTRACT Objective: The availability of hazardous products in households increases the risks of poisoning. The present study aimed to assess the frequency and associated factors of the availability and storage of hazardous products in residences in the metropolitan region of Manaus. Methods: Population-based and cross-sectional study conducted in 2015 with adults selected with three-stage probabilistic sampling. Participants were interviewed face-to-face. Prevalence ratio (PR) of the presence of hazardous products (presence of chumbinho [illegal anti-cholinesterase rodenticide], artisanal cleaning products, and unsafe storage of these products and medications) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated with Poisson regression with robust variance, weighted by the complex sampling method adopted. Results: A total of 4,001 participants was included, of which 53.0% (95%CI 51.5-54.6) reported presence of hazardous products in their households, 36.3% (95%CI 34.8-37.8) had unsafe storage, 16.2% (95%CI 15.1-17.4) had artisanal cleaning products, and 8.2% (95%CI 7.4-9.1) had chumbinho. Households with children ≤5 years old had safer storage (PR=0.78; 95%CI 0.71-0.86) and more artisanal products (PR=1.30; 95%CI 1.11-1.51). Presence of artisanal products was higher in lower educational levels (PR=2.20; 95%CI 1.36-3.57) and lower economic classifications (PR=1.63; 95%CI 1.25-2.13). Conclusions: Over half of the households in the metropolitan region of Manaus kept hazardous products; one-third stored them unsafely. Artisanal cleaning products and chumbinho were frequently present. Households with children had safer storage of products, and socioeconomic factors affected the availability of such hazardous products.

Objective. To analyze the waiting time and the duration of medical consultations in Manaus metropolitan region, Brazil. Methods. Cross-sectional study conducted with adults living in the region in 2015. The waiting time for consultation and the duration of the consultation in minutes were self-reported by the participants. The analysis was performed by Tobit regression and weighted by the complex design. Results. 4,001 individuals were interviewed. The average waiting time was 125.4 minutes (95%CI 120.2;130.5), while consultation lasted an average of 52.5 minutes (95%CI 48.0;57.0). Women, poor people, low-educated people, indigenous individuals, countryside residents, people without health insurance, and individuals consulted by gynecologists waited longer for the consultation (p &lt;0.05). Consultation time was shorter with non-white people, with poor health status and with health insurance (p &lt;0.05). Conclusion. The length of the medical consultation was on average half the waiting time. Social inequalities were observed in these times.

Objetivo. Analisar o tempo de espera e a duração de consulta médica na região metropolitana de Manaus, Brasil. Métodos. Estudo transversal, realizado com adultos residentes na região em 2015. O tempo de espera para consulta e a duração da consulta, em minutos, foram referidos pelos participantes. A análise foi realizada por regressão de Tobit e ponderada pelo desenho amostral. Resultados. Foram entrevistados 4.001 indivíduos. O tempo médio de espera foi de 125,4 minutos (IC95%120,2;130,5), enquanto a consulta durou, em média, 52,5 minutos (IC95%48,0;57,0). Mulheres, pessoas pobres, pessoas com baixa escolaridade, indígenas, residentes em municípios do interior, sem seguro de saúde e atendidos por ginecologistas esperaram mais pela consulta (p&lt;0,05). O tempo de consulta foi menor em pessoas não brancas, com estado de saúde ruim e com plano de saúde (p&lt;0,05). Conclusão. A consulta médica durou, em média, metade do tempo de espera. Observaram-se iniquidades sociais nesses períodos de tempo.