ABSTRACT Peach rootstock and scion cultivars are selected in breeding programs considering resistance to pests and diseases, salt tolerance, drought tolerance, and vigor. However, rootstock tolerance to aluminum (Al), which is markedly present in tropical and subtropical soils of the world, is not considered. Thus, it is essential to define potential markers that can contribute to the selection of Al-resistant or Al-tolerant peach rootstocks. The objective of this study was to identify Al-tolerant peach tree rootstock cultivars and clonal selections using physiological and oxidative stress variables. A completely randomized experimental design was used in a 13 (rootstock cultivars and clonal selections) × 2 (with and without Al) factorial arrangement, with three replications. Nursery peach trees of own-rooted ‘BRS Mandinho’ (without rootstock) and nursery trees of ‘BRS Mandinho’ grafted on different rootstock cultivars and clonal selections were grown in a hydroponic system, consisting of two treatments, with and without 100 mg L-1 of Al. Dry biomass, photosynthetic variables, pigment concentration, hydrogen peroxide content, membrane lipid peroxidation, and activity of the antioxidant enzymes were evaluated. The total dry matter production of the own-rooted ‘BRS Mandinho’ trees and the SS-CHI-09-39 and SS-CHI-09-40 selections is affected by the Al presence, representing a decline of 35.4, 37.2, and 24.4 %, respectively, compared to the treatment with Al. The highest total dry matter production in Al presence was observed for the ‘Sharpe’ rootstock. ‘Capdeboscq’, DB-SEN-09-23, FB-ESM-09-43, JB-ESM-09-13, JAH-MAC-09-77, SAS-SAU-09-71, and VEH-GRA-09-55 rootstock selections are tolerant to Al. The use of physiological and biochemical variables shows potential for the selection of clonal rootstocks tolerant or resistant to Al. diseases vigor However Al, , (Al) world considered Thus Alresistant Altolerant 1 arrangement replications ownrooted own rooted BRS Mandinho system treatments 10 L1 L L- biomass concentration content peroxidation evaluated SSCHI0939 SSCHI SS CHI 09 39 SS-CHI-09-3 SSCHI0940 40 SS-CHI-09-4 354 35 4 35.4 372 37 37.2 244 24 24. % respectively ‘Sharpe Sharpe ‘Capdeboscq, Capdeboscq ‘Capdeboscq ‘Capdeboscq’ DBSEN0923, DBSEN0923 DBSEN DB SEN 23, 23 DB-SEN-09-23 FBESM0943, FBESM0943 FBESM FB ESM 43, 43 FB-ESM-09-43 JBESM0913, JBESM0913 JBESM JB 13, JB-ESM-09-13 JAHMAC0977, JAHMAC0977 JAHMAC JAH MAC 77, 77 JAH-MAC-09-77 SASSAU0971, SASSAU0971 SASSAU SAS SAU 71, 71 SAS-SAU-09-71 VEHGRA0955 VEHGRA VEH GRA 55 VEH-GRA-09-5 (Al SSCHI093 0 3 SS-CHI-09- SSCHI094 35. 37. DBSEN092 DB-SEN-09-2 FBESM094 FB-ESM-09-4 JBESM091 JB-ESM-09-1 JAHMAC097 7 JAH-MAC-09-7 SASSAU097 SAS-SAU-09-7 VEHGRA095 5 VEH-GRA-09- SSCHI09 SS-CHI-09 DBSEN09 DB-SEN-09- FBESM09 FB-ESM-09- JBESM09 JB-ESM-09- JAHMAC09 JAH-MAC-09- SASSAU09 SAS-SAU-09- VEHGRA09 VEH-GRA-09 SSCHI0 SS-CHI-0 DBSEN0 DB-SEN-09 FBESM0 FB-ESM-09 JBESM0 JB-ESM-09 JAHMAC0 JAH-MAC-09 SASSAU0 SAS-SAU-09 VEHGRA0 VEH-GRA-0 SS-CHI- DB-SEN-0 FB-ESM-0 JB-ESM-0 JAH-MAC-0 SAS-SAU-0 VEH-GRA- SS-CHI DB-SEN- FB-ESM- JB-ESM- JAH-MAC- SAS-SAU- VEH-GRA DB-SEN FB-ESM JB-ESM JAH-MAC SAS-SAU

ABSTRACT Although zinc (Zn) is a micronutrient, excessive amounts in the soil can have toxic effects on plants. Fertilizers, limestone materials, pesticides, and fungicides added with Zn have contributed to increasing the concentration of this element in agricultural soils. Accordingly, it is necessary to find Zn-tolerant plant species to be properly used in degraded soil restoration programs. Thus, the current study aims to investigate the influence of different Zn concentrations on photosynthetic variables, antioxidant activity, and growth of I. marginata and A. edulis seedlings to determine their potential to be used as phytoremediation species. The experiment was installed in a 2×5 factorial scheme, with the first factor being two species (Allophylus edulis and Inga marginata), and the second factor: five concentrations of Zn (2, 75, 150, 225, and 300 μM), with three replications per treatment. Each sampling unit consisted of a pot with five plants. Photosynthetic, morphological variables of the shoot and root systems, chlorophyll a fluorescence, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide concentration, and Zn accumulated in the roots and shoot were evaluated. Zn stress has activated an efficient antioxidant system, which reduced oxidative damage in the leaves of both species; consequently, it did not decrease shoot biomass production in Inga marginata and Allophylus edulis seedlings. High Zn accumulation in plant tissues and lack of negative effects on Inga marginata and Allophylus edulis shoot have suggested that these plant species are tolerant to Zn and may be indicated for Zn-polluted soil phytoremediation purposes. (Zn micronutrient plants Fertilizers materials pesticides soils Accordingly Zntolerant programs Thus activity I A 25 2 5 2× scheme marginata, , marginata) 2, (2 75 150 225 30 μM, μM μM) treatment Photosynthetic systems fluorescence pigments peroxidation evaluated system consequently Znpolluted polluted purposes ( 7 15 22 3 1

RESUMO Embora o zinco (Zn) seja um micronutriente, quantidades excessivas no solo podem causar efeitos tóxicos às plantas. Fertilizantes, materiais calcários, pesticidas e fungicidas adicionados de Zn têm contribuído para aumentar a concentração deste elemento nos solos agrícolas. Dessa forma, é necessário encontrar espécies de plantas tolerantes ao Zn para serem adequadamente utilizadas em programas de restauração de solos degradados. Assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar a influência de diferentes concentrações de Zn nas variáveis fotossintéticas, na atividade antioxidante e no crescimento de mudas de I. marginata e A. edulis para determinar seu potencial para serem utilizadas como espécies fitorremediadoras. O experimento foi instalado em esquema fatorial 2×5, sendo o primeiro fator duas espécies (Allophylus edulis e Inga marginata), e o segundo fator: cinco concentrações de Zn (2, 75, 150, 225 e 300μM), com três repetições por tratamento. Cada unidade amostral foi constituída por um vaso com cinco plantas. Foram avaliadas variáveis fotossintéticas, morfológicas da parte aérea e do sistema radicular, fluorescência da clorofila a, pigmentos fotossintéticos, atividade de enzimas antioxidantes, peroxidação lipídica, concentração de peróxido de hidrogênio e Zn acumulado nas raízes e na parte aérea. O estresse por Zn ativou um eficiente sistema antioxidante, que reduziu o dano oxidativo nas folhas de ambas as espécies; consequentemente, não diminuiu a produção de biomassa aérea em mudas de Inga marginata e Allophylus edulis. O alto acúmulo de Zn nos tecidos vegetais e a falta de efeitos negativos na parte aérea de Inga marginata e Allophylus edulis sugeriram que essas espécies de plantas são tolerantes ao Zn e podem ser indicadas para fins de fitorremediação de solos poluídos com Zn. (Zn micronutriente Fertilizantes calcários agrícolas forma degradados Assim fotossintéticas I A fitorremediadoras 25 2 5 2×5 marginata, , marginata) 2, (2 75 150 22 300μM, 300μM μM 300μM) tratamento radicular fotossintéticos antioxidantes lipídica consequentemente 2× ( 7 15 1

ABSTRACT Copper (Cu) is an essential micronutrient for plants; however, it contaminates air, water, and soil in high concentrations. Phytoremediation is an alternative to using plants that are tolerant to excess metals in the soil. The study aimed to assess the tolerance of Cordia americana species to excess Cu using morphological, physiological, and biochemical variables. The plants were grown in a greenhouse under five Cu concentrations (0 (complete nutrient solution), 15, 30, 45, and 60 μM) in the nutrient solution. Twenty trays (16 liters each) were used, with five plants per tray. The morphological variables of the shoot and root system, photosynthetic variables, chlorophyll a fluorescence, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzyme activity, hydrogen peroxide content, and Cu content accumulated in the tissues were evaluated. Root morphology, photosynthetic variables, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and photosynthetic pigments were not negatively affected by adding Cu to the cultivation system. Biochemical analyses demonstrated that the species used defense techniques against excess Cu, accumulating the metal in its root system and preserving the shoot for photosynthesis. The growth in shoots and roots and biomass production were not affected by increasing Cu concentrations. Therefore, the Cordia americana species has the potential to be used in areas contaminated with Cu. (Cu however air water physiological 0 ( complete solution, solution , solution) 15 30 45 6 μM 16 (1 each tray fluorescence activity evaluated morphology photosynthesis Therefore 1 3 4

RESUMO O cobre (Cu) é um micronutriente essencial para as plantas, porém, em altas concentrações, contamina o ar, a água e o solo. A fitorremediação entra como alternativa à utilização de plantas que sejam tolerantes ao excesso de metais no solo. O objetivo do estudo foi testar a tolerância da espécie Cordia americana ao excesso de Cu, utilizando variáveis morfológicas, fisiológicas e bioquímicas. A espécie foi cultivada em casa de vegetação, em cinco concentrações de Cu (0 (solução nutritiva completa), 15, 30, 45 e 60 μM) na solução nutritiva. Foram utilizadas 20 bandejas de 16 litros, com 5 plantas por bandeja. Foram avaliadas as variáveis morfológicas da parte aérea e do sistema radicular, variáveis fotossintéticas, fluorescência da clorofila a, pigmentos fotossintéticos, atividade de enzimas antioxidantes, conteúdo de peróxido de hidrogênio e teores de Cu acumulados nos tecidos. A morfologia das raízes, as variáveis fotossintéticas, fluorescência da clorofila a e pigmentos fotossintéticos não foram afetados negativamente mediante acréscimo do Cu no sistema de crescimento. As análises bioquímicas demonstraram que a espécie usou técnicas de defesa contra o excesso de Cu, acumulando o metal em seu sistema radicular e preservando a parte aérea para a fotossíntese. O incremento em parte aérea e raízes não foi afetado com o aumento das concentrações de Cu, bem como a produção em biomassa. Sendo assim, a espécie Cordia americana possui potencial para ser utilizada em áreas contaminadas com Cu. (Cu porém ar solo vegetação 0 ( completa, completa , completa) 15 30 4 6 μM 2 1 litros bandeja fotossintéticas antioxidantes tecidos crescimento fotossíntese biomassa assim 3

ABSTRACT Copper (Cu)-contaminated soils are becoming more common, and phytoremediation is an effective strategy for reducing the negative effects of Cu on soils. Tree species are commonly used for this technique because they act as a barrier to this type of contamination. It is necessary to evaluate Cu tolerance and toxicity thresholds together with the harm this metal causes to plants. The objective of the current study was to investigate the tolerance of Handroanthus heptaphyllus plants to Cu through morpho-physiological, biochemical, and tissue Cu concentration analyses. H. heptaphyllus seedlings were subjected to nutrient solutions with varying concentrations of copper: 0, 5, 32, 64, 96, and 128 µM Cu in a hydroponic system. We conducted a morpho-physiological trait analysis on shoot height, root length, dry weight, morphological variables of the root system, leaf area, and photosynthetic variables. In addition, we also looked into photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide concentration, and Cu accumulation in tissues. The values obtained for variables such as dry weight and pigments did not show significant differences, regardless of Cu concentration. Moreover, photosynthetic and transpiration rates were negatively affected only at the highest Cu concentration (128 µM). Overall, excess Cu had no effect on Handroanthus heptaphyllus below 128 µM. Cu accumulated mainly in the roots without a decrease in biomass, which could indicate the tolerance of the species to this metal as well as its great potential in the phytostabilization of Cu in contaminated soils. Cucontaminated common contamination morphophysiological, morphophysiological morpho physiological, physiological biochemical analyses H copper 0 5 32 64 96 12 system height length area addition enzymes peroxidation tissues differences Moreover (12 . µM) Overall biomass 3 6 9 1 (1 (

RESUMO Solos contaminados com cobre (Cu) são um problema crescente, e o uso da fitorremediação tem evidenciado resultados positivos na redução dos efeitos nocivos desse elemento nos solos. Espécies arbóreas têm sido amplamente utilizadas para esta técnica, pois funcionam como barreira a esse tipo de contaminação. Portanto, é necessário avaliar os limites de tolerância/toxicidade ao Cu, bem como os danos causados por este metal nas plantas. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a tolerância de plantas de Handroanthus heptaphyllus ao Cu através de análises morfofisiológicas e bioquímicas, bem como a concentração de Cu nos tecidos. Mudas de H. heptaphyllus foram submetidas a diferentes concentrações de Cu adicionadas na solução nutritiva: 0,5, 32, 64, 96 e 128 μM Cu em sistema hidropônico. Foram analisados atributos morfofisiológicos, como altura da parte aérea e comprimento da raiz, massa seca, variáveis morfológicas do sistema radicular, área foliar e variáveis fotossintéticas. Além disso, foram investigados pigmentos fotossintéticos, enzimas antioxidantes, peroxidação lipídica, concentração de peróxido de hidrogênio e Cu acumulado nos tecidos. Os valores registrados para variáveis como massa seca e pigmentos não apresentaram diferença significativa, independentemente das concentrações de Cu. Além disso, as taxas fotossintéticas e transpiratórias foram afetadas negativamente apenas na maior concentração de Cu (128 μM). No geral, a espécie Handroanthus heptaphyllus foi afetada pelo excesso de Cu apenas em 128 μM. O Cu se acumulou principalmente nas raízes, sem registrar diminuição da biomassa, o que pode indicar a tolerância da espécie a esse metal, bem como seu grande potencial para ser utilizado na fitoestabilização de Cu em solos contaminados com este metal. (Cu crescente técnica contaminação Portanto tolerânciatoxicidade toxicidade Assim bioquímicas tecidos H nutritiva 05 0 5 0,5 32 64 9 12 hidropônico morfofisiológicos raiz radicular disso fotossintéticos antioxidantes lipídica significativa (12 . μM) geral raízes biomassa 0, 3 6 1 (1 (

Abstract Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that may bring about harmful pollution of water and soil. Phytoremediation involving elements beneficial for plant development is a strategy to alleviate this problem. Silicon (Si) has shown potential in neutralizing biotic and abiotic stresses in plants, especially those caused by heavy metals. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether Si could mitigate the effects of Cd toxicity on growth, photosynthetic activity, and oxidative stress in seedlings of Enterolobium contortisiliquum. The experiment consisted of a completely randomized design with four replications. In addition to a control treatment, the following amounts of Cd, Si, and combinations were added to the complete nutrient solution: 1.5 mM Si; 3.0 mM Si; 1.5 mM Si + 100 μM Cd; 3.0 mM Si + 100 mM Cd; 100 mM Cd. Each sampling unit consisted of a tray containing 16 plants. Silicon concentrations of 1.5 and 3.0 Si mM were adequate to mitigate the effects of cadmium toxicity on Enterolobium contortisiliquum seedlings. The results showed that Si promoted photosynthetic activity, increased total chlorophyll, and decreased shoot lipid peroxidation in the presence of Cd. Furthermore, the lack of significant differences in shoot and root dry weight among treatments and low peroxidation content in roots suggest that E. contortisiliquum is tolerant to cadmium. (Cd soil problem (Si plants metals Thus growth activity replications treatment solution 15 1 5 1. 30 3 0 3. 10 chlorophyll Furthermore E

Resumo O cádmio (Cd) é um metal pesado nocivo capaz de poluir a água e o solo. A fitorremediação ligada a elementos benéficos para o desenvolvimento vegetal é uma estratégia para amenizar esse problema. O silício (Si) tem mostrado potencial para neutralizar estresses bióticos e abióticos em plantas, principalmente aqueles causados por metais pesados. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do Si sobre a toxicidade do Cd no crescimento, na atividade fotossintética e no estresse oxidativo em mudas de Enterolobium contortisiliquum. O experimento constou de um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Além de um tratamento controle, as seguintes combinações de Cd e Si foram adicionadas à solução nutritiva completa: 1,5 mM de Si; Si 3,0 mM; 1,5 mM de Si + 100 μM de Cd; 3,0 mM de Si + 100 μM de Cd; 100 μM Cd. Cada unidade amostrai consistiu de uma bandeja contendo 16 plantas. Os resultados mostraram que o Si promoveu a atividade fotossintética, aumentou a clorofila total e diminuiu a peroxidação lipídica da parte aérea na presença de Cd. As concentrações de 1.5 e 3.0 Si mM de silício podem ser consideradas adequadas para amenizar os efeitos da toxicidade de cádmio em mudas de Enterolobium contortisiliquum. Além disso, a ausência de diferenças significativas no peso seco da parte aérea e da raiz entre os tratamentos e baixo teor de peroxidação nas raízes sugerem que E. contortisiliquum é tolerante ao cádmio. (Cd solo problema (Si plantas pesados Assim crescimento casualizado repetições controle completa 15 1 5 1, 30 3 0 3, 10 1. 3. disso E

ABSTRACT Plantations with native tree species, which emphasize biodiversity conservation, may not succeed because of a lack of forestry knowledge about the native species. Cabralea canjerana is an important tree species, which is rarely present in area restoration programs because of the difficulty in establishing it in plantations. Despite this, the species is also known for its adaptation to different light conditions. Therefore, this research sought to answer: a) What is the appropriate light level for the initial establishment of Cabralea canjerana seedlings in the field? b) Does seasonality influence the morphological and physiological attributes of Cabralea canjerana plants? The treatments used were: four shade intensities (0, 18, 50 and 70%) and two seasonal periods (spring-summer and autumn-winter). Survival was evaluated at 30 and 360 days after planting, while the morphological and physiological attributes were evaluated at 180 (spring-summer) and 360 (autumn-winter) days after planting. We suggest that Cabralea canjerana be classified as a moderately shade-tolerant species, considering that even in a region with four well-defined seasons, like the one in the present study, its mortality rate was high in full sun, a fact that is corroborated by the morphological and physiological parameters. The planting of Cabralea canjerana seedlings in full sunlight is not appropriate because it causes low seedling survival. It is recommended that planting be carried out under 50% shading. Seasonality influenced the morphological and physiological attributes of Cabralea canjerana plants.

Abstract In forest nurseries, one of the factors that change the growth and quality of seedlings is water supply, which has a direct influence on metabolic processes such as stomatal conductance and photochemical efficiency of photosystem II. This study aims to identify the influence of different watering regimes as well as the use of a water-retaining polymer on the initial growth and metabolic processes of Enterolobium contortisiliquum seedlings. The experimental design was in random blocks with a factorial scheme. Morphological attributes, as well as physiological and biochemical attributes were investigated. We verified that the performance of E. contortisiliquum seedlings depends on the watering regime provided to the plants; furthermore, up to 60 days after the application of the treatments, both the height and diameter of the collection and the leaf water potential were similar in the water regimes of 8 mm day-1 and 12 mm day-1.

Abstract This work aimed to evaluate the influence of the substrate composition on the emergence, vigor, and growth of Tabernaemontana catharinensis seedlings in a greenhouse. Seeds were placed to germinate by testing the following substrates: pure Mecplant and combined with fine texture vermiculite (V) or charcoal rice husk (CRH) in different proportions. Variables of emergence percentage, emergence speed index, height, collection diameter, root length, leaf area, dry mass (shoot, root, and total), Dickson quality index, and photosynthetic pigment contents were evaluated. Germinated plants on pure Mecplant substrate presented lower emergence values and morphophysiological parameters. This commercial substrate associated with vermiculite at 1:1 and 1:3 proportions provided higher seed vigor and higher seedling growth, proving to be more adequate for the seedling formation of the species. The formulated substrates did not show a significant influence on the photosynthetic pigment contents.

RESUMO A aplicação de doses de fósforo (P) no solo pode aumentar o crescimento de espécies arbóreas nativas de interesse econômico e ambiental, como a Cordia trichotoma. Assim, esta pesquisa tem por objetivo avaliar parâmetros morfológicos e fisiológicos em mudas de C. trichotoma cultivadas em solo com aumento do teor de P. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em vasos com 2,5 dm-3 de solo, com quatro doses de P (0, 150, 300 e 450 mg dm-3) e seis repetições. O teor de P no solo, as concentrações de P nas folhas, os atributos morfológicos (altura, diâmetro do coleto, matéria seca aérea, matéria seca radicular e área foliar) e os atributos fisiológicos (teor de pigmentos fotossintéticos e fluorescência da clorofila a) foram determinados aos 180 dias após o transplante. O incremento no teor de P disponível no solo permitiu maior absorção desse elemento pelas raízes das plantas, elevando a concentração nas folhas. Isso favoreceu o metabolismo energético das plantas, proporcionando maior crescimento. Além disso, o maior influxo e acúmulo de P na planta quando utilizado 450 mg dm-3, incrementou a concentração dos pigmentos fotossintéticos e elevou a capacidade fotossintética das mudas de C. trichotoma. O maior aproveitamento da energia luminosa pelo fotossistema II (Fv/Fm = 0,76) foi observado nas mudas cultivadas com 450 mg dm-3 de P, com aumento de 95% quando comparadas às mudas sem adição de P. Assim, percebemos que essa espécie arbórea, é exigente e responsiva em relação ao maior teor de P disponível no solo.

ABSTRACT The application of phosphorus (P) doses in the soil can increase the growth of native tree species of economic and environmental interest, such as Cordia trichotoma. Thus, this research aims to evaluate the morphological and the physiological parameters in C. trichotoma seedlings, cultivated in soil with increased P content. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions in pots with 2.5 dm-3 of soil, four doses of P (0, 150, 300 and 450 mg dm-3), and six replicates. P content in the soil, P concentrations in the leaves, morphological attributes (height, stem diameter, aerial dry matter, root dry matter, and leaf area) and physiological attributes (photosynthetic pigment content and chlorophyll α fluorescence) were determined 180 days after transplantation. The increase in the available P content in the soil allowed greater absorption of this element by the plant’s roots, increasing the concentration in the leaves, and therefore favoring the energetic metabolism of the plants. In addition, the higher influx and accumulation of P in the plant when 450 mg dm-3 was used, increased the concentration of the photosynthetic pigments and increased the photosynthetic capacity of the C. trichotoma seedlings. The highest use of the light energy by photosystem II (Fv/Fm = 0.76) was observed in the seedlings cultivated with 450 mg dm-3 of P, with a 95% increase when compared to seedlings without P. Thus, we observed that this tree species is demanding and responsive to the higher P content available in the soil.

ABSTRACT Potato cultivation is widespread around the world, being exposed to several abiotic stresses, including soils with high aluminum (Al) availability. Silicon (Si) is recognized for alleviating the stress caused by Al in various plant species. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the potential of Si to mitigate the oxidative stress caused by Al in potato genotypes, exhibiting differential sensitivity toward this element. Plants of the Al-sensitive genotype (SMIJ319-7) and Al-tolerant genotype (SMIF212-3) were grown for two weeks in a hydroponic system with the nutrient solution containing combinations of Al (0 and 1.85 mM) and Si (0, 0.5 and 1.0 mM). At the end of the experiment, photosynthetic parameters, pigment content, root and shoot growth, superoxide dismutase and guaiacol peroxidase activity and lipid peroxidation were evaluated. In both potato genotypes Al inhibited root and shoot growth and decreased all photosynthetic parameters and superoxide dismutase activity. Silicon was able to partially alleviate the damage caused by Al in parameters of root growth in the Al-tolerant genotype while increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and mitigating the Al-induced damage to membrane lipids in roots and shoot in both genotypes. The Al-tolerant genotype showed greater water use efficiency and transpiration rate in control conditions as compared to the Al-sensitive genotype. These data indicate that Si application can improve the defense ability of the tested potato genotypes against Al toxicity and that the Al-tolerant genotype is more responsive to Si.

RESUMO Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de verificar a plasticidade dos folíolos de plantas jovens de Cabralea canjerana e sua capacidade de adaptação a diferentes ambientes luminosos por meio de características morfológicas e fisiológicas. Para isto, foram selecionadas 12 plantas de fragmento de Floresta Estacional Decidual secundário, sendo seis crescendo sob dossel e seis a pleno sol. As árvores foram classificadas conforme sua posição sociológica em emergentes e dominadas. As folhas foram classificadas em apicais, intermediárias e basais de acordo com a sua posição na copa. Foram mensuradas as variáveis número total de folhas, largura, comprimento, espessura, área foliar e massa seca dos folíolos; teor de clorofilas a e b e carotenoides. Folíolos de árvores a pleno sol, emergentes e da posição superior da copa, considerados os mais expostos a luminosidade, apresentaram características xeromórficas como redução do tamanho do folíolo, maior espessura do limbo, menor área foliar e menor teor de clorofila b. A semelhança na massa seca e no conteúdo de pigmentos evidenciam que a atividade fotossintética das plantas de C. canjerana analisadas não está sendo prejudicada pelas diferentes condições do ambiente, o que demonstra a plasticidade da espécie e sua capacidade de desenvolvimento em diversas condições de luminosidade.

ABSTRACT This work was carried out to verify the plasticity of saplings of Cabralea canjerana plants and their capacity to adapt to different light environments by means of morphological and physiological characteristics. For this, 12 plants of a secondary Deciduous Seasonal Forest fragment were selected, six growing under canopy and six in full sun. Trees were classified according to their sociological position as emergent and dominated. The leaves were classified as apical, intermediate and basal according to their position in the canopy. The variables measured were: total number of leaves, width, length, thickness, leaf area and dry mass of leaflets; content of chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids. Emergent leaflets of the upper position of the canopy in full sun, which are considered the most exposed to luminosity, presented xeromorphic characteristics such as leaflet size reduction, greater limbus thickness, smaller leaf area and lower content of chlorophyll b. The similarity in the dry mass and pigment content demonstrates that the photosynthetic activity of the C. canjerana plants analyzed is not being affected by the different conditions of the environment, which demonstrates the plasticity of the species and its capacity of development in several light conditions.

ABSTRACT The quantification of the hydric requirement during the production of quality seedlings is of extreme importance and the substrate used is a mediator of this influence. However, few studies are carried out in this context, particularly on native species such as Luehea divaricata, which has great potential for lumber production and the restoration of riparian forests. The aim of this study was to characterize the survival and growth of L. divaricata seedlings in different substrates and under different irrigation schemes. The experimental design used a factorial scheme composed of four formulations of substrate (100T: 100% turf (peat); 80T: 80% peat and 20% carbonized rice husk - CRH; 60T: 60% peat and 40% CRH; 40T: 40% peat and 60% CRH) and six irrigation schemes. Survival, height, stem diameter, aerial dry matter, root and total leaf area, and Dickson Quality Index were evaluated. We observed elevated survival, height, stem diameter, aerial dry matter, and leaf area under an irrigation of 16 mm. day-1 with substrates 100T and 80T. The dry matter and Dickson Quality Index, independent of the irrigation, resulted in greater carbon accumulation. Thus, we concluded that substrates based on peat, mixed with up to 20% CRH, allowed greater seedling growth, facilitating earlier hardening and expedition, under an irrigation scheme of 16 mm.day-1. L. divaricata is a native species that can be considered to have high hydric demand during the seedling production phase.

Resumo: O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a relação entre o teor de lignina no tegumento de sementes de soja com tolerância à deterioração por umidade e ao estresse oxidativo. Foram utilizadas quatro cultivares de soja: CD 208, CD 215, CD 202 e BRS 184, com teores de lignina no tegumento de 4,2; 2,6; 2,0 e 1,7%, respectivamente. As sementes foram submetidas a uma deterioração por umidade através de chuvas simuladas (4 horas), e, posteriormente, secas em estufa (35 °C), por 37 horas, totalizando dois ciclos de umedecimento e secagem. Foram realizados os testes: germinação, envelhecimento acelerado e teste de tetrazólio. Foi medida a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes: Superóxido Dismutase e Guaiacol Peroxidase; e a peroxidação lipídica. As avaliações foram realizadas no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x4, com quatro repetições. As cultivares de soja CD 208 e CD 215, com maior teor de lignina no tegumento, são menos suscetíveis ao dano por umidade. As sementes da cultivar CD 208 também apresentaram menor estresse oxidativo, quando submetidas a deterioração por umidade.

Abstract: This study aimed at evaluating the relationship among lignin content in the seed coat of soybean seeds with tolerance to weathering damage and oxidative stress. Four soybean cultivars (CD 208, CD 215, CD 202 and BRS 184), with lignin contents in the seed coat of 4.2, 2.6, 2.0 and 1.7%, respectively, were used. Seeds were subjected to deterioration by moisture, through artificially simulated rains. Pods of all cultivars were subjected to irrigation by constant sprinkling during 4 hours, and then dried in oven, set at 35 °C, for 37 hours; repeating twice such procedure. After these treatments seeds were subjected to tests and then compared to the control. Tests performed were: germination, accelerated aging and tetrazolium test; thereby quantifying the occurrence of damages by weathering damage. The activity of enzymes superoxide dismutase and guaiacol peroxidase was measured; and the lipid peroxidation was assessed. Soybean cultivars CD 208 and CD 215, with higher lignin content in the seed coat, were less susceptible to weathering damage. Seeds of cultivar CD 208 have also presented lower oxidative stress, when subjected to weathering damage stress.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da adição da cama de frango ao solo sobre o crescimento, produção de biomassa, conteúdo de fenóis e flavonoides e atividade antioxidante em folhas de pimenta-rosa. O experimento foi realizado na Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, em Dourados-MS, de outubro de 2009 a maio de 2010. A pimenta-rosa foi cultivada em fileira simples e dupla com cama de frango incorporada nas doses de 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20 t ha-1. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em fatorial 2 x 5 em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Houve uma interação significativa entre doses de cama de frango e épocas de avaliação para altura de plantas e conteúdo de clorofila. Foi observado um aumento linear na área foliar, massa fresca e seca de folhas e diâmetro dos ramos principais com o aumento das doses de cama de frango. As plantas cultivadas em fileira simples apresentaram maior massa fresca de caules com o aumento das doses de cama de frango. A cama de frango nas doses de 15 e 20 t ha-1 promoveu um incremento no conteúdo de fenóis e flavonoides nas folhas. Nenhum efeito significativo na atividade antioxidante foi observado com o método químico utilizando DPPH. Portanto, recomenda-se o cultivo de plantas de pimenta-rosa em fileira dupla e 20 t ha-1 de cama de frango para maior crescimento, produção de biomassa, e conteúdo de fenóis e flavonoides.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the addition of poultry litter on growth, biomass yield, flavonoid and phenol content, and antioxidant activity in leaves of pink pepper. The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Grande Dourados, in Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul state, from October 2009 to May 2010. Pink pepper was grown in single or double row in soil with incorporated poultry litter at doses of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 t ha-1. Treatments were arranged as 2 x 5 factorial in a randomized block design with four replications. There was a significant interaction between the doses of poultry litter and evaluation times for plant height and chlorophyll content. A linear increase in leaf area, fresh and dry weight of leaves and diameter of main stems with increasing doses of poultry litter was observed. Plants grown in single row showed higher fresh weight of stem with increasing doses of poultry litter. Poultry litter at 15 and 20 t ha-1 promoted an increase in flavonoid and phenolic contents in the leaves. No significant effect on the antioxidant activity was observed by the chemical method using DPPH. Therefore, it is recommended the cultivation of pink pepper plants with double row and 20 t ha-1 of poultry litter to higher growth, biomass yield, and flavonoid and phenol content.

RESUMO: O alumínio (Al) é altamente tóxico para as plantas, causando estresse e inibindo o crescimento e o silício (Si) é considerado benéfico para as plantas. Este elemento químico tem uma alta afinidade com o Al. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o potencial do Si em amenizar os efeitos tóxicos do Al sobre plantas de batata ( Solanum tuberosum L.) e avaliar se esse comportamento é diferente entre os genótipos com diferente sensibilidade ao Al. Plantas de batata dos genótipos SMIJ319-7 (sensível ao Al) e SMIF212-3 (tolerante ao Al) foram cultivadas por 14 dias em solução nutritiva (sem P e pH 4,5±0,1), sob exposição a combinações de Al (0 e 1,85mM) e Si (0; 0,5 e 1,0mM). Após esse período, parte aérea e raízes dos dois genótipos foram coletadas para determinar o conteúdo de Al nos tecidos e avaliar parâmetros morfológicos das raízes e parte aérea. Raízes de ambos os genótipos acumularam mais Al do que a parte aérea, e o genótipo tolerante ao Al acumulou mais Al do que o sensível, tanto nas raízes quanto na parte aérea. Além disso, a presença de 0,5 e 1,0mM de Si juntamente com Al reduziu o conteúdo de Al na parte aérea em ambos os genótipos e nas raízes do genótipo tolerante ao Al, respectivamente. O Si amenizou os efeitos tóxicos do Al para número de ramificações de raízes e de folhas em ambos os genótipos de batata. Si tem o potencial para amenizar os efeitos tóxicos do Al em plantas de batata, independente da sensibilidade ao Al.

ABSTRACT: Aluminum (Al) is highly toxic to plants, causing stress and inhibiting growth and silicon (Si) is considered beneficial for plants. This chemical element has a high affinity with Al. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of Si to mitigate the toxic effects of Al on potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) plants and assess whether this behavior is different among genotypes with differing degrees of sensitivity to Al. Potato plants of the genotypes SMIJ319-7 (Al-sensitive) and SMIF212-3 (Al-tolerant) were grown for fourteen days in nutrient solution (without P and pH 4.5±0.1) under exposure to combinations of Al (0 and 1.85mM) and Si (0, 0.5 and 1.0mM). After this period, shoot and roots of the two genotypes were collected to determine Al content in tissues and assess morphological parameters of root and shoot growth. Roots of both genotypes accumulated more Al than shoots and the Al-tolerant genotype accumulated more Al than the sensitive one, both in roots and in shoot. Furthermore, the presence of 0.5 and 1.0mM Si together with Al reduced the Al content in shoot in both genotypes and in roots of the Al-tolerant genotype, respectively. Si ameliorated the toxic effects of Al with regard to number of root branches and leaf number in both potato genotypes. Si has the potential to mitigate the toxic effects of Al in potato plants regardless of Al sensitivity.