Cimicifuga foetida, an Asian Cimicifuga species, has been employed as a cooling and detoxification agent in traditional Chinese medicine since ancient times. For this herb, two cycloartane triterpene glycosides isolated from the rhizomes have demonstrated cytotoxicity on rat tumor and human cancer cell lines. Since human Hsp27 is increased in various human cancers and exhibits cytoprotective activity that affects tumorigenesis and the susceptibility of tumours to cancer treatment, the purpose of this research was to study the expression of this protein in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. To accomplish this aim, MCF-7 cells were exposed to different concentrations of Cimicifuga foetida extract showing a reduction in cell number measured by the sulforhodamine assay. In addition, the expression of Hsp-27 mRNA detected by RT-PCR and Hsp-27 protein detected by immnofluorescence was present in all conditions, except when using the highest concentration of Cimicifuga foetida extract (2,000 jig /L). We conclude that Hsp 27 expression at 2,000 jig /L Cimicifuga foetida extract is diminished. This is the first report showing the Hsp-27 expression after exposure to Cimicifuga foetida extract in MCF-7 cells.

In Chile, water sanitary quality is determined by the concentration of fecal indicator bacteria. However, numerous investigations have shown that achieving minimum fecal coliform standards do not predict viral contamination, such as enteric viruses. Enteroviruses are microorganisms causing several infections and massive outbreaks of illness which represent a serious risk for public health. In the present study, performed during 2001-2003 in Valparaiso, central Chile, natural water samples were collected from five streams and processed for enterovirus detection by tissue culture and reverse transcription (RT) associated to polymerase chain reaction (PCR). None enterovirus was found in any of the natural stream waters. Simulation of an infection, in drinking water and water from one stream was used to check RT-PCR detection of enterovirus.

En el presente trabajo se aplicó el ensayo de Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (PCR) y sus variantes RT-PCR y Multiplex PCR para la detección de secuencias específicas de Enterovirus, Herpesvirus humanos (Virus Herpes simple y Virus Herpes tipo 6, Citomegalovirus, Epstein Barr, Varicela Zoster), Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana, Toxoplasma gondii, Micobacterium tuberculosis y Micoplasma pneumoniae en muestras de liquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) de cohortes de pacientes con sospecha clínica de meningoencefalitis. De las 322 muestras de LCR procesadas, se detectaron un total de 93 muestras positivas (28,8%) para los distintos agentes infecciosos. En el grupo de pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de meningoencefalitis viral (n=212), se obtuvo un total de 73 muestras positivas (34,4%), de las cuales 37 fueron positivas a Enterovirus (50,7%), 19 a VHS (26%) y 10 pacientes (13,7%) fueron positivos a CMV. Los otros agentes virales VZV, EBV y HVH6 se encontraron en menor frecuencia. Las 110 muestras restantes de LCR se analizaron aplicando PCR específicos a cada patógeno por estricta indicación médica, pudiéndose detectar en ellas la presencia de Virus de lnmunodeficiencia Humana (40%), Micoplasma pneumoniae (40%), Toxoplasma gondii (14%) y Micobacterium tuberculosis (12%). Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio demuestran la conveniencia de la aplicación de las técnicas moleculares en el diagnóstico de laboratorio de las meningoencefalitis de diferente etiología, siendo además una herramienta muy valiosa para el manejo clínico de los pacientes y para la ejecución de estudios epidemiológicos.

In the present work, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and his variants RT-PCR and Multiplex PCR were applied for the detection of specific sequences of Enterovirus, Human Herpes viruses (Herpes simple virus, Human Herpes virus type 6, Cytomegalovirus, Epstein Barr virus, and Varicella Zoster), Human Immunodeficiency virus, Toxoplasma gondii, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in patients’ cohorts grouped by medical suspicion of meningoencephalitis. Of 326 samples of processed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 93 samples (28.5 %) were positive for the different infectious agents. In the group of patients with clinical diagnosis of viral meningoencephalitis (n=212), there was obtained a whole of 73 positive samples (34.4 %), of which 37 patients were positive to Enterovirus (50.7 %), 19 were positive to VHS (26 %) and 10 patients (13. 7 %) were positive to CMV. Other viral agents as VZV, EBV and HVH6 were detected in minor frequency. The 114 remaining samples were analyzed applying specific PCR to each pathogen for strict medical indication, being able to detect the presence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (40%), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (40%), Toxoplasma gondii (14%) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (12%) in CSF samples. The results obtained in this study demonstrate the convenience of the application of the molecular assays in the laboratory diagnosis of the meningoencefalitis of different etiology. Besides this, it is also a very valuable tool for the clinical management of the patients and for the execution of the epidemiological studies.

La eficacia de un sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica proactivo para predecir epidemias de dengue depende de la capacidad del laboratorio para detectar tempranamente la circulación viral. Este estudio muestra los resultados de la vigilancia virológica y serológica del dengue, realizada en el estado Aragua (Venezuela) desde Octubre 1997 hasta Diciembre 1998. Se evaluaron 547 sueros de pacientes sospechosos de dengue mediante las técnicas de Aislamiento Viral y Serotipificación por Inmunofluorescencia (AVSI), Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa con Transcriptasa Inversa (RT-PCR), Inmunoensayo Enzimático de Captura de IgM anti-dengue (MAC-ELISA) e Inhibición de la Hemaglutinación (IHA). De los sueros examinados, 97,4% resultaron positivos a por lo menos una técnica; de estos, 60,4% fueron clasificados como casos confirmados (virológicamente positivos) y 39,6% como casos probables (virológicamente negativos, serológicamente positivos). Aunque la gran mayoría de los casos positivos ocurrieron en los períodos epidémicos de 1997 y 1998, el incremento paulatino de las tasas de seropositivos entre ambos períodos sugería la llegada de la epidemia de 1998. Se detectaron pacientes infectados con virus Den-1 (51,2%), Den-2 (37,9%), Den-4 (10,6%), y una infección mixta por Den-2 y Den-4 (0,3%). Se confirma la hiperendemicidad del dengue (co-circulación de Den-1, Den-2 y Den-4) en el estado Aragua, conjuntamente con la detección de pocos casos (6,5%) de Fiebre Hemorrágica de Dengue/Síndrome de Choque por Dengue (FHD/SCD); 38,1% de estos casos ocurrieron en pacientes con infecciones secundarias. El alto porcentaje (85,7%) de casos de FHD/SCD infectados con el virus Den-2 apoya la reportada virulencia de este serotipo.

The efficacy of a proactive dengue surveillance system to predict epidemics depends on the laboratory diagnostic capacity for an early detection of virus circulation. This study shows the results of the dengue virologic and serologic surveillance accomplished in Aragua State (Venezuela) from October 1997 to December 1998. Five hundred and forty seven sera from suspected dengue patients were tested using the techniques of Virus Isolation and Immunofluorescence Serotyping (VIIS), Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), Anti-dengue IgM Capture Enzyme Immunoassay (MAC-ELISA) and Haemagglutination Inhibition test (HI). Of the tested sera, 97.4% resulted positive to at least one technique; of these, 60.4% were classified as confirmed cases (virologically positives) and 39.6% as probable cases (virologically negatives/serologically positives). Though the majority of positive cases occurred during the 1997 and 1998 epidemic periods, the gradual increase of the seropositive rates between both periods suggested the incoming 1998 outbreak. Den-1 (51.2%), Den-2 (37.9%) and Den-4 (10.6%) infected patients were detected as well as one dual infection of Den-2 and Den-4 (0.3%). Dengue hyperendemicity (co-circulation of Den-1, Den-2 and Den-4) in Aragua State was confirmed together with the detection of few cases (6.5%) of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever/Dengue Shock Syndrome cases (HF/DSS); 38.1% of these cases occurred in patients with secondary infections. The high percentage (85,7%) of DHF/DSS cases infected by Den-2 virus supports the reported virulence of this serotype.

Durante 1993, nuestro país se vio afectado por un brote de neuropatía epidémica (NE) caracterizado por 2 formas clínicas fundamentales: óptica y periférica. Aunque la causa de la enfermedad fue considerada multifactorial (fundamentalmente agentes neurotóxicos y deficiencia nutricional), fue aislado un Enterovirus del líquido cefalorraquídeo de un paciente (cepa 47/93, IPK), el cual fue posteriormente clasificado como Coxsackie A9 (Cox A9) mediante la prueba de neutralización (Nt) utilizando los pools de suero de Lim Benyesh Melnick (LBM). Se presentan los resultados obtenidos durante la aplicación del ELISA y del ultramicroELISA en la identificación de este agente a partir del sobrenadante de cultivo de células infectadas, así como en la detección de anticuerpos a la cepa en poblaciones con baja y alta incidencias de la enfermedad.

During the 1981 dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS) Cuban epidemic, bronchial asthma (BA) was frequently found as a personal or family antecedent in dengue hemorragic fever patients. Considering that antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) plays an important role in the etiopathogenic mechanism of DHF/DSS, we decide to study the Dengue 2 virus (D2V) capability of replication in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) from asthmatic patients and healthy persons. In 90% of asthmatic patients and 53.8% of control group it was obtained PBL with a significant D2V enhancing activity (X² p < 0.01). Power enhancement was higher in asthmatic group. This is the first in vitro study relating BA and the dengue 2 virus immuno enhancement. The results obtained support the role of BA as a risk factor for DHF/DSS as already described on epidemiological data.

In the second half of the year 1985, during the rainy season, an epidemic of Dengue Fever was recognized in Nicaragua. A total of 17.483 cases were reported by the health services. The highest morbidity and attack rates were reported between August and November of the same year. Regions II (Leon and Chinandega), III (Managua) and IV (Masaya, Granada, Carazo y Rivas) reported 89% of the cases; these regions are precisely the more densely populated in the country, located in the Pacific Coast. Leon and Chinandega were the more affected cities reporting 41% of the cases of the epidemic. Sixty seven percent of the cases were adults, 57% were female. The national attack rate was 55.4/10.000 inhab. An intensive campaign for the control of the vector was launched immediately after the epidemic was recognized and by the month of October 1985 morbidity decreased and an endemic situation was established. Seven fatal cases were reported in adults. They were considered as DHF/DSS cases by a multidisciplinary group of pathologists and clinicians, considering the criteria of WHO and the experience obtained during the cuban DHF/DSS epidemic, in 1981. The outbreak was considered as a Classical Dengue Fever epidemic with 7 fatalities. Dengue-1 and-2 were isolated from acute sera and Dengue-1 from one of the deads.

En el segundo semestre de 1985, coincidiendo con el período de lluvias se produjo en Nicaragua una epidemia de Dengue en la que se reportaron 17,483 casos. La mayor morbilidad y las más elevadas tasas de ataque se registraron entre Agosto y Noviembre, siendo afectadas fundamentalmente las regiones II (León y Chinandega), III (Managua) y IV (Masaya, Granada, Carazo, Rivas) que acumularon el 89% de los reportes. Estas regiones se corresponden precisamente con las zonas más densamente pobladas ubicadas en la costa del Pacífico, en donde se encuentran los núcleos urbanos mas importantes y populosos del país. León y Chinandega fueron las ciudades mas afectadas, pues reportaron el 41% del total de casos registrados. El 66.8% de los casos eran adultos y el 57.6% del sexo femenino. La tasa global de ataque para el país fue de 55.24 x 10.000 habitantes. Una campaña de lucha antivectorial, fue iniciada de inmediato, manteniéndose en forma intensiva hasta el mes de Octubre. Al final de este período la morbilidad disminuyó considerablemente y la enfermedad entró en una fase de escasos reportes y posiblemente de endemia. Se reportaron 7 adultos fallecidos que fueron considerados como portadores de una FHD/SCD por un grupo mixto de patólogos y clínicos teniendo en cuenta la experiencia adquirida en los pacientes adultos durante la epidemia ocurrida en Cuba en 1981. El brote fue interpretado como una epidemia de Dengue Clásico en la cual se produjeron 7 casos fatales. Se aislaron los serotipos 1 y 2 del Dengue en sueros de fase aguda de pacientes y el serotipo 1 en el de uno de los fallecidos.

A technique was applied to detect early fluorescent antigens (DEFA) of cytomegalovirus (CMV) using the E13 monoclonal antibodies in 52 immunocompromised patients hospitalized in the Nephrology Institute of Havana. Of the 75 urine or blood (buffy coat) samples taken, 15 were found positive to CMV. Using classical diploide human fibroblast isolation technique, 12 CMV strains were isloation of previously detected positive samples by DEFA. In addition, CMV was isolated from one sample reported to be negative by DEFA. A coincidence of 80% was found between both techniques. With the ELISA test, all the sample studied have IgG antibodies to CMV.

Se aplicó la técnica de detección de antigenos precoces fluorescentes (DAPF) usando el anticuerpo monoclonal E-13 McAb, mediante el cual se lograron detectar 15 casos positivos a CMV de 75 muestras de orina o sangre ("buffy coat") tomadas de 52 pacientes inmunocomprometidos ingresados en el Instituto de Nefrología de ciudad Habana. Aplicando las técnicas clásicas de aislamiento en fibroblastos humanos diploides (MRC-5), se lograron aislar 12 cepas de CMV de casos previamente positivos por DAPF; lográndose además un aislamiento en una muestra reportada negativa por fluorescencia. Se observó una coincidencia de un 80% entre ambas técnicas. Se detectó la presencia de anticuerpos IgG contra CMV en todos los casos estudiados, utilizando para ello la técnica ELISA.