Abstract Red ceramic waste (RCW) is one of the main by-products generated by the production of ceramic materials. Its application in lightweight aggregates (LWAs) has not yet been tested. Thus, this review intends to evaluate the perspectives of using RCW in the manufacture of LWAs. The search was carried out in the ScienceDirect database. 47 articles were selected. A significant amount of data on the chemical, physical, mineralogical, and morphological properties of RCW are discussed. In most studies, the chemical constituents of RCW complied with the swelling parameters. The mineralogy of the residue usually has constituents capable of controlling the viscosity and aiding gas formation. The data of granulometry, microstructure, and loss of mass denote the need for special care with the methodology adopted for grinding and sintering of the residue. This review indicates that there is a high potential for the use of RCW in the manufacture of LWAs.

Resumo Percepção dos fungos por agricultores do Cerrado – Fungos são organismos importantes em vários aspectos da vida humana. Em particular, para a agricultura, fungos patogênicos são de grande importância, pois são responsáveis por perdas de produção dos mais diversos tipos. Por isso, o conhecimento sobre fungos patogênicos é de extrema importância para agricultores e profissionais que trabalham em áreas agrícolas. Entre os agricultores que utilizam práticas agroecológicas, esse conhecimento é ainda mais valioso, pois, ao não adotar métodos convencionais de produção, recorrem a alternativas não invasivas que são menos ou não prejudiciais ao meio ambiente, considerando os métodos de gerenciamento da produção. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a percepção de um grupo de agricultores do bioma Cerrado, na cidade de Goiás (GO), Brasil, a fim de compreender suas percepções etnomicológicas, de modo a verificar práticas históricas de manejo, seu conhecimento sobre fungos fitopatogênicos e como esses produtores percebem os fungos, de modo geral. Utilizamos o método “de camponês para camponês”, formulado pela ANPA – Associação Nacional de Pequenos Agricultores. Discutimos alguns aspectos do conhecimento etnomicológico destes agricultores. A facilidade de identificação de representantes fúngicos está associada a organismos que apresentam características facilmente reconhecíveis, como estereótipo orelha-de-pau ou fungos causadores de doenças em cultivares. Em geral, os agricultores do estudo são capazes de identificar representantes do Reino Fungi que são encontrados em suas vidas cotidianas. A percepção dos agricultores sobre os fungos, um grupo ainda muito desconhecido pela sociedade, é muito relevante para ações futuras dentro da etnomicologia.

Abstract Fungi are important in several aspects of human life. In particular, to agriculture, pathogenic fungi are of great importance, as they are responsible for production losses of the most diverse types. Because of this, knowledge about pathogenic fungus is of extreme importance for farmers and professionals working in agricultural areas. Among farmers who use specific agroecological practices, this knowledge is even more valuable, since by not adopting conventional methods of production, they resort to non-invasive alternatives that are less or not harmful at all to the environment in consideration of production management methods. This study aimed to assess farmer perception in the Cerrado biome in the city of Goiás (GO), Brazil, in order to understand their ethnomycological perceptions to verify historical management practices, their knowledge about phytopathogenic fungi, and how these producers perceive fungi. We used the theoretical reference method “From peasant to peasant” formulated by ANPA - National Association of Small Farmers. Some aspects of farmers’ ethnomycological knowledge are discussed. These ease identification the representatives of the Fungi Kingdom is associated with organisms that present easily recognizable characteristics, such as wood-ears or disease-causing fungi. In general, farmers are able to identify representatives of the Fungi Kingdom that are found in their daily lives. The perception of farmers about fungi, a group still much unknown by society, is very relevant for future actions of ethnomycology.

Abstract5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is considered to be an important building block for biorefineries and has a high potential for the production of chemicals and fuels. Production of HMF from glucose was studied using phosphoric acid as catalyst, in a water:acetone system with volume ratio of 1:2 and NaCl. An experimental design was applied to examine the influence of temperature, time and concentration of catalyst on the HMF yield. HMF yields of more than 50 % were obtained when using 200 ºC, 8.4 min and 0.8% of catalyst. The temperature is the main factor influencing the HMF yield.

Abstract 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a key renewable platform compound for production of fuels and chemical intermediates. The production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from fructose dehydration was studied using H3PO4 as catalyst, in organic/water system with different solvents (acetone, 2-butanol and ethyl ether). The effect of fructose concentration, temperature and acid concentration was investigated in acetone/water medium. The increase in fructose concentration favors the formation of condensation products and rehydration products are favored at high acid concentration. The solvents exhibited similar performance when the volume ratio of organic to aqueous phase was 1:1, but when this ratio increases to 2:1, the HMF yield obtained with ether was much lower. NaCl addition to the aqueous phase promoted the extraction of HMF to the organic phase, with an HMF yield of 80% in the case of 2:1 acetone/water medium.

Manganita de lantânio dopada com estrôncio (LSM) e cromita (LSC) em pó, bem como as correspondentes amostras não dopadas, foram sintetizadas pelo método de combustão, usando dois diferentes combustíveis (ureia e glicina). A ignição da mistura reacional com ureia leva mais tempo e a temperatura máxima é maior do que usando glicina, para as amostras dopadas. Os cálculos teóricos de calor de reação e temperatura de chama adiabática indicam condições favoráveis à combustão. No entanto, a calcinação é uma etapa essencial para uma boa cristalização da fase perovskita. Os padrões de difração de raios X mostraram a formação apenas da fase perovskita para as amostras sintetizadas com uréia. Os tamanhos de cristalitos estão na faixa de 19-25 nm, com valores menores quando a ureia é usada como combustível. Análises de microscopia eletrônica de varredura mostraram a presença de aglomerados, formados por partículas finas de diferentes formas. A análise termogravimétrica revelou que a perda de peso é muito maior para as manganitas, com queima completa dos orgânicos em 850-900 ºC.

Lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM) and chromite (LSC) powders, as well as the corresponding non-doped samples, were synthesized by the combustion method, using two different fuels (urea and glycine). The ignition of the reagent mixture with urea takes a longer time and the maximum temperature is higher than using glycine, for doped samples. The theoretical calculations of exothermic heat and adiabatic flame temperatures indicate favorable conditions for combustion to occur. However, calcination is an essential step for a good crystallization of perovskite phase. X-ray diffraction patterns showed formation of only perovskite phase for the samples synthesized with urea. The crystallite sizes are in the range of 19-25 nm, with smaller values when urea was used as fuel. Scanning electron microscopy showed the presence of agglomerates, formed by fine particles of different shapes. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the weight loss is much higher for manganites, with complete burn out of organics at 850-900 ºC.

Estudos reprodutivos foram realizados em acessos brasileiros de poaia, Cephaelis ipecacuanha. O comportamento meiótico foi estudado usando a técnica de esmagamento. Foi observada segregação irregular de cromossomos durante meiose I e II, muitos grupos de cromossomos em telófase II, micronúcleos, divisão incorreta do citoplasma, citocinese incompleta e produtos pós-meióticos anômalos, principalmente políades. A média do índice meiótico foi inferior a 72%. A viabilidade polínica foi analisada utilizando-se solução de Alexander e a percentagem de pólen viável variou entre as formas florais, brevistila e longistila (85,3% a 93,1%), e entre as diferentes localidades (82,5% a 92,6%) analisadas. O tamanho do pólen variou entre viáveis e inviáveis, e entre os inviáveis vazios e contraídos. Em seu habitat natural, a poaia apresenta propagação por multiplicação vegetativa, mas a reprodução sexuada parece ser tão importante para essa espécie quanto a propagação vegetativa.

Reproductive studies were carried out on Brazilian accessions of ipecac, Cephaelis ipecacuanha. Meiotic behavior was studied using the squashing technique. Irregular chromosome segregation in meiosis I and II, many sets of chromosomes in telophase II, micronuclei, incorrect cytoplasm division, incomplete cytokinesis and anomalous post-meiotic products, mainly polyads, were observed. The mean meiotic index was lower than 72%. Pollen viability was analyzed using Alexander solution, and the percentages ranged between brevistylous and longistylous floral morphs (85.3 to 93.1%), and among different localities (82.5 to 92.6%) analyzed. The size of pollen ranged between viable and sterile, and empty and shrunken sterile. In its natural habitat, this species is known to propagate by vegetative multiplication, but sexual reproduction seems to be as important as the vegetative propagation to this species.