Resumen La paloma doméstica (Columba livia) fue introducida de Europa a América del Norte a principios del siglo XVII, y con ella sus enfermedades. La infección por parásitos de los géneros Eimeria e Isospora por lo regular afectan el tracto intestinal y pueden ocasionar enfermedad entérica en aves silvestres y domésticas. Mundialmente, al menos 5 especies de Eimeria han sido descritas en la paloma doméstica. En este trabajo describimos por primera vez los ooquistes esporulados de E. columbarum en muestras fecales de paloma doméstica de la ciudad de Toluca, México.

Abstract The Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) was initially introduced to North America from Europe in XVII century, along with its diseases. Infections by parasites of the genera Eimeria and Isospora affect the intestinal tract and produce enteric disease in wild and domestic birds. Worldwide, at least 5 Eimeria spp. have been described in the domestic pigeon. Here we provide the first description of E. columbarum sporulated oocysts in faecal samples of domestic pigeons from Toluca City, Mexico.

Abstract Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) are an invasive alien species that can negatively impact natural ecosystems due to the potential of predation, competition, or disease transmission. Nonetheless, few studies assess the ecological impacts of these species on protected areas. Our objective was to determine the diet of free-ranging dogs, through scat analysis within the Nevado de Toluca Flora and Fauna Protection Area, Estado de México, Mexico. A total of 130 scat samples from dogs were collected with the help of a bloodhound. Prey items identified in the scats were classified into 6 food categories: wild mammals, birds, insects, livestock, vegetative matter and human-derived food. Wild mammals were the most frequent category (FO = 62.3%; RO = 40.3%). We present the first evidence of 8 rodents, 1 shrew, and 2 skunk species as part of the diet of free-ranging dogs. Some identified preys are species endemic to Mexico with special protection status according to Mexican law. We recommend following the global-level policies aimed at reducing the population of dogs in Protected Areas.

Resumen Los perros (Canis lupus familiaris) son una especie exótica invasora que puede impactar negativamente a los ecosistemas naturales debido al potencial de depredación, competencia o transmisión de enfermedades. No obstante, existen pocos estudios que evalúan los impactos ecológicos de esta especie en áreas protegidas. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar la dieta de perros de vida libre a través de análisis de materia fecal, dentro del Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna Nevado de Toluca en el Estado de México. Se colectaron 130 muestras de perros de vida libre las cuales fueron colectadas con la ayuda de un sabueso entrenado. Los ítems alimenticios se clasificaron en 6 categorías: mamíferos silvestres, aves, insectos, ganado, materia vegetal y desechos derivados de humanos. La categoría de mamíferos silvestres fue la más frecuente (FO = 62.3%; RO = 40.3%). Se presenta la primera evidencia de 8 especies de roedores, 1 especie de musaraña y 2 especies de zorrillos como parte de la dieta de los perros de vida libre. Algunas de las presas identificadas son especies endémicas de México con algún estatus de protección de acuerdo con la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010. Recomendamos seguir las políticas globales destinadas a reducir la población de perros en áreas protegidas.

Resumen La pandemia global por COVID-19 ha generado un sin número de alertas y cambios en las formas de habitar y de consumo. La triada medio ambiente-salud-individuo vuelve a ser protagonista en este escenario, en donde se aprecian graves fracturas en los sistemas de salud pública, hábitat y seguridad alimentaria. Como factor transversal a esos elementos, la contaminación ambiental se convirtió en un efecto facilitador de la pandemia pues la transmisión por contacto entre humanos a través de aerosoles representa la vía de contagio. Esta situación obligó al distanciamiento y confinamiento preventivo, medida que logró hacer evidente la pobreza, la inequidad y la desigualdad que se vive globalmente. Por otro lado, los cambios en la movilidad y la frecuencia de producción en industrias de manufactura trajo una reducción en los gases de efecto invernadero.

Abstract The global pandemic due to COVID-19 has generated countless alerts and changes in the ways of living and consuming, the environment, health and individual triad is once again the protagonist in this scenario where serious fractures in the public health systems, habitat and food security are seen. As a transverse factor to these elements, environmental contamination became a facilitating effect of the pandemic and transmission by contact between humans through aerosols represents the route of contagion, this situation forced the distancing and preventive confinement, this measure to makes evident the poverty, inequality and inequity that is experienced globally, on the other hand the changes in mobility and the frequency of production in manufacturing industries brought a reduction in greenhouse gases.

The objective of this study was to determine the blood distribution of CD4, CD8, and T γδ lymphocytes (WC1) in rams experimentally infected with Brucella ovis. Eighteen rams from 1 to 4 years old and free from B. ovis were distributed in three groups: Control (n=6); Inoculated in the ocular and preputial mucosa (n=6); Inoculated intravenously (n=6). Serological follow-up was carried out from the day of inoculation until 189 dPI (post-inoculation day). CD4 and CD8 lymphocyte populations were immunotyped at 120, 150 and 189 and WC1 (Tγδ lymphocytes) at 120 dPI by flow cytometry. The rams, from the third dIP began to seroconvert; at 21 and 28 dPI all animals of the inoculated intravenously and in the mucosa groups, respectively, were positive; likewise, 50% of the animals of the challenged groups were presented as positive or suspect to the ELISA test at 189 dPI. Differences were found in the Mean Fluorescence Intensity (MFI) of the CD8 lymphocytes between the control group (1027.4) and the group inoculated intravenously (499.6) at 120 dPI (p<0.05) and in the MFI of the lymphocytes CD4 between groups at 189 dPI (p<0.05). The T γδ lymphocyte populations (WC1) presented differences in MFI between the control group and the groups inoculated at 120 dPI (p<0.05). The results indicated that B. ovis can modulate host immune response, that CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes are important for host defence against this infection, and that populations of CD4 and CD8 can fluctuate during the period of B. ovis infection. Besides, the participation of T γδ lymphocytes could be an important factor in the control of the infection caused by B. ovis

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la distribución sanguínea de linfocitos T CD4, CD8, LT γδ (WC1) en carneros infectados experimentalmente con Brucella ovis. Se utilizaron 18 carneros de 1 a 4 años y libres de B. ovis distribuidos en tres grupos: Control (n=6); Inoculado en las mucosas ocular y prepucial (n=6); Inoculados vía endovenosa (n=6). Se realizó el seguimiento serológico desde el día de la inoculación hasta el 189 dPI (día pos-inoculación). Se inmunotipificaron las poblaciones de linfocitos CD4 y CD8 a los 120, 150 y 189 y de WC1 (linfocitos Tγδ) a los 120 dPI por citometría de flujo. Los carneros, a partir del tercer dPI comenzaron a seroconvertir; a los 21 y 28 dPI todos los animales de los grupos inoculados por vía endovenosa y mucosa, respectivamente, resultaron positivos; asimismo, el 50% de los animales de los grupos desafiados se presentaron como positivos o sospechosos a la prueba de ELISA a los 189 dPI. Se encontraron diferencias en las Medias de Intensidad de Fluorescencia (MIF) de los linfocitos CD8 entre el grupo control (1027.4) y el grupo inoculado por vía endovenosa (499.6) a los 120 dPI (p<0.05) y en las MIF de los linfocitos CD4 entre grupos a los 189 dPI (p<0.05). Las poblaciones linfocitarias T γδ (WC1) presentaron diferencias en MIF entre el grupo control y los grupos inoculados a los 120 dPI (p<0.05). Los resultados indican que B. ovis puede modular la respuesta inmune del hospedero, que los linfocitos CD4 y CD8 son importantes para la defensa del hospedero ante esta infección, y que las poblaciones de CD4 como de CD8 pueden fluctuar durante el periodo de infección por B. ovis. Así mismo, la participación de los linfocitos T γδ podría ser un factor importante en el control de la infección causada por B. ovis

We report the first record of the Monk Parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) in several localities of the municipalities of Toluca and Metepec, in the Toluca Valley, State of Mexico, Mexico; at altitudes ranging from 2,617 to 2,764 masl. We found active nests in Yucca trees (Yucca spp.) and a colony of up to 40 individuals feeding on fruit trees. Given its status as exotic and invasive species, we recommend starting monitoring programmes to know the causes of its establishment in this area and the possible negative effects on the ecosystems of the region.

Informamos de los primeros registros de la cotorra argentina (Myiopsitta monachus) en varias localidades de los municipios de Toluca y Metepec, dentro del Valle de Toluca en el Estado de México, México, a una altura de 2,617 a 2,764 msnm. Registramos nidos activos en izotes (Yucca spp.) y una colonia de 40 individuos alimentándose en árboles frutales. Debido a que ésta es una especie exótica e invasora recomendamos iniciar programas de monitoreo poblacional para determinar las causas de su establecimiento en estas zonas, así como para determinar posibles efectos en los ecosistemas de la región.

Resumo: A distribuição das células envolvidas na resposta imune em glândulas sexuais acessórias de carneiros experimentalmente infectados com Actinobacillus seminis foi estudada. Doze carneiros de um ano de idade foram experimentalmente infectados via intrauretral (IU) (n=4) e via intraepididimal (IE) (n=4) e quatro animais controles (CON) foram utilizados. Os animais foram abatidos 35 dias após a inoculação, amostras foram retiradas das glândulas sexuais acessórias e testes bacteriológicos e histopatológicos foram realizados. A presença de linfócitos CD4, CD8 e TCRγδ (WC1), células CD45RO, macrófagos (CD14), células dendríticas (CD1b) e células contendo IgA, IgG and IgM (IgCC) foi determinada. Os animais do grupo IE desenvolveram epididimite clínica. Não foram visualizadas lesões nos carneiros do grupo IU, dois dos CON inoculados intraepididimalmente desenvolveram pequenas lesões no epidídimo. Isolados de A. seminis foram obtidos de 6:16 (37,5%) nas glândulas sexuais acessórias no grupo IE mas não nos grupos IU e CON. No grupo CON células contendo IgA and IgM predominaram nas glândulas bulbouretrais e na próstata e foram escassas ou ausentes nas vesículas e na ampola. Um incremento significativo de células contendo IgA, IgG and IgM foi confirmado nas vesículas seminais, na ampola e nas glândulas bulbouretrais no grupo IE. Nos grupos IE e IU foi evidenciado um aumento em CD4, CD8, WC1, CD45RO e CD14 nas vesículas e ampola. As células dendríticas CD1b estavam presentes na ampola e nas vesículas com processo inflamatório. A. seminis induziu uma resposta imune local nos grupos IE e IU. Estes resultados indicam um padrão diferente de células imunes infiltrantes nas glândulas sexuais acessórias de carneiros infectados por A. seminis.

Abstract: The distribution of cells involved in the immune response in accessory sex glands of rams experimentally infected with Actinobacillus seminis was studied. Twelve one-year old rams were experimentally infected by intraurethral (IU) (n=4) and intraepididymal (IE) (n=4) route, and four control (CON) animals were used. The animals were slaughtered 35 days post-inoculation, samples were taken from accessory sex glands, and bacteriology and histopathology tests were performed. The presence of CD4, CD8 and TCRγδ (WC1) lymphocytes, CD45RO cells, macrophages (CD14), dendritic cells (CD1b), IgA-, IgG- and IgM-containing cells (IgCC) was determined. Animals of the IE group developed clinical epididymitis. No lesions were seen in rams of the IU group; two of the intraepididymal inoculated CON developed small lesions in the epididymis. A. seminis isolates were achieved from 6:16 (37.5%) accessory sex glands in the IE group, but not in the IU and CON groups. In the CON group, IgA- and IgM- containing cells predominated in the bulbourethral glands and the disseminated prostate, and they were scarce or null in the vesicles and ampullae. A significant increase of IgA-, IgG- and IgM- containing cells was confirmed in the seminal vesicles, the ampullae and the bulbourethral glands in the IE group. In the IE and IU groups, an increase in CD4, CD8, WC1, CD45RO and CD14 was evidenced in the vesicles and ampullae. CD1b dendritic cells were present in the ampullae and vesicles with inflammatory processes. A. seminis triggered a local immune response in the IE and IU groups. These results indicate a different pattern of infiltrating immune cells in the accessory sex glands of infected A. seminis rams.

Os patógenos do aparelho reprodutor do macho podem penetrar e se estabelecer por via ascendente, a partir do prepúcio à uretra, glándulas anexas, epidídimo e testículos. Neste trabalho foi quantificada a distribuição de algumas das células envolvidas na resposta imune, em nível de prepúcio e uretra pélvica, em quatro carneiros de um ano de idade, sem lesões aparentes no testículo, no epidídimo e no prepúcio. No momento da eutanásia foram coletadas amostras do prepúcio e da uretra pélvica, as quais foram conservadas em formalina 10% e congeladas. De acordó com as análises de imunohistoquímica foram observadas células CD4, CD8, WC1, CD45RO, CD14 e CD1b; e por imunoflorescência foram observadas células que continham imunoglobulinas (CCI) das clases IgA, IgG e IgM. Com um analisador de imagens foi feita a contagem das células marcadas, presentes na mucosa de ambos os orgãos. Foi realizada a comparação entre o total de células entre ambos os tecidos e de forma diferencial entre os tecidos epitelial e conectivo da mucosa. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas no número total de linfócitos CD4, CD45RO e WC1, no número de macrófagos CD14 e células dendríticas CD1b, com valores de médias que foram maiores em todas as amostras coletadas do prepucio, em relação as amostras coletadas da uretra (p<0.05). Células dendríticas só foram encontradas no prepúcio. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas no número de linfocitos CD8 entre ambos os orgãos. A relação entre cada tipo celular no tecido conectivo e intra-epitelial e entre os diferentes órgãos, resultou para CD4 10/1 no prepúcio (p<0.05), contra 7/1 na uretra (p<0.05), entretanto os CD8 se distribuíram 1/1 em ambas as mucosas, não sendo significativa as diferenças. Os WC1 foram observados na relação 5/1 em ambas as mucosas (p<0.05). A célula CD45RO, no prepucio, foi observada de 19/1(p<0.05) e na uretra de 1/1, não sendo um resultado significativo. As CC-IgA não mostraram diferença significativa no total de células em ambos os tecidos. Na uretra não foram observadas as CC-IgG, e as CC-IgM foram escassas; em contrapartida, ambos os tipos celulares foram observadas no prepucio, em quantidades menores que na uretra (p<0.05). As CC-IgA, IgG e IgM foram observadas em ambos os tecidos conectivos da mucosa. A presença de células apresentadoras de antígenos, macrófagoss e células dendríticas, assim como de linfócitos CD4, CD8. TCR γδ (WC1), CC-IgA, IgG e IgM e células CD45RO, determinam que ambas as mucosas podem se comportar como locais de indução e promoção da resposta imune das mucosas.

The pathogens of the reproductive system in the male can penetrate and establish by ascending route, from to the prepuce to the urethra, accessory glands, epididymis and testicles. The aim of this paper is determine the distribution and number of cells involved in the immune response in prepuce and pelvic urethra of rams, without apparent clinical alterations in testicle, epididymis and prepuce. The distribution of some of the cells involved in the immune response at the level of the prepuce and the pelvic urethra was quantified in four one-year-old rams seronegative for B. ovis and A. seminis and without apparent lesions in the testicles, the epididymis, and the prepuce. At the moment of slaughter, samples were taken from the preputial fornix and the pelvic urethra and placed in 10% formalin and under freezing conditions. CD4, CD8, WC1, CD45RO, CD14 and CD1b cells were demonstrated by immunohistochemistry, and immunoglobulin-containing cells (ICC) of the IgA, IgG and IgM classes were demonstrated by immunofluorescence. The labeled cells present in the mucosa of both organs were counted with an image analyzer. The total number of cells was compared between both tissues and differentially between the epithelium and the connective tissue of the mucosa. Significant differences were found in the total number of CD4, CD45RO, and WC1 lymphocytes, in CD14 macrophages, and CD1b dendritic cells, with mean values being greater in the fornix than in the urethra (p<0.05) in all cases. Only dendritic cells were found in the prepuce. No differences were found in the number of CD8 lymphocytes between both organs. The ratio between each cell type in the connective and the intraepithelial tissues and between organs was 10/1 for CD4 in the fornix (p<0.05), against 7/1 in the urethra (p<0.05), while CD8 had a 1/1 distribution in both mucosae. The WC1 ratio was 5/1 in both mucosae (p<0.05). CD45RO labeling was 19/1 in the prepuce (p<0.05) and 1/1 in the urethra. IgA-containing cells did not show differences in the total number of cells in both tissues. In the urethra, no IgG-containing cells were observed and IgM-containing cells were scarce; in contrast, both cell types were present in the prepuce, in amounts greater than in the urethra (p<0.05). IgA-, IgG-, and IgM-containing cells were located in both organs in the mucosal connective tissue. The presence of antigen-presenting cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, as well as of lymphocytes CD4, CD8 TCR γδ (WC1), IgA-, IgG and IgM positive cells, and CD45RO cells suggests that both mucosae may behave as inductive and effector sites for the mucosal immune response.

Meat foods are the main vehicle of foodborne diseases as a result of poor handling during processing. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency and antibiotic resistance factors of Escherichia coli in TIF plants of the Estado de Mexico. For this, 3 Federal Inspection Type (TIF) plants in Mexico were analyzed, with n = 90 samples, 10 raw meat product (beef, pork and turkey meat), 10 finished meat product and 70 work tools. Eighteen (20%) E. coli strains were isolated (3 raw meat product, 2 finished meat products and 13 work tools (P > 0.05). The E. coli isolates showed high levels of resistance to ampicillin (88.8%), cephalothin (88.8%), carbenicillin (83.3%) and chloramphenicol (61.1%). There was a relationship between E. coli strains resistant to ampicillin and chloramphenicol and presence of resistance genes Pse-1 4/18 (22%) and floR 4/18 (22%). Five (55.5%) positive isolates to Pse-1 and floR, also exhibit the Cs3 Cs5 genes for the class I integrons. The results indicate that antimicrobial resistance and genetic resistance factors are present in Escherichia coli isolated from food processing plants, suggesting that they can be transmitted to the intestine microbiota of human population by contamination and consumption of improperly processed products and become a risk factor for public health.

Los alimentos cárnicos constituyen uno de los principales vehículos de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos, como consecuencia de un manejo deficiente durante su procesamiento. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar la frecuencia de algunos factores de resistencia antibiótica de Escherichia coli en plantas Tipo Inspección Federal (TIF) del Estado de México. Para este fin se analizaron muestras de tres plantas TIF en el Estado de México (n = 90), 10 de materia prima (carne de bovino, cerdo y pavo), 10 de producto terminado y 70 de utensilios de trabajo. Se aislaron 18 (20%) cepas de E. coli, 3 de materia prima, 2 de producto terminado y 13 de utensilios de trabajo (P > 0.05). Las E. coli aisladas presentaron una frecuencia alta de resistencia a ampicilina (88.8%), cefalotina (88.8%), carbencilina (83.3%) y cloranfenicol (61.1%). Se encontró una relación entre las cepas de E. coli resistentes a ampicilina y cloranfenicol y la presencia de genes de resistencia Pse-1 4/18 (22%) y floR 4/18 (22%). Cinco (55.5%) aislamientos positivos a Pse-1 y floR también presentaron el gen Cs3 Cs5 del integrón clase I. Los resultados indican que la resistencia antimicrobiana y los factores de resistencia genéticos están presentes en Escherichia coli aislada de plantas procesadoras de alimentos, lo que sugiere que estos elementos pueden transmitirse a la microbiota intestinal de la población humana a través de la contaminación y consumo de productos mal procesados, y ser un factor de riesgo para la salud pública.

The isolation of V-factor (NAD)-independent, serovar C-1 of Avibacterium paragallinarum from growing layer hens with infectious coryza, is reported for the first time. Av. paragallinarum serovar C-1 isolates were PCR confirmed and shared a unique genetic profile. Isolation of Av. paragallinarum NAD-independent biovar, serotyping and genotyping of isolates at the avian diagnostic laboratories are discussed.

Se informa por primera ocasión el aislamiento de Avibacterium paragallinarum, serovariedad C-1, independiente del factor V de crecimiento (NAD), a partir de gallinas de reemplazo con coriza infecciosa. Los aislamientos de Av. paragallinarum serovariedad C-1 incluidos en el estudio fueron confirmados por PCR y compartieron un perfil genético único. Se discute considerar en los laboratorios de diagnóstico aviar el aislamiento de Av. paragallinarum de la biovariedad independiente de NAD, así como la necesidad de serotipificación y tipificación genética de los aislamientos.

The isolation of Aeromonas bestiarum from common carps (Cyprinus carpio L.), cultivated at Santa Maria Chapa de Mota, is reported for the first time. The genetic identification for differentiating A. bestiarum from A. salmonicida is here emphasized.

Se informa por primera ocasión el aislamiento de Aeromonas bestiarum a partir de carpa común (Cyprinus carpio L.) de cultivo, procedente de Santa María Chapa de Mota, Estado de México, México. Se enfatiza la identificación genética para la diferenciación entre A. salmonicida y A. bestiarum.